1.
Household Cavalry
–
The Household Cavalry is made up of the two most senior regiments of the British Army, the Life Guards and the Blues and Royals. The Household Cavalry is the Queen's official bodyguard. The British Household Cavalry consists of two regiments: the Life Guards and the Blues and Royals. They are the regular regiments in the British Army, with traditions dating from 1660, act as the Queen's personal bodyguard. With the five foot guard regiments, help constitute the seven guards regiments of the Household Division. The Household Cavalry as a whole is split into two different units that fulfil very distinct roles. These are both joint units, consisting of personnel from both regiments. Like other Cavalry formations, the Household Cavalry is divided into squadrons. The whole corps is under the command of the Commander Household Cavalry, who also holds the Royal Household appointment of Silver Stick in Waiting. He is assisted by a retired lieutenant colonel as Regimental Adjutant. The current Commander is Colonel S H Cowen RHG/D. The first unit is the Household Cavalry Regiment. The regiment forms one of five formation reconnaissance regiments in the British Army's order of battle. One of HCR's squadrons is assigned with 16 Air Assault Brigade as of 2003. The Regiment is based from Windsor Castle.
Household Cavalry
–
Life Guards of the Household Cavalry mounting the guard at Horse Guards
Household Cavalry
–
A Household Cavalry JACKAL provides security at a temporary Vehicle Check Point (VCP) during Op HERRICK 13. The HCR has deployed to Afghanistan in CVR(T), Jackal and without vehicles at all.
Household Cavalry
–
Horse Guards building
Household Cavalry
–
Trooper of the Blues and Royals
2.
Piebald
–
A piebald or pied animal is one that has a pattern of pigmented spots on an unpigmented background of hair, feathers or scales. The spots are pigmented by the genotype controlling the color of the animal. The skin in the white background is not pigmented. The resulting pattern appears symmetrical only if melanoblasts proliferate to the same degree in both locations. Animals with this pattern may include horses, dogs, birds, cats, cattle, as well as snakes such as the ball python. Some animals also exhibit colouration of the irises of the eye that match the surrounding skin. The genetic cause is related to a condition known as leucism. The word "piebald" originates from a combination of "pie," from "magpie," and "bald", meaning spot. The reference is to the distinctive white plumage of the magpie. In British English skewbald are together known as coloured. The most common spotting pattern is called tobiano, is a dominant gene. The variant has dark or minimally marked legs. The various types of magpie gave their name to pied coloration. The bald eagle derives its name from the word "piebald" to the contrast of its white head and tail with dark body. The term was used by Nadine Gordimer when referring to kingfishers.
Piebald
–
A piebald horse, Tobiano pattern
Piebald
–
A piebald mare
Piebald
–
Eurasian magpie (P. pica)
Piebald
–
Base coat colors
3.
Regiment
–
A regiment is a military unit. Their size varies markedly, depending on the country and the arm of service. By the 17th century, a full-strength regiment was usually commanded by a colonel. In many armies, the first role has been assumed by independent battalions, battlegroups, task forces, other, similarly-sized operational units. Later, it was customary to recruit from specific places, called cantons. When at full strength, an regiment normally comprised two field battalions of about 800 men each or 8 -- 10 companies. In some armies, an independent regiment with fewer companies was labelled a demi-regiment. A cavalry regiment numbered 600 to 900 troopers, making up a single entity. With the widespread adoption of conscription in European armies during the nineteenth century, the regimental system underwent modification. A cavalry regiment by contrast made up a single entity of up to 1,000 troopers. Usually, the regiment is responsible for administering all of a soldier's military career. Depending upon the country, regiments can be administrative units or both. This is often contrasted to the "continental system" adopted by many armies. Officers are transferred in and out of divisions as required. Some regiments usually incorporated the place name into the regimental name.
Regiment
–
The Royal Regiment of Fusiliers on parade in England
Regiment
–
Standard NATO symbol for a regiment of several battalions, indicated by the III. The shape, colour and pattern indicate friendly infantry.
Regiment
–
Regimental badge of the Scots Guards.
Regiment
–
The Puerto Rican 65th Infantry Regiment 's bayonet charge against a Chinese division during the Korean War.
4.
British Army
–
The British Army is the principal land warfare force of the United Kingdom. The force was initially administered from London, which in 1964 was subsumed into the Ministry of Defence. The professional head of the British Army is the Chief of the General Staff. All members of the British Army swear allegiance to the monarch as commander-in-chief. However, the Bill of Rights of 1689 requires parliamentary consent for the Crown to maintain a army in peacetime. The UK Parliament approves the continued existence of the Army by passing an Armed Forces Act at least once every five years. Additionally, the British Army maintains several overseas postings. The English Army was first established as a standing military force in 1660. The order of seniority in the British Army is based on the order of seniority in the English army. Spain, in the previous two centuries, was now waning. The territorial ambitions of the French, however, led to the War of the Napoleonic Wars. Russian activity led to the Crimean War. After 1745, one third of officers were from Scotland. The British Empire expanded in this time to include colonies, Dominions throughout the Americas, Africa, Asia and Australasia. British soldiers also helped allowing the empire to expand.
British Army
–
Men of the Welsh Guards Trooping the Colour 2007.
British Army
British Army
–
John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, was one of the first generals in the British Army, fighting campaigns in the War of the Spanish Succession.
British Army
–
The extinction of the Scottish clan system came with the defeat of the clansmen at the Battle of Culloden in 1746
5.
Commonwealth of Nations
–
The Commonwealth of Nations, or just the Commonwealth, is an intergovernmental organisation of 52 member states that were mostly territories of the former British Empire. The Commonwealth dates back to the mid-20th century through increased self-governance of its territories. It was formally constituted by the London Declaration in 1949, which established the member states as "equal". The symbol of this free association is Queen Elizabeth II, the Head of the Commonwealth. The Queen is also the monarch of 16 members of the Commonwealth, known as Commonwealth realms. The other Commonwealth members have different heads of state: five are monarchies with a different monarch. Member states have no legal obligation to one another. Instead, they are united by language, history, their shared values of democracy, human rights, the rule of law. These values are promoted by the quadrennial Commonwealth Games. After 31 years of full membership, Maldives became the most recent nation to withdraw from the Commonwealth. The Commonwealth covers more than 29,958,050 km2, spans all six inhabited continents. She declared: "So, it also marks the beginning of that free association of independent states, now known as the Commonwealth of Nations." Conferences of British and prime ministers occurred periodically from the first one in 1887, leading to the creation of the Imperial Conferences in 1911. The Commonwealth developed from the imperial conferences. Newfoundland later joined Canada in 1949.
Commonwealth of Nations
–
Flag
Commonwealth of Nations
–
The prime ministers of five members at the 1944 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference. (L-R) Mackenzie King (Canada); Jan Smuts (South Africa); Winston Churchill (United Kingdom); Peter Fraser (New Zealand); John Curtin (Australia)
Commonwealth of Nations
–
Queen Elizabeth II, Head of the Commonwealth
Commonwealth of Nations
–
Marlborough House, London, the headquarters of the Commonwealth Secretariat, the Commonwealth's principal intergovernmental institution
6.
Infantry
–
Infantry is the general branch of an army that engages in military combat on foot. Infantry can maneuver in terrain, inaccessible to military vehicles and employ crew-served infantry weapons that provide greater and more sustained firepower. The term arose in Sixteenth-Century Spain, which boasted one of the professional standing armies seen in Europe since the days of Rome. The men under them became known as Infanteria. Beginning with the Napoleonic Wars of the 19th century, artillery has become an increasingly dominant force on the battlefield. Since World War I, aircraft armoured vehicles have also become dominant. In 21st century warfare, infantry functions most effectively as part of a combined arms team including artillery, armour, combat aircraft. Infantry relies on organized formations to be employed in battle. These remain a key element to effective infantry development and deployment. Until the end of the 19th century, infantry units were for the most part employed in close formations up until contact with the enemy. This allowed commanders to retain control of the unit, especially while maneuvering, well as allowing officers to retain discipline amongst the ranks. The development of other weapons with increased firepower forced infantry units to disperse in order to make them less vulnerable to such weapons. This decentralization of command was made possible by greater focus on small unit training. Among the various subtypes of infantry is "Medium infantry." This refers to infantry which are more so than light infantry.
Infantry
–
Early 20th-century infantry: The Royal Irish Rifles at the Battle of the Somme (July–November 1916) during the First World War (1914–18).
Infantry
–
Janissaries are a very important example in the evolution of the modern infantry.
Infantry
–
20th-century infantry: Australian infantry at Tobruk, Libya, in 1941, during the Second World War (1939–45).
Infantry
–
19th-century infantry: Brigadier General Winfield Scott leads American line infantry into the Battle of Chippawa (5 July 1814) in Canada, during the Anglo–American War of 1812 (1812–15).
7.
Colours, standards and guidons
–
The Roman Empire also made battle standards a part of their vast armies. It was formalized with standards being emblazoned with the commander's coat of arms. As armies became trained and adopted set formations, each regiment's ability to keep its formation was potentially critical to its, therefore its army's, success. Regimental flags are generally awarded during a ceremony. They were therefore treated with reverence as they represented the honour and traditions of the regiment. Colours may be inscribed with the names of battles or other symbols representing former achievements. Regiments tended to adopt "colour guards", composed of experienced or élite soldiers, to protect their colours. As a result, the capture of an enemy's standard was considered as a great feat of arms. The National War Colour is a variation of the national flag made for military use, while the Unit Colour differs per service unit. Only the Regiment of Patricians uses company colors. Cadet squadron colours are used by the Argentine Air Force Academy. Units of the Brazilian Armed Forces carry a stand of two Colours, differing per service. The standard of the Army measures 80 × 120 cm, white with the Army coat of arms in the centre, trimmed with gold fringe. The name of the service is inscribed in gold letters on a green scroll beneath the shield. Above the shield is a knight's helmet with red and sky blue mantling.
Colours, standards and guidons
–
Napoleon I awarding the Legion d'Honneur to a dragoon for the capture of an Imperial regimental flag.
Colours, standards and guidons
–
In the age of line tactics, the unit colour was an important rallying point for infantry soldiers.
Colours, standards and guidons
–
Joint colour guard showing the organizational colours of each branch: L-R: National, Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, & Coast Guard.
Colours, standards and guidons
–
The 130th Engineer Brigade, its subordinate units and their colours.
8.
Ensign (rank)
–
Ensign is a junior rank of a commissioned officer in the armed forces of some countries, normally in the infantry or navy. As the junior officer in an regiment was traditionally the carrier of the rank itself acquired the name. This rank has generally been replaced in army ranks by second lieutenant. Ensigns were generally the lowest ranking commissioned officer, except where the rank of subaltern itself existed. "Ensign" is enseigne in French, chorąży in Polish, each of which derives from a term for a flag. Portuguese alferes is a junior rank below lieutenant associated with carrying the flag, so is often translated as "ensign". Unlike the rank in other languages, its etymology has nothing to do with flags, but instead comes from the Arabic for "cavalier" or "knight". In the Landsknecht armies, the rank of a Cornet existed for those men who carried the troop standard. It is still used in the artillery and cavalry divisions of the Netherlands. The NATO rank code is OF-1. In Argentina, the rank of ensign is used by both the air force and the gendarmerie. It is, however, used differently in the two services. The air force uses the rank for newly qualified officers, while the gendarmerie uses "ensign" ranks as an equivalent for the army's "lieutenant" ranks. The armed forces of Argentina have ranks equivalent to ensign: subteniente in the guardiamarina in the navy". In the army, the most junior sublieutenant in a regiment is also the flag carrier.
Ensign (rank)
9.
Queen's Official Birthday
–
The sovereign's birthday was first officially marked in the United Kingdom for King George II. In some cases, it is an public holiday, sometimes aligning with the celebration of other events. Most Commonwealth realms release a Queen's Birthday Honours list at this time. Except in the states of Western Australia and Queensland, Australia observes the Queen's Birthday on the second Monday in June. There is no firm rule to determine this date, though it is usually the first Monday of October. Starting in 2016, Queensland celebrates the holiday on the first Monday of October, so that a long weekend coincides with the AFL and NRL grand finals. The day has been celebrated since 1788, when Governor Arthur Phillip declared a holiday to mark the birthday of the King of Great Britain. This has more evenly spaced out public holidays throughout the year. Empire Day were the traditional times for public fireworks displays in Australia. The sale of fireworks to the public was banned through the 1980s and by the Australian Capital Territory on 24 August 2009. Tasmania is the Northern Territory the only territory to still sell fireworks to the public. A royal proclamation issued on 5 February 1957 established the Canadian monarch's official birthday before 25 May. Edward VIII abdicated on 11 December 1936, three days before the birthday of the new king of Canada, George VI. The King expressed to his ministers his wish that his birthday not be publicly celebrated, in light of the recent circumstances. George VI's official birthday in Canada was thereafter marked on various days between 14 June.
Queen's Official Birthday
–
In Jersey, the Lieutenant Governor hosts a reception for the public at Government House to mark the Queen's Official Birthday, at which he announces the names of recipients of Birthday Honours.
Queen's Official Birthday
–
Aussie Rules Football Queen's Birthday holiday game, 2011
Queen's Official Birthday
–
A bread ticket from the City of Toronto granting the holder one loaf in celebration of the Queen's birthday
Queen's Official Birthday
–
King George VI in Ottawa, Ontario, on his official birthday, 1939
10.
Horse Guards Parade
–
Horse Guards Parade is a large parade ground off Whitehall in central London, England, at grid reference TQ299800. It is the site of the annual ceremonies of Trooping the Colour, which commemorates the monarch's official birthday, Beating Retreat. Horse Guards Parade was formerly the site of the Palace of Whitehall's tiltyard, where tournaments were held in the time of Henry VIII. It was also the scene of annual celebrations of the birthday of Queen Elizabeth I. The area has been used for a variety of reviews, parades and other ceremonies since the 17th century. It was once the Headquarters of the British Army. The Duke of Wellington was based in Horse Guards when he was Commander-in-Chief of the British Army. The current General Officer Commanding London District still occupies the same office and uses the same desk. Wellington also had living quarters within the building, which today are used as offices. In late 1996 Horse Guards Parade was cleared in order to be resurfaced. Finally in March 1997 it was announced that car parking on Horse Guards Parade was to be ended. Vehicles are no longer permitted to park anywhere in the area. The ground is open on the west side, where it faces St. James's Park. Access to this side of Horse Guards Parade is now restricted for security reasons. Horse Guards Parade hosted the beach volleyball at the 2012 Summer Olympics held in London.
Horse Guards Parade
–
Trooping the Colour at Horse Guards Parade in 1956.
Horse Guards Parade
–
The 2nd Footguards (Coldstream) on Parade at Horse Guards, by John Chapman, c. 1755.
Horse Guards Parade
–
Horse Guards Parade with the London Eye Ferris wheel in the background.
Horse Guards Parade
–
Panorama of Horse Guards Parade, Old Admiralty Building, Household Cavalry Museum, Scotland Office and St. James's Park and the Guards Memorial.
11.
St. James's Park
–
St James's Park is a 23-hectare park in the City of Westminster, central London. The park lies at the southernmost tip of the St James's area, named after a hospital dedicated to St James the Less. The park is the most easterly of a near-continuous chain of parks that comprises Green Park, Kensington Gardens. Birdcage Walk to the south. It meets Green Park at Queen's Gardens with the Victoria Memorial at its centre, opposite the entrance to Buckingham Palace. St James's Palace is on the opposite side of The Mall. The closest London Underground stations are Green Park, Victoria, Westminster. The park has St James's Park Lake, with two islands, West Island, Duck Island, named for the lake's collection of waterfowl. A resident colony of pelicans has been a feature of the park since pelicans were donated by a Russian ambassador in 1664. The Blue Bridge across the lake affords a west towards Buckingham Palace framed by trees. In 1532, Henry VIII bought an area of marshland through which the Tyburn flowed from Eton College. A 775 metre by 38 canal was created as evidenced in the old plan. The king used the area to entertain guests and mistresses, such as Nell Gwyn. It opened 60 years later in 1887. Media related to St James's Park at Wikimedia Commons Visitor information at the Royal Parks website
St. James's Park
–
Looking east from the Blue Bridge towards Horse Guards
St. James's Park
–
Looking west from the Blue Bridge towards Buckingham Palace.
St. James's Park
–
André Mollet 's design for the park in Charles II 's time, before 18th and 19th century remodelling, which shaped a more natural-looking lake from the straight canal visible here, the eastern part of which was filled in to create Horse Guards Parade.
St. James's Park
–
Fashionable people thronging St James's Park, c. 1745
12.
BBC
–
The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster. The BBC operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. Britain's first public broadcast from the Marconi factory in Chelmsford took place in June 1920. It was featured the famous Australian Soprano Dame Nellie Melba. The broadcast caught the people's imagination and marked a turning point in the British public's attitude to radio. However, this public enthusiasm was not shared in official circles where such broadcasts were held to interfere with important civil communications. A Scottish Calvinist, was appointed its General Manager in December 1922 a few weeks after the company made its first official broadcast. The company was to be financed by a royalty on the sale of BBC wireless receiving sets from approved manufacturers. To this day, the BBC aims to follow the Reithian directive to "inform, entertain". The financial arrangements soon proved inadequate. Set sales were disappointing as amateurs made listeners bought rival unlicensed sets. By mid-1923, the Postmaster-General commissioned a review of broadcasting by the Sykes Committee. This was to be followed by a simple 10 shillings licence fee with no royalty once the wireless manufactures protection expired. The BBC's broadcasting monopoly was made explicit for the duration of its current licence, as was the prohibition on advertising. The BBC was also required to source all news from external wire services.
BBC
–
BBC Television Centre at White City, West London, which opened in 1960 and closed in 2013
BBC
–
BBC Pacific Quay in Glasgow, which was opened in 2007
BBC
–
BBC New Broadcasting House, London which came into use during 2012–13.
BBC
–
The headquarters of the BBC at Broadcasting House in Portland Place, London, England. This section of the building is called 'Old Broadcasting House'.
13.
Germany
–
Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With about million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Largest metropolis is Berlin. Urban areas include Ruhr, Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart and Düsseldorf. Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity. A region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation. In 1871, Germany became a state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and -- 1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic. The establishment of the socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and a genocide. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded: the Federal Republic of the German Democratic Republic.
Germany
–
The Nebra sky disk is dated to c. 1600 BC.
Germany
–
Flag
Germany
–
Martin Luther (1483–1546) initiated the Protestant Reformation.
Germany
–
Foundation of the German Empire in Versailles, 1871. Bismarck is at the center in a white uniform.
14.
Belgium
–
Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a sovereign state in Western Europe bordered by France, the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg, the North Sea. It is a small, densely populated country which has a population of about 11 million people. Additionally, there is bordering Germany. Historically, Belgium, Luxembourg were known as the Low Countries; it once covered a somewhat larger area than the current Benelux group of states. The region was called Belgica after the Roman province of Gallia Belgica. Until the 17th century the area of Belgium was a prosperous and cosmopolitan centre of commerce and culture. Belgium is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. It is divided into three communities, that exist next to each other. Its two largest regions are the Dutch-speaking region of Flanders in the north and the French-speaking southern region of Wallonia. The Brussels-Capital Region is an officially bilingual enclave within the Flemish Region. A German-speaking Community exists in eastern Wallonia. Related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance, made up of six different governments. Belgium is also a founding member of the Eurozone, a part of the trilateral Benelux Union. Brussels, hosts several of the EU's official seats as well as the headquarters of many major international organizations such as NATO. Belgium is also a part of the Schengen Area.
Belgium
–
Charlemagne and Charles V
Belgium
–
Flaga
Belgium
Belgium
–
Episode of the Belgian Revolution of 1830 (1834), by Egide Charles Gustave Wappers
15.
The Mall, London
–
It is closed on ceremonial occasions. The Mall began for playing pall-mall. In the 18th centuries it was a fashionable promenade, bordered by trees. These routes were intended to be used for national ceremonies. As part of the development -- designed by Aston Webb -- the Victoria Memorial was erected. The Queen Victoria Memorial is immediately before the gates of the Palace, whilst Admiralty Arch at the far end leads into Trafalgar Square. The length of The Mall from where it joins Constitution Hill at the Victoria Memorial end to Admiralty Arch is exactly 0.5 nautical miles. St. James's Park is on the north side. Running off The Mall at its eastern end is Horse Guards Parade, where the Trooping the Colour ceremony is held. The surface of The Mall is coloured red to give the effect of a red carpet leading up to Buckingham Palace. This colour was obtained using synthetic iron pigment from Deanshanger Oxide Works, created using the Deanox Process devised by chemist Ernest Lovell. It was David Eccles' decision, as Minister of Works from 1951 to 1954, to make The red. Scheduled buses are not allowed to go past Buckingham Palace except by permission of the monarch. This has only happened twice in history; in 1950. The annual London Marathon finishes on The Mall.
The Mall, London
–
The Mall, looking southwest towards Buckingham Palace (2011)
The Mall, London
The Mall, London
16.
Buckingham Palace
–
Buckingham Palace is the London residence and administrative headquarters of the reigning monarch of the United Kingdom. Located in the City of Westminster, the palace is often at the centre of royal hospitality. It has been a focal point for the British people at times of national mourning. It became known as The Queen's House. During the 19th century it was enlarged, principally by architects John Nash and Edward Blore, who constructed three wings around a central courtyard. Buckingham Palace became the London residence of the British monarch on the accession of Queen Victoria in 1837. King Edward VII oversaw a partial redecoration in a Belle Époque cream and gold scheme. Many smaller reception rooms are furnished in the Chinese style with furniture and fittings brought from the Royal Pavilion at Brighton and from Carlton House. The garden is the largest private garden in London. In the Middle Ages, the site of the future palace formed part of the Manor of Ebury. The marshy ground was watered by the Tyburn, which still flows below the courtyard and south wing of the palace. Where the river was fordable, the village of Eye Cross grew. William gave the site to Geoffrey de Mandeville, who bequeathed it to the monks of Westminster Abbey. In 1531, in 1536 he took the Manor of Ebury from Westminster Abbey. The freehold was the subject of frenzied speculation during the 17th century.
Buckingham Palace
–
Buckingham Palace. This is the principal façade, the East Front; originally constructed by Edward Blore and completed in 1850. It acquired its present appearance following a remodelling, in 1913, by Sir Aston Webb.
Buckingham Palace
–
Queen Victoria, the first monarch to reside at Buckingham Palace, moved into the newly completed palace upon her accession in 1837.
Buckingham Palace
–
Buckingham House, c. 1710, was designed by William Winde for the 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby. This façade evolved into today's Grand Entrance on the west (inner) side of the quadrangle, with the Green Drawing Room above.
Buckingham Palace
–
Buckingham House painted by an unknown English artist c. 1800.
17.
Household Division
–
In the United Kingdom, the most senior cavalry regiments are respectively known as the Foot Guards, the Household Cavalry. From this origin developed the practice of designating a country’s finest military units as forming Household or Guards regiments. Members of the Household Divisions would accompany the monarch to protect him when he ventured into the public. Hence, as kingdoms grew more politically complex, the Household Divisions naturally became part of the public spectacle of the state. Their uniforms, even personal attributes such as height were selected to engender awe on ceremonial occasions. The Household Divisions thus developed a tradition of providing a ceremonial accompaniment to important national events. From this development comes the association of Household Divisions with wealth, snobbery, discrimination, which persisted until the middle of the 20th century. Members of the remaining Household Divisions continue to enjoy a certain social prestige within the armed forces and the state at large. They do, however, continue to uphold the more enduring traditions of military service. The Household Division concept is not applied in Australia. It does not have a protective role for the Head of State. The three Household Divisions are all members of the Primary Reserve rather than a regular force units. All three regiments contribute ceremonial guards. The Governor General's Foot Guards and the Canadian Grenadier Guards combine on an ad hoc basis to form the infantry Ceremonial Guard. Prior to 1970, the four regular battalions of the now disbanded Canadian Guards provided the element of the Household Division.
Household Division
–
President Barack Obama reviews Australia's Federation Guard in the forecourt of Parliament House during his visit to Australia in November 2011.
Household Division
–
Life Guards performing ceremonial drills both on horseback and with vehicles in London's Hyde Park
18.
Foot guards
–
In some militaries, foot guards are senior infantry regiments. The Federation Guard is a tri-service ceremonial unit that performs similar functions to the five British and two Canadian regiments of foot guards. The Foot Guards are the Regular Infantry regiments of the Household Division of the British Army. There have been one reserve regiment, five of which still exist. The Royal Guards Reserve Regiment was a formation of the Household Brigade in existence from 1900 to 1901. This is because although the Coldstream are ranked second in seniority, their motto is'Nulli Secundus'. These companies perform ceremonial and security duties in London. Two battalions are appointed with a third from a line infantry regiment since 1996. These provide the Queen's Guard, the Tower of London Guard, also the Windsor Castle Guard. In central London, a battalion is based about 300 yards from Buckingham Palace. While Scots Guards, are now permanently based at Wellington Barracks alongside the resident infantry battalion. The Guards Battalion stationed at Windsor generally provides the Windsor Castle Guard. The Windsor battalion is at a quarter of a mile south of the Castle. The Royal Guards Reserve Regiment was in existence from 1900 to 1901. The Guards Machine Gun Regiment was raised during the First World War.
Foot guards
–
Foot Guards of the Irish Guards, wearing bearskins, march to the Cenotaph on 12 June 2005 for a service of remembrance for British troops.
Foot guards
–
Regimental badge of the Coldstream Guards.
Foot guards
–
Regimental badge of the Scots Guards.
Foot guards
–
Changing the Guard, at Buckingham Palace, London
19.
Household Cavalry Mounted Regiment
–
The Household Cavalry Mounted Regiment is a cavalry regiment of the British Army tasked primarily with ceremonial duties. Part of the Household Division, it carries out mounted ceremonial duties on State and Royal occasions. The HCMR is one of two operational units that form the other being the Household Cavalry Regiment. That unit is a formation regiment, with front-line combat duties. It consists of one sabre squadron from each regiment of the Household Cavalry Training Wing. Each of the Squadrons consists of two divisions of 24 men. This has been based since 1795. The Household Cavalry Mounted Regiment carries out ceremonial duties throughout the year. This ceremony can be viewed daily by members of the public. The HCMR is responsible for the provision of the Sovereign's Escort, most commonly seen at the monarch's annual Parade in June each year. The escort is also seen including during state visits by visiting heads of state, or whenever required by the British monarch. The regiment provides a staircase party inside Buckingham Palace inside the Palace of Westminster at the annual State Opening of Parliament. They are also present at the annual Garter Ceremony at Windsor Castle. The Household Cavalry Musical Ride has been performed at military tattoos since the 1880s. The display is often accompanied by the Mounted Band of the Blues and Royals.
Household Cavalry Mounted Regiment
–
Major Tim Cooper, Director of Music of The Blues and Royals conducting the Mounted Band of The Blues and Royals
20.
King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery
–
The King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery is a ceremonial unit of the British Army, quartered at Woolwich. The unit is most often seen providing gun salutes on state occasions in Hyde Park, Green Park. Accordingly the Riding Troop was reformed on 17 April 1946 at Shoeburyness as a six-gun Royal Horse Artillery battery for the Household Division. At the suggestion of Brigadier John Anquetil Norman, the King declared that the Riding Troop would be known as'The King's Troop'. The King enacted his proclamation on 24 October 1947 by amending the page on the visitors' book by striking out the word "Riding" and inserting "King's". On her accession, Queen Elizabeth II declared that the name'The King's Troop' would remain in honour of her father. On the coffin of Diana, Princess of Wales was carried by members of the King's Troop Royal Horse Artillery. The Musical Drive can be seen at shows around the United Kingdom and always at the Royal Windsor Horse Show in May every year. Many of the manoeuvres of the Musical Drive have remained unchanged since it was first performed in 1897. The start, known as the Big Drive, features the Scissors, where the whole team criss-cross at gallop, displaying discipline. The Wagon Wheel, depicts an inner wheel, an outer wheel. A display may then finish with a Battery Charge. For a "Hero's Welcome" event in Windsor in May 2008 there were seven riders. Women, first admitted to the King's Troop in 1996, made up one-third of the display team. Major Erica Bridge was the first female officer commanding the King's Troop.
King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery
–
A King's Troop sentry outside Horse Guards
King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery
–
Horses of the King's Troop drawing the gun carriage upon which is the coffin of Diana, Princess of Wales in 1997.
King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery
–
The King's Troop riding in Hyde Park in preparation for a Royal Salute for the birthday of Prince Charles in 2012.
King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery
–
King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery at Trooping the Colour 2009
21.
Corps of Drums
–
A Corps of Drums is a musical unit of several national armies. Drummers were originally established in European armies to act as signallers. The drummers would be more aptly described as signallers than musicians, as shouted orders were very hard to hear over the din of battle. As time went on, the individual drummers and fife players in each company would be organized at level. They would form one body of men at the head of a battalion on the march. Different strings of logic have seen corps of drums employed in many varied roles. Therefore some units are organised into signals platoons, operating radios. Corps of drums were also deployed to march under the flag when officers of opposing met to discuss terms of surrender, etc.. Therefore some corps of drums perform a role. Historical duties such as uncasing the colours on parade and other privileges are continued in most units. Due to ceremonial aspects of a drummers life, a corps of drums may be the unofficial custodian of regimental customs and traditions. Corps of drums are attached to the battalion HQ. Above the drum major as its head, the corps is usually answerable to the battalion's adjutant. Each battalion of a regiment will maintain a corps of drums which may be'massed' together on certain occasions. All corps-of-drums soldiers are called drummers regardless of the instrument they play, similarly to use of the term "sapper" for soldiers of the Royal Engineers.
Corps of Drums
–
Corps of drums of the Moscow Military Conservatoire at the Victory Parade on Red Square, 2010. Note the red and white "swallows' nests" on the shoulders, characteristic of musicians' uniforms in European armies.
Corps of Drums
–
Corps of drums at a tattoo (Großer Zapfenstreich) in Germany, 2002.
Corps of Drums
–
Drummers in the centre foreground, in their original battlefield role, close to the officer and wearing the distinctive drummers uniform described below.
Corps of Drums
–
The late Lee Rigby was a Drummer in the Royal Fusiliers
22.
Gun salute
–
A salute is a gesture or other action used to display respect. Other organisations and civilians also use salutes. The French salute is almost identical to the British Army's. The customary salute in the Polish Armed Forces is the two-fingers salute, a variation of the military salute with only two fingers extended. In the Russian military, palm down, is brought to the right temple, almost, but not quite, touching; the head has to be covered. In the armed forces, the salute is identical to that of the U.S. armed forces and the Royal Navy. The fingers point to the coat of arms. When the presence of enemy snipers is suspected, military salutes are generally forbidden, since the enemy may use them to recognize officers as valuable targets. I am not afraid." Medieval visors were, to this end, equipped with a protruding spike that allowed the visor to be raised using a saluting motion. As late as the American Revolution, a British Army soldier saluted by removing his hat. Over time, it became conventionalized into something resembling our modern salute. During the Napoleonic Wars, British crews saluted officers by touching a clenched fist as though grasping a hat-brim between fingers and thumb. When carrying a sword, their cultural descendants use a two-step gesture. The sword is first raised to the front of the neck.
Gun salute
–
A U.S. Navy officer performs a military hand salute.
Gun salute
–
Pakistan army soldiers saluting
Gun salute
–
Scouting leader and a new Scout exchange salutes
Gun salute
–
Admiral Jay L. Johnson and Admiral Vern Clark of the United States Navy salute each other during a change-of-command ceremony. Clark is relieving Johnson as Chief of Naval Operations.
23.
Green Park
–
The Green Park, usually known without the article simply as Green Park, is one of the Royal Parks of London. It is located in the City of Westminster, central London. Green Park covers 19 hectares between St. James's Park. The park consists entirely of mature trees rising out of turf; the only flowers are naturalized narcissus. The park is bounded on the south by Piccadilly. It meets St. James's Park at Queen's Gardens with the Victoria Memorial opposite the entrance to Buckingham Palace. The buildings of St James's Palace and Clarence House overlook the park to the east. Tube station is a major interchange located on Piccadilly, Victoria and Jubilee lines near the north end of Queen's Walk. Stream runs beneath Green Park. The park is said to have originally been swampy ground for lepers from the nearby hospital at St James's. It was first enclosed in 16th century when it formed part of the estate of Poulteney family. He built an icehouse there to supply him with ice for cooling drinks in summer. In 1820, John Nash landscaped the park, to St. James's Park. On 10 it was the scene of Edward Oxford's assassination attempt on Queen Victoria, on Constitution Hill. The Royal Parks website: The Green Park Virtual journey into Green Park
Green Park
–
Green Park
Green Park
–
Green Park and Constitution Hill
Green Park
–
Green Park, London
Green Park
–
Canada Gate, located on the south side of the park
24.
British Royal Family
–
The British royal family comprises the monarch of the United Kingdom and her close relations. In Canada, the family is known as the Canadian family. They often perform social duties throughout the United Kingdom and abroad on behalf of the United Kingdom. Wives of the said enjoy their husbands' precedence, husbands of princesses are unofficially but habitually placed with their wives as well. She did not alter the relative precedence of other born-princesses, such as the daughters of her younger sons. Burke's Peerage, 1973. Cannon, John Ashton. The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Monarchy. Oxford University Press, 1988. Churchill, Randolph S. They Serve the Queen: A New and Authoritative Account of the Royal Household. Hutchinson, 1953. Fraser, Antonia. The Lives of the Kings & Queens of England. Revised & updated edition.
British Royal Family
–
The Royal Family on the balcony of Buckingham Palace after the annual Trooping the Colour in 2013.
British Royal Family
–
United Kingdom
25.
Royal Air Force
–
The Royal Air Force is the United Kingdom's aerial warfare force. Formed towards the end of the First World War on 1 April 1918, it is the oldest independent force in the world. Following victory over the Central Powers in 1918 the RAF emerged as, at the time, the largest force in the world. The RAF describe its mission statement as "... The mission statement is supported by the RAF's definition of air power, which guides its strategy. Air power is defined as "the ability to project power from the space to influence the behaviour of people or the course of events." The Royal Air Force maintains an operational fleet of various types of aircraft, described by the RAF as being "leading-edge" in terms of technology. The majority of the RAF's rotary-wing aircraft form part of the tri-service Joint Helicopter Command in support of ground forces. Most of the RAF's personnel are based in the UK, with many others serving on operations or at long-established overseas bases. At that time it was the largest force in the world. The Fleet Air Arm, was founded in 1924 but handed over to Admiralty control on 24 May 1939. The RAF underwent rapid expansion prior to and during the Second World War. Exiles from occupied Europe, also served with RAF squadrons. Additionally, the Royal Australian Air Force represented around nine percent of all RAF personnel who served in the European and Mediterranean theaters. In the Battle of Britain in 1940, the RAF defended the skies against the numerically superior German Luftwaffe.
Royal Air Force
–
A later version of the Spitfires which played a major part in the Battle of Britain.
Royal Air Force
–
Royal Air Force emblem
Royal Air Force
–
The Avro Lancaster heavy bomber was extensively used during the strategic bombing of Germany.
Royal Air Force
–
The Handley Page Victor bomber was a strategic bomber of the RAF's V bomber force used to carry both conventional and nuclear bombs.
26.
Flypast
–
FlyPast is an aircraft magazine, published monthly, edited by Chris Gilson and Steve Beebee. The magazine started as a bi-monthly edition in its first editor was the late Mike Twite. It sponsors a number of aviation events held in the country, such as Cockpit-Fest, held at Newark Air Museum. Sister publications include AirForces Monthly, Air Enthusiast, Airliner World, Airports International, Today's Pilot. The magazine often includes aircraft posters, supplements. FlyPast Homepage List of FlyPast issues on TheAviationIndex.com
Flypast
27.
Honourable Artillery Company
–
The form of words in modern English would be either "Honourable Infantry Company" or "Honourable Military Company." Members of the Regiment and Specials are drawn, from young men and women working in and around the City and Greater London. Those leaving the active units may remain within the fraternity of the Company. This body was known until 1656 when it was first referred to as the Artillery Company. It officially received the name from Queen Victoria in 1860. However, the Archers' Company of the Honourable Artillery Company was retained into the 19th century, though as a private club. Founded by Sir Ashton Lever, it met at Archers' Hall, Inner Circle, Regent's Park, London. The regiment has the rare distinction of having fought on the side of both Parliament and the Royalists to 1649. From its formation, the company trained at a site it had occupied in Spitalfields and at The Merchant Taylors' Company Hall. In 1622, the company built its first Armoury House at the site of the Old Artillery Gardens. In 1657, it sold its old Armoury House to Master Gunner Richard Woolaston for # 300. Until 1780, captains of the HAC trained the officers of the London Trained Bands. Members of the Company first served overseas in the South African War. In 1907, the Company became part of the newly formed Territorial Force with the passing of the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act. The HAC also had its property and privileges protected by the Honourable Artillery Company Act 1908.
Honourable Artillery Company
–
Shield of the Honourable Artillery Company, in sand, 19th century.
Honourable Artillery Company
–
Crest and Motto of the Honourable Artillery Company
Honourable Artillery Company
–
A QF 15 pounder of B Battery, Honourable Artillery Company, at Sheik Othman, Aden.
Honourable Artillery Company
–
Gunners of A Battery, the Honourable Artillery Company, attached to the 4th Australian Light Horse Brigade, crouch between their 13 pounder quick fire field guns and a cactus hedge near Belah, Palestine, in March 1918.
28.
Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom
–
Elizabeth II has been Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand since 1952. Elizabeth was born in London as the first child of the Duke and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. She was educated privately at home. Her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. She began to undertake public duties during the Second World War, serving in the Auxiliary Territorial Service. Elizabeth's many historic visits and meetings include a state visit to the Republic of Ireland and visits to or from five popes. She has seen major constitutional changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation, the decolonisation of Africa. She has also reigned through various wars and conflicts involving many of her realms. She is the world's oldest reigning monarch as well as Britain's longest-lived. In October 2016, she became the longest currently reigning monarch and head of state following the death of King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand. Elizabeth has occasionally faced republican sentiments and severe press criticism of the royal family, but support for the monarchy remains high, as does her personal popularity. Elizabeth was born at 02:40 on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather, King George V. Her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York, was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York, was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne. She was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfather's London house: 17 Bruton Street, Mayfair.
Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom
–
The Queen in March 2015
Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom
–
Princess Elizabeth aged 3, April 1929
Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom
–
Princess Elizabeth aged 7, painted by Philip de László, 1933
Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom
–
Elizabeth in Auxiliary Territorial Service uniform, April 1945
29.
Edward VII of the United Kingdom
–
Edward VII was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions and Emperor of India from 22 January 1901 until his death in 1910. The eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Edward was related to royalty throughout Europe. Before his accession to the throne, he served as heir apparent and held the title of Prince of Wales for longer than any of his predecessors. During the long reign of his mother, he was largely excluded from political power, came to personify the fashionable, leisured elite. He travelled throughout Britain performing ceremonial public duties, represented Britain on visits abroad. As king, Edward played a role in the modernisation of the British Home Fleet and the reorganisation of the British Army after the Second Boer War. He re-instituted traditional ceremonies as public displays and broadened the range of people with whom royalty socialised. Edward was born at 10:48 in the morning on 9 November 1841 in Buckingham Palace. He was the eldest son and second child of Queen Victoria and her husband Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. He was christened Albert Edward at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, on 25 January 1842. He was named Albert after his father and Edward after his maternal grandfather Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn. He was known as Bertie to the royal family throughout his life. As the eldest son of the British sovereign, he was automatically Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay at birth. As a son of Prince Albert, he also held the titles of Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Duke of Saxony. In 1863, he renounced his succession rights to the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in favour of his younger brother, Prince Alfred.
Edward VII of the United Kingdom
–
Coronation portrait by Sir Luke Fildes
Edward VII of the United Kingdom
–
Portrait of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, by Winterhalter, 1846
Edward VII of the United Kingdom
–
Edward at Niagara Falls, 1860
Edward VII of the United Kingdom
–
Edward and Alexandra on their wedding day, 1863
30.
Military bands
–
A military band is a group of personnel that performs musical duties for military functions, usually for the armed forces. A military band consists mostly of percussion instruments. The conductor of a band commonly bears the title of Bandmaster or Director of Music. Ottoman military bands are thought to be the oldest variety of military marching band in the world, dating from the 13th century. Military bands also play a part in military funeral ceremonies. There are two types of historical traditions in military bands. The first is military field music. This type of music includes fifes and almost always drums. This type of music was used to control troops on the battlefield as well as for entertainment. 11th book Divânu Lügati ` t-Türk mentions prototype of Mehtaran, as Turkish military band tradition. Bands were formed by soldiers. 17th century traveler Evliya Çelebi noted that the Ottoman Empire had 40 guilds of musicians in 1670's Istanbul. Ottoman military bands influenced European equivalents. Each regiment in the British Army maintained its own military band. Until 1749 bandsmen were civilians hired at the expense of the colonel commanding a regiment.
Military bands
–
A military band (French Foreign Legion).
Military bands
–
A miniature of Ottoman Military Band, 1720
Military bands
–
Russian military band playing in Quebec City
Military bands
–
Massed bands at Trooping the Colour, London, 2007.
31.
Marcus Sarjeant
–
Marcus Simon Sarjeant fired six blank shots at Queen Elizabeth II as she rode down The Mall to the Trooping the Colour ceremony in 1981. Sarjeant, from Capel-le-Ferne, near Folkestone, Kent, went to Astor Secondary School in Dover. He was a member of the Scouts, becoming local leader before leaving to join the Air Training Corps in 1978. In the ATC, he owned an air rifle. He also stayed only for two days of an induction course. After failed applications to join the fire service, he worked at a zoo and at an arts centre in Folkestone. Under the Youth Training Scheme he worked in Hawkinge. Friends reported that Sarjeant joined the Anti-Royalist Movement in October 1980. At the time of the incident at Trooping the Colour, he was unemployed and living with his mother. He tried unsuccessfully to get a gun licence of his own, he joined a local gun club. Through order he paid # 66.90 for two blank-firing replica Colt Python revolvers. He also sent a letter to Buckingham Palace which read "Your Majesty. Don't go to the Trooping the Colour ceremony because there is an assassin waiting just outside the palace". The letter arrived on 16 June. On 13 Sarjeant joined the crowds for Trooping the Colour, finding a spot near the junction between The Mall and Horseguards Avenue.
Marcus Sarjeant
–
Monarchies
32.
Order of the Garter
–
It is dedicated to the image and arms of England's patron saint. It is awarded as a personal gift on recipients from the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms. Membership of the Order is limited to the Sovereign, the Prince of Wales, Companions. The order also includes supernumerary ladies. New appointments to the Order of the Garter are always announced on St George's Day, as Saint George is the order's saint. The order's emblem is a garter with the motto Honi soit qui mal pense in gold lettering. Members of the order wear it on ceremonial occasions. King Edward III founded the Order of the Garter to the French throne. The list includes Sir Sanchet D'Abrichecourt, who died on 20 October 1345. Other dates from 1344 to 1351 have also been proposed. The King's account shows Garter habits first issued in the autumn of 1348. The earliest written mention of the Order is found in a chivalric romance written in Catalan mainly by Valencian Joanot Martorell. It was first published in 1490. This book devotes a chapter to the description of the origin of the Order of the Garter. 1431.
Order of the Garter
–
Most Noble Order of the Garter
Order of the Garter
–
Arms of the Order of the Garter.
Order of the Garter
–
Representation of the garter on a Knight's mantle
Order of the Garter
–
Henry of Grosmont, Earl of Lancaster (d.1361) (later Duke of Lancaster), the second recipient of the Order, shown wearing his garter robes in an illustration from the 1430 Bruges Garter Book made by William Bruges (1375–1450), first Garter King of Arms
33.
Order of the Thistle
–
The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle is an order of chivalry associated with Scotland. The current version of the Order was founded by King James VII of Scotland who asserted that he was reviving an earlier Order. The Order consists of Ladies, as well as certain "extra" knights. The Sovereign alone grants membership of the Order; she is not advised by the Government, as occurs with most other Orders. The Order's primary emblem is the national flower of Scotland. The motto is Nemo me impune lacessit. The saint of the Order is St Andrew. Most British orders of chivalry cover the three most exalted ones each pertain to one constituent country only. The Order of the Thistle, which pertains to Scotland, is the second-most senior in precedence. In 1783 The Most Illustrious Order of St Patrick, was founded, but has now fallen dormant. This issue is marked by widely varying claims. After he won the battle, Achaius is said to have established the Order of the Thistle, dedicating it in 786. The tale is not credible, because the two individuals purported to have fought each other did not even live in the same century. Another story states that Achaius founded the Order in 809 to commemorate an alliance with the Emperor Charlemagne. There is some credibility to this story given the fact that Charlemagne did employ Scottish bodyguards.
Order of the Thistle
–
Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex in the robes of a Knight of the Order of the Thistle
Order of the Thistle
–
Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle
Order of the Thistle
–
Uniform of a Knight of the Thistle
Order of the Thistle
–
The St Andrew with the saltire in the badge of the Order of the Thistle
34.
Battle of Britain Memorial Flight
–
The flight is administratively part of No. 1 Group RAF, flying out of RAF Coningsby in Lincolnshire. AB910, escorted convoys in the Battle of the Atlantic. She then flew escort patrols on the German battleships Scharnhorst and Gneisenau then, she fought in the Dieppe Raid. AB910 now wears the 133 squadron codes'MD-E' which she actually wore during the Dieppe Raid. MK356, was built in March 1944 with clipped wings optimised for low level flight, fitted with a Merlin 66 engine. After the war she was recovered and refurbished in 1992 for the BBMF. As of 2008, she is displayed in a silver scheme used in late 1944 fighter/bomber missions over the Balkans from bases in Southern Italy. There are also two PRXIX Spitfires, both built with Griffon 66 engines. PS915 performed various reconnaissance duties in Germany. She was retired to gate guarding duties. In 1987 she was refurbished to flying condition by British Aerospace. The ground crew painted the inscription "The Last!" on PS 915's left engine cowling. The BBMF pilot escaped with a broken minor bruises, whilst LF363 was engulfed and devastated by the resulting fire. Spitfire Mark XVI TE311 officially added to the BBMF collection in 2007. TE311 will be joining the flight to carry out commemorative sorties in 2013.
Battle of Britain Memorial Flight
–
A typical formation: bottom - Hawker Hurricane, middle - Avro Lancaster and top - Supermarine Spitfire
Battle of Britain Memorial Flight
–
Battle of Britain Memorial Flight badge
Battle of Britain Memorial Flight
–
Spitfire AB910, built in 1941, she is painted in the colours of the Polish 303 Squadron; the Donald Duck symbol is the personal logo of Squadron Leader Jan Zumbach
Battle of Britain Memorial Flight
–
Battle of Britain Memorial Flight Spitfire IX, MK356, 21-V, at RAF Coltishall in October 2006
35.
Red Arrows
–
The Red Arrows, officially known as the Royal Air Force Aerobatic Team, is the aerobatics display team of the Royal Air Force based at RAF Scampton. The team was formed as an all-RAF team replacing a number of unofficial teams, sponsored by RAF commands. The Red Arrows badge shows the aircraft in their trademark nine formation, with the motto Éclat, a French word meaning "brilliance" or "excellence". Initially, they were equipped with seven Folland Gnat trainers inherited from the RAF Yellowjacks team. This aircraft was chosen because it was less expensive to operate than front-line fighters. In their first season, they flew across Europe. In 1966, the team was increased to nine members, enabling them to develop their Diamond Nine formation. In late 1979, they switched to the BAE Hawk trainer. The Red Arrows have performed over 4,700 displays in 56 countries worldwide. The Red Arrows were not the first RAF aerobatics team. An RAF pageant was held with teams from front-line biplane squadrons. In 1925, No. 32 Squadron RAF flew an air display a week entitled "London Defended" at the British Empire Exhibition. In 1938, three Gloster Gladiators flew with their wing-tips tied together. Formation aerobatics largely stopped during the Second World War. In 1947, the first team of three de Havilland Vampires came from RAF Odiham Fighter Wing.
Red Arrows
–
The Red Arrows in 2011
Red Arrows
–
The RAF Red Arrows depart the 2014 Royal International Air Tattoo, England, in a colour scheme that commemorates their 50th year.
Red Arrows
–
"London Defended" 1925 Official Programme
Red Arrows
–
Gnat T.1s on the flightline at RAF Kemble in 1973.
36.
Feu de joie
–
A feu de joie is a celebratory rifle salute, described as a "running fire of guns." As soldiers fire into the sequentially in rapid succession, the cascade of blank rounds produces a characteristic "rat-tat-tat" effect. It is used on rare landmark occasions of national rejoicing. During the 19th centuries, a feu de joie has celebrated a military victory or birthday. In recent years, it has marked Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II. The men were placed in specified positions to fire a feu de joie with muskets and cannon -- three times three discharges of cannon. From his headquarters at Ross Hall, General George Washington ordered a feu de joie to celebrate the anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence. The Soldiers are to make the best appearance possible. The disposition will be given in the orders of tomorrow. Double allowance of rum will be served out. In May 1782 a feu de joie at West Point was witnessed by a Dr. Thacher. The feu-de-joie was immediately followed by the united voices of the whole army on all sides. Thus did the rattle of musketry three times make its distant circuit along the Hudson. . .
Feu de joie
–
Troops deliver a feu de joie on Parliament Hill in Ottawa, Canada in 1868 in celebration of Queen Victoria 's birthday
37.
RAF
RAF
–
A later version of the Spitfires which played a major part in the Battle of Britain.
RAF
–
Royal Air Force emblem
RAF
–
The Avro Lancaster heavy bomber was extensively used during the strategic bombing of Germany.
RAF
–
The Handley Page Victor bomber was a strategic bomber of the RAF's V bomber force used to carry both conventional and nuclear bombs.
38.
Major-General commanding the Household Division
Major-General commanding the Household Division
–
Edward Smyth-Osbourne, wearing the full-dress uniform of a Major-General, on duty at the State Opening of Parliament, 2015.
39.
Welsh Guards
–
The Welsh Guards, part of the Guards Division, is one of the Foot Guards regiments of the British Army. It was founded on 26 February 1915 by Royal Warrant of George V. They were the last of the Guards to be created, with the Irish Guards coming into being in 1900. Just three days later the 1st Battalion Welsh Guards mounted its first King's Guard at Buckingham Palace on 1 March 1915 – St David's Day. On 17 August 1915 the 1st Battalion sailed for France to join the Guards Division to commence its participation in the First World War. Its first battle was some months after its initial arrival, at Loos on 27 September 1915. The regiment's first Victoria Cross came two years later in July 1917 awarded to Sergeant Robert Bye. The 2nd Battalion, Welsh Guards was created in 1939. The Welsh Guards were increased to three battalions during the Second World War. The 1st Battalion fought valiantly in all the campaigns of the North-West European Theatre. In May 1940 at the Battle of Arras, the Welsh Guards gained their second Victoria Cross by Lieutenant Christopher Furness, subsequently killed in action. Shortly after the end of the war the 3rd Battalion was disbanded while the 2nd Battalion was placed in suspended animation. In 1947 the 1st Welsh Guards were dispatched to Palestine, then under British control, while it was in a volatile and violent situation. The regiment had its colour trooped for the first time in 1949. In 1950 the regiment arrived as part of part of the British Army of the Rhine.
Welsh Guards
–
Cap Badge of the Welsh Guards
Welsh Guards
–
Welsh Guards in action near Cagny 19 July 1944
Welsh Guards
–
HRH The Prince of Wales, Colonel of the Regiment since 1975.
Welsh Guards
–
Welsh Guardsman outside the Jewel House at the Tower of London.
40.
Royal Standard of the United Kingdom
–
The Royal Standard of the United Kingdom is varied for use in Scotland. Not all realms have an standard. It may be flown during a visit by the Queen, if the owner or proprietor so requests. The Queen was on board. The only church that may fly a Royal Standard, even without the presence of the Sovereign, is a Royal Peculiar. The Royal Standard is flown at royal residences only when the sovereign is present. If the Union Flag flies above Buckingham Palace, Sandringham House it signals that the Queen is not in residence. In 1934, King George V permitted his subjects in Scotland to display the ancient Royal Standard of Scotland as part of his silver jubilee. It flies above Holyrood Palace and Balmoral Castle when the Queen is not in residence. When the Queen attends Parliament at the Palace of Westminster, the Royal Standard flies from Victoria Tower. Controversy arose regarding the lack of a flag at half-mast over Buckingham Palace following Princess of Wales, in 1997. The Queen proposed a compromise whereby the Union Flag would be flown on the day of Diana's funeral. In England, Wales, outside the United Kingdom, the flag is divided into four quadrants. The inclusion of the harp remains an issue for some in Ireland. The harp remains.
Royal Standard of the United Kingdom
–
The Royal Standard flying above Buckingham Palace
Royal Standard of the United Kingdom
–
The Royal Standard used in England, Ireland, Wales, and overseas
Royal Standard of the United Kingdom
–
Funeral carriage of Diana, Princess of Wales, with the coffin draped with an ermine-bordered standard.
Royal Standard of the United Kingdom
–
Royal Banners in St Giles' Cathedral: The Royal Standard of the United Kingdom used in Scotland and (clockwise) those of the Duke of Edinburgh, Princess Royal and Duke of Rothesay.
41.
Flag of the United Kingdom
–
The national flag of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the Union Jack, also called the "Union Flag". The current design of the Union Jack dates from Great Britain in 1801. The flag's height-to-length proportions are 1:2. The war variant used by the British Army modifies the proportions to 3:5 and crops two of the red diagonals. The earlier flag of Great Britain was established by a proclamation of King James VI and I of Scotland and England. The Union Flag can be flown by any organisation in Great Britain on any day of their choice. Legal regulations restrict the use of the Union Flag on Government buildings in Northern Ireland. Long-standing restrictions on use of the flag elsewhere were abolished in July 2007. While the flag appears symmetric, the white lines below the diagonal red are different widths. On the side closer to the flagpole, the white lines above the diagonals are wider; on the side farther from the flagpole, the converse is true. Thus, no change will be apparent if mirrored the flag will be upside-down. Placing the flag down is considered lèse majesté and is offensive to some, However, it can be flown upside down as a distress signal. While this is rare, it was used by groups under siege in the late 18th century. The reason that the UK flag is not symmetrical is because of the relative positions of the saltires of St Andrew. The red saltire of St Patrick is offset such that it doesn't relegate the white saltire of St Andrew to a mere border.
Flag of the United Kingdom
–
The Flag of the United Kingdom, here viewed from behind
Flag of the United Kingdom
–
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Flag of the United Kingdom
–
Projected onto the front of Buckingham Palace
Flag of the United Kingdom
–
The Flag of England flying alongside the Union flag
42.
Foot Guards
–
In some militaries, foot guards are senior infantry regiments. The Federation Guard is a tri-service ceremonial unit that performs similar functions to the five British and two Canadian regiments of foot guards. The Foot Guards are the Regular Infantry regiments of the Household Division of the British Army. There have been one reserve regiment, five of which still exist. The Royal Guards Reserve Regiment was a formation of the Household Brigade in existence from 1900 to 1901. This is because although the Coldstream are ranked second in seniority, their motto is'Nulli Secundus'. These companies perform ceremonial and security duties in London. Two battalions are appointed with a third from a line infantry regiment since 1996. These provide the Queen's Guard, the Tower of London Guard, also the Windsor Castle Guard. In central London, a battalion is based about 300 yards from Buckingham Palace. While Scots Guards, are now permanently based at Wellington Barracks alongside the resident infantry battalion. The Guards Battalion stationed at Windsor generally provides the Windsor Castle Guard. The Windsor battalion is at a quarter of a mile south of the Castle. The Royal Guards Reserve Regiment was in existence from 1900 to 1901. The Guards Machine Gun Regiment was raised during the First World War.
Foot Guards
–
Foot Guards of the Irish Guards, wearing bearskins, march to the Cenotaph on 12 June 2005 for a service of remembrance for British troops.
Foot Guards
–
Regimental badge of the Coldstream Guards.
Foot Guards
–
Regimental badge of the Scots Guards.
Foot Guards
–
Changing the Guard, at Buckingham Palace, London
43.
Hollow square
–
With the demise of cavalry this formation is now considered obsolete. The formation was described by Plutarch and was developed from an earlier circular formation. This is not to be confused with the testudo formation, used for protection against ranged weapons such as arrows. Infantry squares were used near the Gobi region, where Han forces repelled nomad lancer attacks. Generally, a battalion was the smallest force used to form a square. The unit's commander were positioned in the centre, along with a reserve force to reinforce any side of the square weakened by attacks. Once formed in square, the infantry would volley fire at approaching cavalry, either by rank. Early fire by the infantry would be ineffective against the attacking cavalry and leave the foot soldiers with empty muskets. While it was vital for squares to stand firm in the face of a charge, they were not static formations. Astute commanders could, in suitable terrain, manoeuvre squares to even trap cavalry, as the French managed against the Ottomans at Mount Tabor. Squares would be arranged in a checkerboard formation to minimize the chances of soldiers from one square accidentally shooting the other. At Waterloo the four-rank squares of the Allied forces withstood eleven cavalry charges. Despite infantry and light artillery support, Allied cavalry charges failed to break green French troops. Similarly, impressive infantry efforts were seen at first Battle of Krasnoi. However, the most effective way to break a square was not by the use of artillery.
Hollow square
–
A depiction of a Napoleonic -era British infantry square at the Battle of Quatre Bras, Belgium, 1815.
Hollow square
–
The charge of the French Cuirassiers at the Battle of Waterloo against a British square.
Hollow square
–
Egyptian Mamluk cavalry charges a French infantry square during the Battle of the Pyramids, 1798.
Hollow square
–
A depiction of the British square at the Battle of Abu Klea, Sudan, during the Mahdist War of the late 19th century.
44.
Battalion
–
A battalion is a military unit. The use of the term "battalion" varies by nationality and branch of service. Typically a battalion consists of 300 to 800 soldiers and is divided into a number of companies. A battalion is typically commanded by a lieutenant colonel. In some countries the word "battalion" is associated with the infantry. The term was first used in Italian as battaglione no later than the 16th century. It derived for battaglia. The first use of battalion in English was in the 1580s, the first use to mean "part of a regiment" is from 1708. The battalion must, of course, have a source of re-supply to enable it to sustain operations for more than a few days. The battalion is usually part of a group, depending on the organizational model used by that service. The bulk of a battalion's companies are often homogeneous with respect to type, although there are exceptions such as combined arms battalions in the U.S. Army. A battalion includes some sort of combat support, typically organized within a combat support company. The battalion is used in some corps including the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, intelligence corps. It was also used in the Royal Pioneer Corps. Other corps usually use the term "regiment" instead.
Battalion
–
Symbol of the Austrian 14th Armoured Battalion in NATO military graphic symbols
Battalion
–
Standard NATO code for a friendly infantry battalion.
Battalion
–
Australian 11th (Western Australia) Battalion, 3rd Infantry Brigade, Australian Imperial Force posing on the Great Pyramid of Giza on 10 January 1915
Battalion
–
1980s Soviet motorised rifle battalion (BTR)
45.
Second lieutenant
–
Second lieutenant is a junior commissioned officer military rank in many armed forces. Like the United Kingdom, the rank of second lieutenant replaced the rank of cornet in 1871. The rank of second lieutenant was phased out in the Regular Army in 1986. Currently, the Royal Canadian Air Force insignia for lieutenant is one thick braid. The rank for the Royal Canadian Navy is acting sub-lieutenant. Also known as an Ensign in the Foot Guards units. In Indonesia, "Second lieutenant" is known as Letnan Dua, the most ranked officer in the Indonesian Military. Cadets who graduate from the Indonesian Military Academy achieve this rank as young officers. The Lieutenant rank has two levels, which are: First lieutenant. Since 1951 in the Israel Defense Forces (סגן-משנה (סג"מ segen mishne has been equivalent to a second lieutenant. From 1948 – 1951 the corresponding rank was that of a segen, which since 1951 has been equivalent to lieutenant. Segen mishne means segen literally translates as "assistant". Typically it is the rank of a commander. Note that the IDF uses this rank across all three of its services. The rank in Norway is "fenrik".
Second lieutenant
–
Army
46.
Parade (military)
–
A military parade is a formation of soldiers whose movement is restricted by close-order manoeuvring known as drilling or marching. The military parade is now entirely ceremonial, though soldiers from time immemorial up until the late 19th century fought in formation. Massed parades may also hold a role for propaganda purposes, being used to exhibit the military strength of one's nation. The terminology comes from the tradition of close order combat, in which soldiers were held in very strict formations as to maximise their combat effectiveness. Combat was used as an alternative to mêlée combat, required strict discipline in the ranks and competent officers. As as their formations could be maintained, regular troops could maintain a significant advantage over less organised opponents. Roughly synonymous are "drill" and "march". Drilling increased in importance when men began to fight together as units. Military drilling later was used by the Roman Army to maximise efficiency and deadliness throughout their long history. Military drilling was used mostly by only the foremost armies and nations, such as the Normans. The U.S. drill is based on the contributions of a Prussian Army officer who served as a volunteer in the Continental Army. During the winter quarters in Pennsylvania, von Steuben taught a model company of 100 soldiers musket drill. These soldiers, in turn, taught the remainder of the Continental Army. A military drill is memorizing certain actions through repetition until the action is instinctive to the soldiers being drilled. Complex actions are broken down into simpler ones which can be practised in isolation so when the whole is put together the desired results are achieved.
Parade (military)
–
The Grenadier Guards on parade outside Buckingham Palace, London
Parade (military)
–
Parade at the Victory Day (Zafer Bayramı) in Istanbul
Parade (military)
–
U.S. Military Academy cadet color guard on parade
Parade (military)
–
Saint-Cyr cadets at the Bastille Day Military Parade on the Champs-Élysées
47.
Life Guards (British Army)
–
The Life Guards is the senior regiment of the British Army and part of the Household Cavalry, along with the Blues and Royals. The first troop was originally raised in Bruges in 1658 as His Majesty's Own Troop of Horse Guards. The second troop was originally founded in 1659 as Monck's Life Guards. The fourth troop was raised in 1661 in England. The first troop of grenadier guards was formed from the amalgamation of three troops of grenadiers. The second troop of grenadier guards was raised in 1702. These units first saw action during the Third Anglo-Dutch War in 1672 and then at the Battle of Sedgemoor during the Monmouth Rebellion in 1685. The 3rd and 4th troops were disbanded in 1746. From on, file were mostly formed of commoners, the bulk of the gentlemen-troopers were pensioned off. In 1815 they were part of The Household Brigade at the Battle of Waterloo under Major-General Lord Edward Somerset. They reverted to their previous names and roles after the end of the war. In 1922, the two regiments were merged into one regiment, the The Life Guards. In 1928, it was re-designated The Life Guards. During the Second World War, the Life Guards took part in the Normandy landings and the advance through France to liberate Brussels. However, they maintain their regimental identity, with distinct uniforms and traditions, their own colonel.
Life Guards (British Army)
–
Cap Badge of the Life Guards
Life Guards (British Army)
–
mounted, with cuirass
Life Guards (British Army)
–
Life Guards on parade
Life Guards (British Army)
–
Life Guards performing ceremonial drills on both horseback and with vehicles in London's Hyde Park.
48.
Blues and Royals
–
The Blues and Royals is a cavalry regiment of the British Army, part of the Household Cavalry. The Colonel-in-Chief is Queen Elizabeth II and the Colonel of the Regiment is Anne, Princess Royal. It is the senior regiment in the British Army. Since then, the new regiment has served in Northern Ireland, Cyprus. During the Falklands War of 1982, the regiment provided the two armoured reconnaissance troops. The regiment also had a squadron on operational duty with the United Nations in Bosnia in 1994–95. Most recently, the regiment saw action in Afghanistan. Prince Harry joined the regiment as cornets in 2006. However, they each maintain their regimental identity, with distinct traditions, their own colonel. Newly commissioned officers in the Blues and Royals are named Cornets, rather than Second Lieutenants as is the standard in the rest of the British Army. The rank of sergeant does not exist in the Household Cavalry. King Edward VII also declared the rank of Private should be replaced in the cavalry. The Blues and Royals is the only regiment in the British Army that allows non-commissioned officers, when not wearing headdress, to salute an officer. During the battle, the Marquess had driven the French forces from the field, losing both his wig during the charge. When the Marquess of Granby became the Colonel of the Blues, the regiment adopted this tradition.
Blues and Royals
–
Badge of the Blues and Royals
Blues and Royals
–
Troopers of the Blues and Royals at the Trooping the Colour parade, London, 2007
Blues and Royals
–
Blues and Royals trooper
Blues and Royals
–
Changing of the guard at Horse Guards
49.
Field Officer in Brigade Waiting
–
The Field Officer in Brigade Waiting holds an appointment in the Royal Household. He performs his duties at State Ceremonies under the authority of the Earl Marshal. When dismounted he carries a distinctive baton as his insignia of office. During a procession from Windsor Castle and in St George's Chapel following a Chapter of the Garter. When Guards of Honour are mounted by the Guards Division in the presence of The Queen. The Field Officer in Brigade Waiting is normally his Chief of deputy. When not available, the Chief of Staff nominates a replacement. The Field Officer's principal aide when on duty is termed Adjutant in Brigade Waiting. A 2-foot baton was commissioned in 1988 following the move to a more permanent pattern of appointment. It consists of a wooden shaft with a silver finial topped by a crown. The Queen's Regulations for the Army 1975, Amendment No. 26, Annex A to chapter 2, paragraphs 46 - 49 Allison & Riddell. The Royal Encyclopaedia. London: Macmillan. Silver Stick Trooping the Colour
Field Officer in Brigade Waiting
–
Colonel Jonathan Bourne-May, attending the Queen as Field Officer in Brigade Waiting at the Garter Service
50.
Adjutant
–
Adjutant is a military rank or appointment. An general is commander of an army's administrative services. Adjutant comes from present participle of the verb adjuvare, "to help"; the Romans actually used adiutor for the noun. In uniformed hierarchies, the term is used for number of functions, but generally as a principal aide to a commanding officer. In United States Army squadrons, the adjutant is often the officer-in-charge of the administrative platoon. In the British Army, an Adjutant is usually a senior captain. Until the 1970s the adjutant was also the regimental operations officer, although this job is now filled by a separate officer. In the British Army adjutants are given rank and as such are senior by appointment to all other captains, ranking just behind the majors. Unlike the RAO, the adjutant is a member of the regiment of which their unit is a part. Normally, in a British Infantry battalion, the adjutant controls the battle whilst the CO commands it. As such, the adjutant is usually a man of significant influence within his battalion. In the Foot Guards, the adjutant of the unit in charge of Trooping the Colour is one of three officers on horseback. In many Commonwealth armies, the adjutant performs much the same role as in the British Army. In the US Army, historically the adjutant was generally a member of the regiment of the parent unit. There is a bugle call announcing the adjutant, still used in military ceremonies today.
Adjutant
–
Gustaf Mannerheim as regent of Finland (sitting) and his adjutants (from the left) Lt.Col. Lilius, Cap. Kekoni, Lt. Gallen-Kallela, Ensign Rosenbröijer
Adjutant
–
President of Austria Rudolf Kirchschläger and commander Karl von Wohlgemuth. The president's adjutant in the background
51.
Garrison Sergeant Major
Garrison Sergeant Major
–
The Garrison Sergeant Major London District's badge of rank
52.
London District (British Army)
–
London District is the name given by the British Army to the area of operations encompassing the Greater London area. It was established in 1870 as Home District. 3rd Corps was to be formed within London District, based in Croydon. This scheme disappeared in 1881, when the districts were retitled ‘District Commands. HQ London District is under the command of the General Officer Commanding, currently CBE. The incumbent is concurrently the Major-General Commanding the Household Division. The Garrison Sergeant Major is currently COLDM GDS. London District included the 56th Brigade from January 1987 to 1993.
London District (British Army)
–
Structure London District
London District (British Army)
–
Insignia of the London District
53.
Military band
–
A military band is a group of personnel that performs musical duties for military functions, usually for the armed forces. A military band consists mostly of wind and percussion instruments. The conductor of a band commonly bears the title of Music. Ottoman military bands are thought to be the oldest variety of marching band in the world, dating from the 13th century. Military bands also play a part in funeral ceremonies. There are two types of historical traditions in military bands. The first is military music. This type of music includes bugles, fifes and almost always drums. This type of music was used to control troops on the battlefield well as for entertainment. 11th book Divânu Lügati ` t-Türk mentions prototype of Mehtaran, as a "nevbet", Turkish military band tradition. Bands were formed by soldiers. 17th traveler Evliya Çelebi noted that the Ottoman Empire had 40 guilds of musicians in 1670's Istanbul. Ottoman military bands influenced European equivalents. Each regiment in the British Army maintained its military band. Until 1749 bandsmen were civilians hired at the expense of the colonel commanding a regiment.
Military band
–
A military band (French Foreign Legion).
Military band
–
A miniature of Ottoman Military Band, 1720
Military band
–
Russian military band playing in Quebec City
Military band
–
Massed bands at Trooping the Colour, London, 2007.
54.
Pipe band
–
A pipe band is a musical ensemble consisting of pipers and drummers. The term used by military pipe drums, is also common. The entire drum section is known collectively as the drum corps. The tenor drummers and drummer are referred to collectively as the ` section'. Standard instrumentation for a band involves 1 bass drummer. Occasionally this instrumentation is augmented to include additional instruments, but this is typically done only in concert settings. Pipe bands have also been established in countries such as Argentina. Where pipers were employed as pipers, they were employed by the officers of the regiments as private pipers. Any additional pipers in the band were and are equipped today by funds from the Officers' Mess Fund of the battalion. By the end of the Crimean War, pipe bands were established in most of the Scottish Regiments. By the time World War I broke out, the pipe band represented a popular image of Scotland, both internally and externally. The ban was often not observed; Canadian piper James Richardson was awarded the Victoria Cross for playing in action in 1916. Pipes have occasionally played into battle, notably at El Alamein, the crossing of the Rhine. Military pipers have also served in both Gulf Wars. Unlike civilian pipers, however, pipers in military bands have military responsibilities.
Pipe band
–
Lonach Pipe band, Edinburgh Scotland, 2009
Pipe band
–
Canada's Simon Fraser University Pipe Band, winner of six World Pipe Band Championships, performing in George Square., Glasgow
Pipe band
–
A military Remembrance Day parade in Ottawa, Ontario.
Pipe band
–
Pipe Sergeant Jack Lee of the Simon Fraser University PB
55.
Scots Guards
–
The Scots Guards, part of the Guards Division, is one of the Foot Guards regiments of the British Army. Their origins lie in the personal bodyguard of King Charles I of England and Scotland. Its lineage can be traced as far back as 1642, although it was only placed on the English Establishment in 1686. In late July 1809 the regiment took part in the Battle of Talavera, one of the bloodiest and most bitter of engagements during the war. The 2nd Battalion's flank companies took part in the disastrous Walcheren Campaign in the Low Countries. The 1st Battalion, part of the 1st Brigade of the 1st Division, was part of the British Expeditionary Force which arrived in France in 1914. In North Africa, in March 1943, the 2nd Battalion took part in the defensive Battle of Medenine, after the Germans had counter-attacked the Allies. In September 1943, the 2nd Battalion, as part of the 201st Guards Brigade of the 56th Division, took part in the Landing at Salerno. In December 1943, the 1st Battalion, as part of 24th Guards Brigade, arrived in the Italian Theatre. At the Battle of Monte Cassino in early 1944, the 2nd Battalion suffered heavy casualties in tough fighting. The 1st Battalion, as part of its brigade, joined the 6th South African Armoured Division in May 1944. The regiment took part including those against a defensive line. The 2nd Battalion was once more involved in war when it deployed to Malaya during the Malayan Emergency. Then in late 1951, the 1st Battalion was deployed to Cyprus and in February 1952, the battalion deployed to the Suez Canal Zone, Egypt. Both the 1st and 2nd Battalion deployed to Northern Ireland during the Troubles in the early 1970s.
Scots Guards
–
Regimental badge of the Scots Guards
Scots Guards
–
Recruits practicing drill on Catterick parade square
Scots Guards
–
Scots Guards drummer, piper, bugler and bandsman, circa 1891
Scots Guards
–
Warrior Infantry Fighting Vehicles of the Scots Guards patrolling in Helmand Province, Afghanistan, in 2008
56.
Irish Guards
–
The Irish Guards recruit in Northern Ireland and the Irish neighbourhoods of major British cities. One way to distinguish between the five regiments of Foot Guards is the spacing of the buttons on their tunics. The Irish Guards have buttons arranged in groups of four as they were the fourth Foot Guards regiment to be founded. They also have a prominent St. Patrick's blue plume on the right side of their bearskins. During 1914 and early 1915, they took part including Mons, Marne and Ypres. Additional battalions were raised in the 2nd Battalion fought at Loos. During 1916, The Irish Guards were involved in the Battle of the Somme where they received severe casualties. In 1917 they participated in the Third Battle of Ypres and Cambrai. They fought up to the final days of the war including attacking the Hindenburg Line. This proposal, however, was dropped. Between the wars, the regiment was deployed to Turkey, Gibraltar, Egypt and Palestine. During the Second World War, Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg joined the British Army as a volunteer in the Irish Guards. Since 1945, the regiment has served in many areas of conflict well as being part of the British Army of the Rhine in Germany. They also served in the 1970s. The regiment was not assigned to Northern Ireland until the conflict had mostly died down in 1992.
Irish Guards
–
Cap badge of the Irish Guards
Irish Guards
–
Irish Guardsman in The First World War at the Battle of Pilckem Ridge 1917
Irish Guards
–
Irish Guards Recce Platoon operating a Scimitar Armoured Reconnaissance Vehicle (light tank) in the Iraq War 2003
Irish Guards
–
Foot Guards, wearing bearskins, march to the Cenotaph on 12 June 2005 for a service of remembrance for the Combined Irish Regiments Old Comrades Association annual parade. Their uniform buttons are in groups of four, identifying these soldiers as Irish Guards
57.
King's Troop
–
The King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery is a ceremonial unit of the British Army, quartered at Woolwich. The unit is most often seen providing gun salutes on Green Park. Accordingly the Riding Troop was reformed on 17 April 1946 at Shoeburyness as a six-gun Royal Horse Artillery battery for the Household Division. At the suggestion of Brigadier John Anquetil Norman, the King declared that the Riding Troop would be known as'The King's Troop'. The King enacted his proclamation on 24 October 1947 by amending the page on the visitors' book by inserting "King's". On her accession, Queen Elizabeth II declared that the name'The King's Troop' would remain in honour of her father. On the coffin of Diana, Princess of Wales was carried on a gun carriage by members of the King's Troop Royal Horse Artillery. The Musical Drive can be seen in May every year. Many of the manoeuvres of the Musical Drive have remained unchanged since it was first performed in 1897. The start, known as the Big Drive, features the Scissors, where the whole team criss-cross at gallop, displaying choreography, discipline. The Wagon Wheel, depicts an inner wheel, spokes, an outer wheel. A display may then finish with a Battery Charge. For a "Hero's Welcome" event in Windsor in May 2008 there were six gun teams, seven riders. Women, first admitted to the King's Troop in 1996, made up one-third of the team. Major Erica Bridge was the female officer commanding the King's Troop.
King's Troop
–
A King's Troop sentry outside Horse Guards
King's Troop
–
Horses of the King's Troop drawing the gun carriage upon which is the coffin of Diana, Princess of Wales in 1997.
King's Troop
–
The King's Troop riding in Hyde Park in preparation for a Royal Salute for the birthday of Prince Charles in 2012.
King's Troop
–
King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery at Trooping the Colour 2009
58.
Spin Wheel
–
The Spin Wheel is a British drill manoeuvre. The manoeuvre is instead passed down from one generation to the next. With over 400 men, it became impossible to turn the formation in the standard manner using a'wheel'. As such, the Spin Wheel was required. The manoeuvre itself is coordinated by five Directors of Music within the ranks, as well as several non-commissioned officers. It results in the entire formation pivoting on its centre, then continuing the ceremony. Trooping the Colour Spin Manoeuvre at The Trooping the Colour
Spin Wheel
–
This article needs attention from an expert in Military history/British military history task force. Please add a reason or a talk parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article. WikiProject Military history/British military history task force (or its Portal) may be able to help recruit an expert. (June 2009)
59.
10 Downing Street
–
Situated in Downing Street in the City of Westminster, London, Number 10 is over 300 years old and contains approximately 100 rooms. A private residence occupies the third floor and there is a kitchen in the basement. At the rear is an interior courtyard and a terrace overlooking a garden of 0.5 acres. Originally three houses, Number 10 was offered to Sir Robert Walpole by King George II in 1732. Walpole accepted on the condition that the gift was to the office of First Lord of the Treasury rather than to him personally. Walpole commissioned William Kent to join the three houses and it is this larger house, known as Number 10 Downing Street. The arrangement was not an immediate success. Despite its size and convenient location near to Parliament, few early Prime Ministers lived there. In 1985 Margaret Thatcher said Number 10 had become "one of the most precious jewels in the national heritage". The town house, from which the modern building gets its name, was one of several built by Sir George Downing between 1682 and 1684. Downing, a notorious spy for Oliver Cromwell and later Charles II, invested in property and acquired considerable wealth. In 1654, he purchased the lease on land south of St James's Park, adjacent to the House at the Back within walking distance of parliament. Downing planned to build a row of town houses "for persons of good quality to inhabit in..." The street on which he built them now bears his name, the largest became part of Number 10 Downing Street. Straightforward as the investment seemed, it proved otherwise.
10 Downing Street
10 Downing Street
10 Downing Street
–
Sir George Downing
10 Downing Street
–
The Palace of Whitehall by Hendrick Danckerts c. 1660–1679. Viewed from the west side of St. James's Park, the "House at the Back" is on the far right; the octagonal building next to it is the Cockpit.
60.
Royal Family
–
A royal family is the immediate family of a king or queen regnant, sometimes his or her extended family. However, in common parlance members of any family which reigns by hereditary right are often referred to as royalty or "royals." It is also customary in some circles to refer to the extended relations of her descendants as a royal family. A dynasty is sometimes referred to as "the House of...". As of July 2013, there are 26 sovereign monarchies in the world who reign over 43 countries in all. In some cases, royal membership may extend to more distant descendants of a monarch. In certain monarchies where voluntary abdication is the norm, such as the Netherlands, a royal family may also include one or more former monarchs. There is often a distinction between persons of the blood royal and those that marry into the royal family. Such as in Canada, the royal family is defined by who holds Royal Highness. Under most systems, only persons in the first category are dynasts, potential successors to the throne. This is not always observed; some monarchies have operated by the principle of jure uxoris. In addition, certain relatives of the monarch are subject to certain statutes, special common law. The precise functions of a royal family vary depending on whether the polity in question is an absolute monarchy, a constitutional monarchy, or somewhere in between. The specific composition of royal families varies from country to country, as do noble styles held by members of the family. Conventions may also regulate the marriages, names, personal titles of royal family members.
Royal Family
–
The Royal Family of France in classical costume during the reign of Louis XIV.
Royal Family
–
Royal, noble and chivalric ranks
61.
Barouche
–
A barouche was a type of horse-drawn carriage fashionable in the 19th century. It was used mainly for travel in the summer, though it had a retractable cover for some protection from the weather. The barouche was based on an earlier style of the calash. The barouche is an anglicisation of the German word barutsche, via the Italian baroccio or biroccio and ultimately from the Latin birotus, "two-wheeled". The name thus became a misnomer, as the later form of the carriage had four wheels. It had a soft half-hood folding like a bellows over the back seat and a high outside box seat in front for the driver. The entire carriage was used leather straps to connect parts. It was used principally for leisure driving in the summer. A light barouche was a barouchette. A barouche-sociable was described as a cross between a victoria. The barouche-landau is a form of carriage mentioned in Emma, published by Jane Austen. It "combines the best features of a landau." The structure of the carriage is heavier than it looks, because of the lack of a rigid structure. Barouches can be seen in the 21st century, in many places around the world. The barouche followed from an earlier carriage.
Barouche
–
Royal Barouche in London, 2009.
Barouche
–
A two-wheeled calash
Barouche
–
A four-wheeled calash to be drawn by a pair (Podstreda Castle)
Barouche
–
A Philippine kalesa.
62.
Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington
–
His defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 put him in the top rank of Britain's military heroes. In 2002, he was number 14 in the BBC's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons. Wellington was born in Dublin, belonging to the Protestant Ascendancy in the Kingdom of Ireland. He was commissioned in 1787 serving in Ireland as aide-de-camp to two successive Lords Lieutenant of Ireland. He was also elected in the Irish House of Commons. Following Napoleon's exile in 1814, he was granted a dukedom. During the Hundred Days in 1815, he commanded the allied army which defeated Napoleon at Waterloo, together under Blücher. Wellesley's record is exemplary; he ultimately participated in some 60 battles during the course of his military career. Wellington is famous for his defensive style of warfare, resulting in several victories against numerically superior forces while minimising his own losses. After ending his military career, Wellington returned to politics. He was twice prime minister as part of the Tory party: from 1828 to 1830, for a little less than a month in 1834. He opposed the Reform Act 1832. He remained Commander-in-Chief of the British Army until his death. As such, he belonged to the Protestant Ascendancy. His biographers mostly follow the contemporary evidence in saying that he was born 1 May 1769, the day that he was baptised.
Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington
–
Wellesley spent much of his early childhood at his family house in Dangan Castle, engraving 1842.
Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington
–
The Duke of Wellington, by Sir Thomas Lawrence. Painted in 1814, a few months before the Battle of Waterloo.
Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington
–
Beginning in 1787, Wellesley served at Dublin Castle (pictured) as aide-de-camp to two successive Lords Lieutenant of Ireland.
Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington
–
Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Wellesley, aged 26, in the 33rd Regiment.
63.
Horse Guards (building)
–
Horse Guards is a large Grade I listed building in the Palladian style between Whitehall and Horse Guards Parade in London. The first Horse Guards building was built on the site of the former tiltyard of Westminster Palace in 1664. The building is the formal entrance to St James's Palace via St. James's Park. Those given a pass. The Household Cavalry Museum is located in the Horse Guards. Visitors can view the horses in the working stables through a glazed partition. Exhibits include ceremonial uniforms, regalia, royal standards, awards, musical instruments, horse furniture and silverware by Fabergé. Tabor, Paddy, The Household Cavalry Museum, Ajanta Book Publishing, 2010, ISBN 978-1-84820-882-7 Household Cavalry Museum - official site
Horse Guards (building)
–
Horse Guards viewed across Horse Guards Parade with the London Eye Ferris wheel in the background
Horse Guards (building)
–
Horse Guards as viewed from Whitehall, with mounted members of the Household Cavalry in position
Horse Guards (building)
–
Sun highlighted view of Horse Guards Building and Parade
Horse Guards (building)
–
A mounted trooper of the Household Cavalry on duty at Horse Guards
64.
Guards Memorial
–
The cenotaph memorial was designed by H. Chalton Bradshaw. It includes a broad white Portland stone obelisk 38 feet high standing on a white stone base with three steps. The other three sides each bear one to either side depicting military equipment and the one to the rear depicting artillery in action. The panels were cast by the William Morris Art Bronze Foundry using bronze taken from German guns melted down after the First World War. The west side, below another cross, records their battle honours. The monument was built by the Birmingham Guild with the lettering cut by Ernest Gillick. Some was left unrepaired as "honourable scars". It was promoted to Grade I in October 2014. 1926 in art Grade I listed buildings in the City of Westminster Grade I listed war memorials in England World War I memorials
Guards Memorial
–
The memorial in 2011
Guards Memorial
–
The memorial stands to the west side of Horse Guards Parade
Guards Memorial
–
The memorial in 2009, looking northeast towards the Horse Guards Parade and the Admiralty
65.
Burmese (horse)
–
Burmese was foaled at Fort Walsh, Saskatchewan. The Queen was mounted on Burmese when six blank shots were fired on the way to Trooping the Colour. Although the horse was startled, the Queen was able to bring her under control. Burmese's public appearance was at Trooping the Colour in 1986, after which she retired. She was not replaced, as the Queen decided to review the troops from a dais, rather than train a new charger. Burmese was put out at Windsor Castle's Park, where she died in 1990. The Queen unveiled a bronze statue in 2005 where she is depicted atop Burmese. In 2002, The Queen presented the RCMP in honour of her Golden Jubilee year. Both Burmese and Centennial were trained by RCMP Staff Sergeant Fred Rasmussen. An RCMP spokesperson said the name "Burmese" originally refers to citizens of modern-day Burma. However, the rationale of giving such a name was not explicitly mentioned. Monarchy in Saskatchewan Media related to Burmese at Wikimedia Commons RCMP Website
Burmese (horse)
–
Queen Elizabeth II riding Burmese during Trooping the Colour for the last time in 1986
Burmese (horse)
–
The Queen on Burmese at Windsor in 1982, during a visit by Ronald Reagan, who was lent the 8-year-old gelding Centenial for the occasion
Burmese (horse)
–
Queen Elizabeth II riding Burmese, statue in Saskatchewan
66.
Royal Mews
–
A Royal Mews is a mews of the British Royal Family. In London the Royal Mews has occupied two main sites, formerly since the 1820s at Buckingham Palace. The site is open to the public throughout much of the year. The first set of stables to be referred to as a mews was at Charing Cross at the western end of The Strand. The name derives from the fact that they were confined there at moulting time. The building was rebuilt as a stables, keeping its former name when it acquired this new function. In the early 19th century it was open to the public. The present Royal Mews is to the south of Buckingham Palace Gardens, near Grosvenor Place. However, when his son George IV had Buckingham Palace converted into the main residence in the 1820s the whole stables establishment was moved. Trafalgar Square was built on the site. The current Royal Mews were completed in 1825. The buildings have been modified extensively since. The Royal Mews is regularly open to the public. Other carriages are kept there, along with about 30 horses, together with their modern counterparts, the state motor cars. Coachmen, grooms, other staff are accommodated in flats above the carriage houses and stables.
Royal Mews
–
Entrance to the Royal Mews
Royal Mews
–
The Mews at Charing Cross in 1793.
Royal Mews
–
Stables in the Royal Mews
Royal Mews
67.
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
–
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh is the husband of Queen Elizabeth II. A member of the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, Philip was born into the Greek and Danish royal families. He was born in Greece, but his family was exiled from the country when he was an infant. After being educated in France, Germany, the United Kingdom, he joined the Royal Navy in 1939, aged 18. From July 1939, he began corresponding with the 13-year-old Princess Elizabeth, whom he had first met in 1934. During the Second World War he served with the Mediterranean and Pacific fleets. After the war, Philip was granted permission by George VI to marry Elizabeth. After an engagement of five months, he married Elizabeth on 20 November 1947. Just before the wedding, he was created Duke of Edinburgh. Philip left active military service when Elizabeth became Queen in 1952, having reached the rank of commander. He was formally made a Prince of the United Kingdom in 1957. He has four children with Elizabeth: Prince Edward. He has eight grandchildren and five great-grandchildren. A keen sports enthusiast, Philip helped develop the equestrian event of carriage driving. He is a patron of over 800 organisations and serves as chairman of the Duke of Edinburgh's Award scheme for people aged 14 to 24.
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
–
Prince Philip in March 2015
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
–
Mon Repos, the birthplace of Philip
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
–
Philip studied at Gordonstoun school, Scotland.
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
–
Philip served aboard HMS Valiant in the Battle of the Mediterranean.
68.
The Mall (London)
–
It is closed on ceremonial occasions. The Mall began for playing pall-mall. In the 18th centuries it was a fashionable promenade, bordered by trees. These routes were intended to be used for national ceremonies. As part of the development -- designed by Aston Webb -- the Victoria Memorial was erected. The Queen Victoria Memorial is immediately before the gates of the Palace, whilst Admiralty Arch at the far end leads into Trafalgar Square. The length of The Mall from where it joins Constitution Hill at the Victoria Memorial end to Admiralty Arch is exactly 0.5 nautical miles. St. James's Park is on the north side. Running off The Mall at its eastern end is Horse Guards Parade, where the Trooping the Colour ceremony is held. The surface of The Mall is coloured red to give the effect of a red carpet leading up to Buckingham Palace. This colour was obtained using synthetic iron pigment from Deanshanger Oxide Works, created using the Deanox Process devised by chemist Ernest Lovell. It was David Eccles' decision, as Minister of Works from 1951 to 1954, to make The red. Scheduled buses are not allowed to go past Buckingham Palace except by permission of the monarch. This has only happened twice in history; in 1950. The annual London Marathon finishes on The Mall.
The Mall (London)
–
The Mall, looking southwest towards Buckingham Palace (2011)
The Mall (London)
The Mall (London)
69.
Glass coach
–
The Glass coach is one of the principal State carriages of the British monarch. In 2012, it was used to convey The Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh for Trooping the Colour. The Glass Coach may be pulled by either two or four horses. When not in use it is maintained at the Royal Mews in London. More broadly, the term ` coach' may be used to describe any coach, predominantly glazed rather than enclosed.
Glass coach
–
The Glass Coach returning the Ladies in Waiting to Buckingham Palace after the State Opening of Parliament, 2008.
Glass coach
–
Gold State Coach
70.
Prince of Wales
–
Prince of Wales was a title granted to princes born in Wales from the 12th century onwards; the term replaced the use of the word king. The Earl of Chester is always given in conjunction with that of Prince of Wales. The Prince of Wales honours. The wife of the Prince of Wales is entitled to the Princess of Wales. The Prince of Wales is the heir apparent of the monarch of the United Kingdom. He has also represented the United Kingdom overseas at state and ceremonial occasions such as state funerals. For most of the post-Roman period, Wales was divided into several smaller states. Before the Norman conquest of England, the most powerful Welsh ruler at any given time was generally known as King of the Britons. In the 13th centuries, this title evolved into Prince of Wales. In Latin, in Welsh it was Tywysog Cymru. The literal translation of Tywysog is "leader". Only a handful of native princes had their claim to the overlordship of Wales recognised by the English Crown. The first known to have used such a title was Owain Gwynedd, adopting the title Prince of the Welsh after earlier using rex Waliae. In 1240, the title was theoretically inherited by his son Dafydd ap Llywelyn, though he is not known to have used it. Instead he styled himself around 1244 the first Welsh prince to do so.
Prince of Wales
–
Incumbent HRH The Prince Charles since 26 July 1958
Prince of Wales
–
Prince of Wales
Prince of Wales
–
Edward of Caernarfon
Prince of Wales
–
Edward of Woodstock, the Black Prince
71.
Duke of Kent
–
Since 1942, the title has been held by the Queen's cousin. The Kings of Cantware date back to about 449. The kingship became something like the heir-apparent's title, as Aethelwulf, Egbert's son, became King of Kent in 825. By 860, Kent lost its status as a kingdom, becoming absorbed into Wessex. In the peerage of England the first title of Kent was that of the Earl of Kent. It is possible that Godwin was the first Earl of Kent, since he ruled over that area well as many others. However, Odo was twice removed from this title. It was not until 1141 that the title returned, this time for William de Ipres; but he was deprived of the title in 1155. In 1227 it became extinct with his death. In 1461 it was revived for Edmund Grey. The Grey family held the title until Henry Grey died without male heirs. Henry Grey succeeded his father, Anthony Grey, in 1702. In 1706, he was elevated to Marquess of Kent, along with Earl of Harold and Viscount Goderich. Henry had five daughters with his first wife, Jemima Crew, one son and one daughter with his second wife, Sophia Bentinck. By the time of Henry's death in 1740, both of his sons had died, Anthony and George, leaving the Duke of Kent without a male heir.
Duke of Kent
–
HRH Prince Edward, the current Duke of Kent
Duke of Kent
–
Dukedom of Kent
72.
Princess Royal
–
Princess Royal is a style customarily awarded by a British monarch to his or her eldest daughter. The holder retains the style for life, or until she succeeds to the Throne. No princess can receive the title of Princess Royal whilst it is being held by another. Queen Elizabeth II never held the title as Princess Mary, was in possession of the title. There have been Princesses Royal. Princess Anne is the current Princess Royal. Thus the daughter of Henrietta Maria and Charles, became the first Princess Royal in 1642. The Lady Royal, by Molly Costain Haycraft, is a fictionalized account of the life of Isabella de Coucy. According to the narrative, Isabella was titled the Princess Royal and later given the more'adult' title of the Lady Royal by her parents. The title of "the Lady Royal" has never existed. Princess Royal was one of the GWR 3031 Class locomotives that were run on the Great Western Railway between 1891 and 1915. Five ships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Princess Royal. "The Princess Royal" is also the name of a tune from the British Isles, of a morris dance performed to that tune. In the Thai monarchy, the style of Sayamboromrajakumari for Princess Sirindhorn of Thailand is similar to the position of Princess Royal.
Princess Royal
–
The Princess Anne, the current Princess Royal
Princess Royal
–
The Princess Mary (1631-1660), the inaugural holder (1642-1660) of the title Princess Royal
Princess Royal
Princess Royal
–
Louisa Maria, Princess Royal 1692–1712
73.
Duke of Cambridge
–
Duke of Cambridge is a title, conferred upon members of the British royal family several times. The title is heritable to descendants of the titleholder in accordance with rights of primogeniture. The wife of the titleholder is called Duchess of Cambridge. The title superseded an earlier title of Earl of Cambridge. The title was granted to George Augustus, son of George Louis, Hereditary Prince of Hanover and Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg. When George Augustus ascended as King George II in 1727, the dukedom merged with the crown. The title was again given, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, to Prince Adolphus, the seventh son of George III. Upon the death of the second Marquess without any male heirs, the marquessate became extinct. Instead, it was announced that he would eventually be created the next Duke of Edinburgh after his father. The letters patent granting these titles received the great seal on 26 May 2011.
Duke of Cambridge
–
TRH the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge, Prince William and Catherine
Duke of Cambridge
–
Dukedom of Cambridge
Duke of Cambridge
–
James Stuart House of Stuart 1664–1667 also: Earl of Cambridge, Baron of Dauntsey (1664–1667)
Duke of Cambridge
–
Prince George Augustus House of Hanover 1706–1727 also: Prince of Wales, Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay (1714–1727)
74.
Master of the Horse
–
The Master of the Horse was a position of varying importance in several European nations. The Magister Equitum served as the Dictator's main lieutenant. In the Dictator's absence, the Magister Equitum exercised the same powers as the Dictator. It was usually but not always necessary for the man nominated as Magister Equitum to have already held the office of Praetor. Accordingly, the Magister Equitum had the insignia of a praetor: an escort of six lictors. The most famous Master of the Horse is Mark Antony, who served during Julius Caesar's first dictatorship. After the constitutional reforms of Augustus, the office of Dictator fell into disuse, along with that of the Magister Equitum. The title equitum was revived in the late Empire, when Constantine I established it as one of the supreme military ranks, alongside the Magister Peditum. Eventually, the two offices would be amalgamated into that of the Magister Militum. The Constable, from the Latin comes stabuli or count of the stables, has a similar history. The Master of the Horse in the United Kingdom was once an important official of the sovereign's household, though the role is largely ceremonial today. The master of the horse was always a member of the ministry, a peer and a privy councillor. Each of them was on duty for about the same time as the lords and grooms in waiting. They are youths aged to sixteen selected by the sovereign in person, to attend on him at state ceremonies. At the Coronation they assisted the groom of the stole in carrying the royal train.
Master of the Horse
–
Lord Vestey, Master of the Horse (UK), riding to the Queen's Birthday Parade, 2009
Master of the Horse
–
Dress uniform of the Master of the Horse.
75.
Aide-de-camp
–
This is not to be confused with an adjutant, the senior administrator of a military unit. The first aide-de-camp is typically the personal aide. In some countries, the aide-de-camp participates at ceremonial functions. The badge of office for an aide-de-camp is usually a braided cord in gold or other colours, worn on the shoulder of a uniform. Whether it is worn on the right shoulder is dictated by protocol. Upon taking office, former president Cristina Kirchner decided to have, for the first time, female officers as her aides-de-camp. In Belgium the title of Honorary Aide-de-camp to the King can be granted by the royal court for services rendered. Notable people include Major General Baron Édouard Empain, Lieutenant General Baron Albert du Roy de Blicquy. Generals being field marshals, have four, lieutenant generals two, major generals one”. In modern-day British overseas territories, the aide-de-camp is appointed to serve the governor. In 1973, Captain Hugh Sayers, were murdered on the grounds of Government House. He then gave the Vice Regal Salute with the Pattens, to leave Government House for the last time. Prince Charles is a personal aide-de-camp to Queen Elizabeth II. Honorary aides-de-camp to the state governors are entitled to the post-nominal ADC during their appointment. Within the navy, an aide-de-camp is called a "lieutenant".
Aide-de-camp
–
A French aide-de-camp (right) assisting a général de division (centre), during the Napoleonic wars.
Aide-de-camp
–
Aide-de-camp Colonel Jean-Claude Cloutier with then–Quebec Lieutenant-Governor Lise Thibault.
Aide-de-camp
–
Three lieutenant shoulder boards of the Royal Canadian Navy with the insignia worn by honorary aides-de-camp to the Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia (left) Lieutenant Governor of Québec (centre) and Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick (right).
Aide-de-camp
–
General Sir Baker Russell wearing the full-dress uniform of an Aide-de-Camp to Queen Victoria
76.
Silver Stick
–
The Gold Stick and the Silver Stick are bodyguard positions in the British Royal Household, personal attendants to the Sovereign on ceremonial occasions. The Gold Sticks, of whom one at any time is on duty as Gold Stick-in-Waiting, were originally entrusted with the personal safety of the Sovereign. On these occasions Gold Stick conveys the Sovereign's orders to the Household Cavalry. The name derives from the staff of office, which has a gold head. The current Colonel of the Blues and Royals is HRH the daughter of Queen Elizabeth II. The current Colonel of the Life Guards is Field-Marshal the Lord Guthrie of Craigiebank, former Chief of the Defence Staff. The Silver Stick holds the rank of Colonel. The office was created in 1678, until 1950 was held by the lieutenant-colonels in command of the Household Cavalry regiments. Originally, only the Life Guards were included; since 1969 the Blues and Royals have been included. They served by monthly rotation. Now the Commander Household Cavalry holds the office alone. Through the authority of the Gold Stick he has the detail of individuals to carry out royal duties. In general, the Silver Stick has charge of all ceremonial duties for the Sovereign. Silver Stick's principal aide when on duty is termed Silver Stick Adjutant. These are the senior officers of the Sovereign's Bodyguard of the Royal Company of Archers.
Silver Stick
–
The Princess Royal on duty as Gold Stick-in-Waiting, in her uniform as Colonel of the Blues and Royals.
77.
National anthem
–
The majority of national anthems are either marches or hymns in style. The countries of Latin America tend towards more operatic pieces, while a handful of countries use a simple fanfare. A national anthem is usually in official, there are notable exceptions. The national anthem of South Africa is unique in that five of the country's eleven official languages are used in the same anthem. The words are not a direct translation of each other. God Bless Fiji has lyrics in English and Fijian which are not translations of each other. It is usually the English version, performed at international sporting events. There are several countries that do not have official lyrics to their anthems. One of these is the anthem of Spain. In 2007 no lyrics were chosen. Other anthems with no words include Inno Nazionale della Repubblica, that of Kosovo, entitled Europe. Some originated much earlier. The oldest national anthem is called the Wilhelmus. It did not become the official anthem until 1932. It was not set to music until 1880.
National anthem
–
Early version of the Wilhelmus as preserved in a manuscript of 1617 (Brussels, Royal Library, MS 15662, fol. 37v-38r)
National anthem
National anthem
–
Schoolroom in Turkey with the words of the İstiklâl Marşı
National anthem
–
The words of the National Anthem of the Republic of China written by Dr. Sun Yat-sen
78.
God Save The Queen
–
"God Save the Queen" is the national and/or royal anthem in a number of Commonwealth realms, their territories, the British Crown Dependencies. The author of the tune is unknown and it may originate in plainchant, but a 1619 attribution to John Bull is sometimes made. It is also the royal anthem of all the aforementioned countries, as well as Australia, Canada, Barbados and Tuvalu. In the United States, the melody is used for the patriotic song "My Country,'Tis of Thee". The melody is also used for the national anthem of Liechtenstein, Oben am jungen Rhein. Beyond its first verse, consistent, "God Save the Queen/King" has many historic and extant versions. Since its first publication, different verses have been added and taken away and, even today, different publications include various selections of verses in various orders. In general, only one verse is sung. Sometimes two verses are sung, on rare occasions, three. Nineteenth-century scholars and commentators mention the widespread belief that an old Scots carol, "Remember O Thou Man" was the source of the tune. The first published version of what is almost the present tune appeared in 1744 in Thesaurus Musicus. Scholes' analysis includes mention of "untenable" and "doubtful" claims, as well as "an American misattribution". The surgical knife, purpose-built for the occasion is on display in the Musée d'histoire de la médecine. Lully set words by Marie de Brinon to music, Créquy claims the tune was later plagiarised by Handel. Translated in Latin under the name Domine, Salvum Fac Regem, it became the French anthem until 1792.
God Save The Queen
–
The phrase "God Save the King" in use as a rallying cry to the support of the monarch and the nation's forces
God Save The Queen
–
Publication of an early version in The Gentleman's Magazine, 15 October 1745. The title, on the contents page, is given as "God save our lord the king: A new song set for two voices".
79.
Men of Harlech
–
Commanded by Constable Dafydd ap Ieuan, the garrison withstood the longest known siege in the history of the British Isles. "Through Seven Years" is an alternative name for the song. "Men of Harlech" is important for Welsh national culture. The song gained international recognition when it was featured in the 1941 movie How Green Was My Valley and 1964 Zulu. The earliest version of the tune to appear with lyrics, found far, comes from a broadside printed c. 1830. 1830. Since then, different versions of the English lyrics have been published. An edition containing Welsh and English lyrics was published during 1862. Men of Harlech is widely used as a regimental march, especially by British Army and Commonwealth regiments historically associated with Wales. Notably, it is the quick march of the Royal Welsh. It has featured in a number of other films. It is sung only once completely, in the film, in counterpoint to the Zulu war chants and the sounds of their shields. The song is also heard in Zulu Dawn, about the battle that precedes Rorke's Drift, the Battle of Isandlwana. After helping save more than 2,700 employees he returned to the towers to evacuate others until the towers collapsed on him. Adapted versions are sung around the world.
Men of Harlech
–
Thomas Oliphant's words as they appear in "Welsh Melodies With Welsh and English Poetry" (volume 2), published in 1862
80.
Bass drum
–
A bass drum is a large drum that produces a note of low definite or indefinite pitch. Bass drums are used in several musical genres. Three major types of bass drums can be distinguished. The type usually heard in orchestral, ensemble or concert band music is the orchestral, or concert bass drum. It is the largest drum of the orchestra. The kick drum, a term for a bass drum associated with a drum kit. It is struck with a beater attached to a pedal, usually seen on drum kits. The pitched bass drum corps. This is usually played in a set of three to six drums. A drum is typically cylindrical with the drum's diameter much greater than the drum's depth. There is normally a struck head at both ends of the cylinder. The heads may be made of calf plastic. There is normally a means of adjusting the tension either by strings. Size has little to do with the volume produced by the drum. The size chosen being based on convenience and aesthetics.
Bass drum
–
Bass drum
Bass drum
Bass drum
–
Bass drums with "woofers" or additional resonating sections attached to enhance tone and depth. Drum set used by Alex van Halen
Bass drum
–
Conventional single pedal
81.
Drum major
–
The commands may be given verbally through hand gestures, using a whistle or a baton, or with a mace in the military. In modern-day high school and marching bands, drum majors are responsible for leading the practices and performances of the band. In addition, they serve as the liaison between the band. The drum major often holds the responsibility to keep the band organized and structured. The position of drum major originated in the British Army in 1650. With the arrival of military concert bands and pipe bands around the 18th century, the position of the drum major was adapted to those ensembles. This position faded in the 18th century. Conductor Drum majors are responsible for conducting it appropriately. Controlling tempo What is "appropriate" conducting has evolved over the decades. Current drum majors use a variety of conducting styles that suit the needs of their respective marching bands and/or drum corps. Performer Drum majors have slightly different roles within the world of traditional show bands. Many college bands have drum majors who are much part of the visual element of a field show. Drum majors in HBCUs have a particularly prominent role. During dance routines, they often move along with the bands. The drum major position is one of leadership, instruction, group representation, but usually not administrative duties.
Drum major
–
Gunnery Sgt. Benjamin Becker, Drum Major for U.S. Naval Forces Europe Band
Drum major
–
drum major (center)
Drum major
–
Marines on parade
Drum major
–
3 college drum majors from the West Chester University Golden Rams Marching Band lead their band onto the field.
82.
Les Huguenots
–
Les Huguenots is a French opera by Giacomo Meyerbeer, one of the most popular and spectacular examples of the style of grand opera. To a libretto by Eugène Scribe and Émile Deschamps, it premiered in Paris in 1836. Les Huguenots was some five years in creation. Coming from a wealthy family, Meyerbeer could afford to be a perfectionist. The very detailed contract which Meyerbeer arranged for Les Huguenots is a testament to this. While Meyerbeer was writing the opera, another opera with a similar theme was also produced in Paris. Like Meyerbeer's, Hérold's work was extremely popular in its time, although it is now forgotten. Les Huguenots was an immediate success. Both Adolphe Nourrit and Cornélie Falcon were particularly praised by the critics for their singing and performances. It was indeed Falcon's important creation before her voice so tragically failed in April of the following year. Hector Berlioz called the score "a musical encyclopaedia". Its many performances in all other of the world's major opera houses give a claim to being the most successful opera of the 19th century. First performances included London, 20 June 1842, New Orleans on 29 April 1839. Les Huguenots was chosen to open the present building of the Covent Garden Theatre in 1858. In the Soviet Union, the opera was given a new libretto about the historical Decembrists.
Les Huguenots
–
Giacomo Meyerbeer
Les Huguenots
–
Pol Plançon as the Comte de St. Bris in the 1894 Metropolitan Opera house premiere
Les Huguenots
–
Prosper Dérivis as Nevers
Les Huguenots
–
Valentine (Cornélie Falcon)
83.
Captain (land)
–
The army rank of captain is a commissioned officer rank historically corresponding to the command of a company of soldiers. The rank is also used by marine forces. A captain is typically either the commander or second-in-command of a company or artillery battery. In the Chinese People's Liberation Army, a captain may also be the second-in-command of a battalion. In NATO countries, the rank of captain is one rank above an OF-1 and one below an OF-3. The rank of captain is generally considered to be the highest rank a soldier can achieve while remaining in the field. The term ultimately goes back to Late Latin capitaneus meaning "chief, prominent"; in Middle English adopted as capitayn from Old French capitaine. The military rank of captain was from the 1560s referring to an officer who commands a company. He would in turn receive money from another nobleman to serve as his lieutenant. The funding to provide for the troops came from his government; the captain had to be responsible for it. The monarch would receive money from another nobleman to command the company. Otherwise, the only pension for the captain was selling the right to another nobleman when he was ready to retire. In most countries, the force is the junior service and so air force ranks have been adopted or modified from one of the other services. Many, such as the United States Air Force, use a rank insignia similar to those of the army. A captain is OF-5 and was derived from the naval rank of captain.
Captain (land)
–
Belgian Land Component
84.
Pace stick
–
They are usually fitted with highly polished brass. By twirling the stick while marching, the stick can be made to "walk" alongside its holder at the proper pace. It was quickly adapted by the Infantry as an aid to drill. Another stick carried by soldiers is the drill cane, swagger stick. This is a shorter cane, with polished metal ends. Pace sticks can be opened to specific distances, which each measure specific things: Swagger stick Vine staff Digger History article
Pace stick
–
A warrant officer of the Welsh Guards using his pace stick.
85.
Warrant officer
–
Warrant officers in the United States are in the "W" category; they are technical leaders and specialists. Chief warrant officers are take the same oath as regular commissioned officers. They may be technical experts with a long service as enlisted direct entrants, notably for U.S. Army helicopter pilots. The warrant corps began in the nascent English Royal Navy. At that time, noblemen with military experience took command of the new Navy, adopting the military ranks of captain. As cannon came into use, the officers also required gunnery experts; specialist gunners began to appear in the 16th century and also had warrant status. Since all warrant officers had responsibility for stores, this was enough to debar the illiterate. In origin, warrant officers were specialist professionals whose authority demanded formal recognition. In the 19th century, they were joined in the wardroom by naval chaplains, who also had warrant officer status. Other warrant officers included boatswain's mates and carpenter's mates, sailmakers, armourers, schoolmasters and clerks. Masters-at-arms, who had formerly overseen small-arms provision on board, had by this time taken on responsibility for discipline. On July 1864 the standing warrant officers were divided into two grades: warrant officers and chief warrant officers. Commissioned warrant officers messed in the warrant officers' mess rather than the wardroom. Commissioned warrant officers also carried swords, were saluted by ratings, ranked between sub-lieutenants and midshipmen. Collectively, these officers were known as "branch officers", being retitled "special duties" officers in 1956.
Warrant officer
–
WO2 badge (phasing out)
Warrant officer
–
WO1 badge
86.
Farrier
–
A farrier combines some blacksmith's skills with some veterinarian's skills to care for horses' feet. Modern day farriers usually specialize in focusing their time and effort on the care of the horse's hoof. For this reason, blacksmiths are considered to be in separate, albeit related, trades. In the British Army, the Household Cavalry have farriers who march in ceremonial dress carrying their historical axes with spikes. They are a familiar sight at the Colour. There is also a farrier on call "round twenty-four hours a day, at Hyde Park Barracks." In the United Kingdom, the Worshipful Company of Farriers is one of the City of London. Horseshoe makers, organised in 1356. It received a Royal Charter of incorporation in 1571. Over the years, the Company has evolved into an organisation for those devoted to equine welfare, including veterinary surgeons. A farrier's routine work is primarily hoof shoeing. In ordinary cases, it is important to trim each hoof so it retains its proper orientation to the ground. Additional tasks for the farrier include dealing for racing, training or "cosmetic" purposes. Horses with certain injuries may need remedial procedures for their hooves, or need special shoes. As a service-based industry, farriers must combine technical competence with the ability to deal with clients.
Farrier
–
The Farrier, oil on canvas by Bob Demuyser (1920–2003)
Farrier
–
Nailing on shoes
Farrier
–
Rasping the hoof
Farrier
–
Some farrier tools (nippers, hammer, rasp, and hoof knife) with a pair of horseshoes
87.
Guard Mounting
–
The ceremonies are precisely choreographed. They originated with battlefield military drills introduced to enhance unit cohesion and effectiveness in the 17th century. There is also a ceremonial Changing the Guard ceremony during the summer by members of the Royal 22e Régiment. The ceremony ends with drums and bugles marching off with the old guard. Soldiers of the Cuban Revolutionary Army guard the Mausoleum of José Marti in Santiago de Cuba. Every day at noon the guard of Prague Castle is changed. The parade starts off by Rosenborg Castle. There are three types of guard changes: Kongevagt - when the monarch is in residence - accompanied by the Royal Guards band. Every Sunday at 11:00 a ceremonial change of guards takes place. On this occasion the three official uniforms of the Evzones can be seen. The ceremony is easily accessible for public and tourist viewing. Group A of Paspampres, which guards the palace, is responsible for this ceremony. A ceremonial changing of the guard is held at the President of India's official place of the Rashtrapati Bhavan. The ceremony is generally held every Saturday at 08.00 am, 10.00am. A military band is also present to provide accompaniment.
Guard Mounting
–
Canadian Grenadier Guards during the changing of the guard ceremony in Ottawa.
Guard Mounting
–
Changing the Guard at La Moneda.
Guard Mounting
–
Guards at the Mausoleum of José Marti, Santiago de Cuba.
Guard Mounting
–
Changing the Guard at Prague Castle.
88.
George Frideric Handel
–
He was strongly influenced both by the polyphonic tradition. Within fifteen years, Handel had started three commercial opera companies to supply the English nobility with Italian opera. Musicologist Winton Dean writes that his operas show that "Handel was not only a great composer; he was a dramatic genius of the first order." As Alexander's Feast was well received, Handel made a transition to English choral works. After his success with Messiah he never performed an Italian opera again. Almost blind, having lived in England for nearly fifty years, he died in 1759, a respected and rich man. His funeral was given full state honours, he was buried in Westminster Abbey in London. Handel was born to Dorothea Taust. His father, 63 when George Frideric was born, was an eminent barber-surgeon who served the court of Saxe-Weissenfels and the Margraviate of Brandenburg. To this room he constantly stole when the family was asleep". At an early age Handel became a skilful performer on the harpsichord and pipe organ. On this trip, young Handel was lifted onto an organ's stool, where he surprised everyone with his playing. In 1698 Handel played for Frederick I of Prussia and met Giovanni Bononcini in Berlin. In 1702, following his father's wishes, Handel started studying law under Christian Thomasius at the University of Halle. He earned an appointment for one year as the organist in the former cathedral, by then an evangelical reformed church.
George Frideric Handel
–
Portrait of Handel, by Balthasar Denner (c. 1726–1728)
George Frideric Handel
–
Handel's baptismal registration (Marienbibliothek in Halle)
George Frideric Handel
–
Händel-Haus (2009) – birthplace of George Frideric Handel
George Frideric Handel
–
Entrance of Teatro del Cocomero in Florence
89.
Scipione
–
Scipione is an opera seria in three acts, with music composed by George Frideric Handel for the Royal Academy of Music in 1726. The librettist was Paolo Antonio Rolli. Handel composed Scipione whilst in the middle of writing Alessandro. It was based upon the life of Roman General Scipio Africanus. Its slow march is the regimental march of the Grenadier Guards. Scipione had March 1726 at The King's Theatre, Haymarket. It did not receive another UK production until October 1967, by the Handel Opera Society. In Germany, Scipione was revived at the Göttingen International Handel Festival in 1965. The setting is 210 BCE, after the Roman army, led by Scipione has captured the city from the Carthaginians and their Spanish allies. Scipione leads a procession of captives into the city through the triumphal arch. He salutes his officers, with a particular laurel for Lelio. Lelio, in return, offers the Berenice to Scipione. Scipione vows to respect her honour. Berenice is with the Spanish prince Lucejo, among the Roman army incognito. He vows to rescue her.
Scipione
–
George Frideric Handel
Scipione
–
The King's Theatre, London, where Scipione had its first performance
Scipione
–
Bust of Scipio
Scipione
–
Nicholas Poussin 's painting of the Continence of Scipio, depicting his return of a captured young woman to her fiancé, having refused to accept her from his troops as a prize of war.
90.
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
–
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, baptised as Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart, was a prolific and influential composer of the Classical era. Born in Salzburg, he showed prodigious ability from his earliest childhood. On violin, Mozart performed before European royalty. At 17, Mozart was engaged as a musician at the Salzburg court, but grew restless and traveled in search of a better position. While visiting Vienna in 1781, he was dismissed from his Salzburg position. He chose to stay in the capital, where he achieved fame but little financial security. The circumstances of his early death have been much mythologized. He was survived by his wife Constanze and two sons. He composed more than 600 works, many acknowledged as pinnacles of symphonic, concertante, music. His influence is profound on Western music. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born on 27 January 1756 to Leopold Mozart and Anna Maria, née Pertl, at 9 Getreidegasse in Salzburg. This was the capital of the Archbishopric of Salzburg, an ecclesiastic principality in what is now Austria, then part of the Holy Roman Empire. He was the youngest of seven children, five of whom died in infancy. His elder sister was Maria Anna, nicknamed "Nannerl". Mozart was baptized the day after his birth at St. Rupert's Cathedral.
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
–
Mozart c. 1780, detail from portrait by Johann Nepomuk della Croce
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
–
Anonymous portrait of the child Mozart, possibly by Pietro Antonio Lorenzoni; painted in 1763 on commission from Leopold Mozart
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
–
Mozart's birthplace at Getreidegasse 9, Salzburg
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
–
The Mozart family on tour: Leopold, Wolfgang, and Nannerl. Watercolor by Carmontelle, ca. 1763
91.
Le nozze di Figaro
–
It premiered on 1 May 1786. The opera's libretto is based by Pierre Beaumarchais, La folle journée, ou le Mariage de Figaro, first performed in 1784. The opera appears consistently among the top ten in the Operabase list of most frequently performed operas. Beaumarchais's earlier play The Barber of Seville had already made a successful transition by Paisiello. The opera was the first of three collaborations between Mozart and Da Ponte; their later collaborations were Così fan tutte. In particular, Da Ponte replaced Figaro's climactic speech against inherited nobility with an equally angry aria against unfaithful wives. Contrary to the popular myth, the libretto was approved by Joseph II, before any music was written by Mozart. Da Ponte was paid 200 florins. Figaro premiered at the Burgtheater in Vienna May 1786 with a cast listed in the "Roles" section below. Mozart himself directed the first two performances, conducting seated at the custom of the day. Later performances were conducted by Joseph Weigl. The first production was given all in 1786. The applause of the audience on the first night resulted on 8 May. You will therefore cause some posters to this effect to be printed. The requested posters posted in the Burgtheater in time for the third performance on 24 May.
Le nozze di Figaro
–
Early 19th-century engraving depicting Count Almaviva and Susanna in act 3
Le nozze di Figaro
–
Act 1: Cherubino hides behind Susanna's chair as the Count arrives.
Le nozze di Figaro
–
Libretto 1786
Le nozze di Figaro
–
Biography
92.
The Garb of Old Gaul
–
The Garb of Old Gaul is an 18th-century patriotic Scottish march and song about Highland soldiers during the Seven Years' War. The music was written by General John Reid, a senior officer of the 42nd Regiment of Foot during the Seven Years' War. The words have traditionally been attributed to Sir Harry Erskine. Robert Burns described it as "This excellent Scottish song" and states that it first appeared in print in Herd's Collection of 1769. Alternative titles include The Highland or 42nd Regiment's March. The tune was originally a quick march but was later rearranged as a slow march. The lyrics of the song are about the perceived British tradition of freedom and fighting against the despotic French. The tune is used as their regimental march. These include: Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Queen's Royal Hussars Scots Guards Royal Scots Black Watch Ayrshire Yeomanry West Nova Scotia Regiment Royal Newfoundland Regiment
The Garb of Old Gaul
–
A soldier of the Black Watch at the time of the Seven Years' War
93.
Grenadier Guards
–
The Grenadier Guards is an infantry regiment of the British Army. It is the most senior regiment of the Guards Division and, as such, is the most senior regiment of infantry. It is not, however, the most senior regiment of the Army, this position being attributed to The Life Guards. The grouping of buttons on the tunic is a common way to distinguish among the regiments of Foot Guards. Their "Buff Belt" brass clasps also carry the Royal Cypher. Modern Grenadier Guardsmen wear a cap badge of a "grenade fired proper" with seventeen flames. This cap badge has to be cleaned twice a day – once in the morning, once in the afternoon. A tarnished grenade can be punished within the Regiment. A few years later, a similar regiment known as John Russell's Regiment of Guards was formed. In 1665, these two regiments were combined to form the 1st Regiment of Foot Guards, consisting of 24 companies of men. Since then the Grenadier Guards have served ten Kings and four Queens, including the current Queen Elizabeth II. At the end of the Napoleonic Wars, the regiment gained the name "Grenadier" in July 1815 following a Royal Proclamation. During the Victorian era, the regiment took part in the Crimean War, participating in the fighting at Sevastopol. For their involvement in the Crimean War, four members of the 3rd Battalion received the Victoria Cross. At the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914, the regiment consisted of three battalions.
Grenadier Guards
–
Cap Badge of The Grenadier Guards
Grenadier Guards
–
Guards Division
Grenadier Guards
–
Illustration of a Grenadier Guard, 1889
Grenadier Guards
–
Sentry of The Grenadier Guards outside St James' Palace
94.
Coldstream Guards
–
The Coldstream Guards is a part of the Guards Division, Foot Guards regiments of the British Army. It is the oldest regiment in the Regular Army in continuous active service, originating in Coldstream, Scotland in 1650 when General George Monck founded the regiment. Monck took men from each, on 23 August 1650 formed Monck's Regiment of Foot. Less than two weeks later this force took part in the Battle of Dunbar, at which the Roundheads defeated the forces of Charles Stuart. He arrived in London on 2 February and helped in the Restoration of the monarchy. For his help, Monck was given the Order of the Garter and his regiment was assigned to keep order in London. However, the new parliament soon ordered his regiment to be disbanded with the other regiments of the New Model Army. The regiment always stands on the left of the line when on parade with the rest of the Foot Guards, so standing "second to none". When Monck died in 1670, it adopted the Coldstream Regiment of Foot Guards. The regiment saw active service in Flanders and in the Monmouth Rebellion, including the decisive Battle of Sedgemoor in 1685. After 1688 they fought in the Battle of the Siege of Namur. Three Guards companies of 307 men under Coldstream commander Colonel Edward Mathew fought in the American Revolutionary War. The Coldstream Regiment saw extensive service in the Napoleonic Wars. Under the command of Sir Ralph Abercrombie they defeated French troops in Egypt. In 1807 they took part in the investment of Copenhagen.
Coldstream Guards
–
Regimental badge of the Coldstream Guards
Coldstream Guards
–
Crimean War – soldiers of the Coldstream Guards
Coldstream Guards
–
WWII – 5th Coldstream enter Arras, 1 September 1944
Coldstream Guards
–
Waterloo - Hougoumont plaque
95.
Milanollo
–
Teresa and her younger sister Maria Milanollo, were Italian violin-playing child prodigies, who toured Europe extensively to great acclaim in the 1840s. Teresa, also a composer, enjoyed a longer career, outliving Maria. Taught violin in infancy by Ferrero, Caldera, Morra, Teresa made her debut in her native Savigliano aged nine. In 1836 she moved with her family. She toured Britain, France, Belgium, sometimes with her virtuoso tutors, Lafont, subsequently Habeneck and later still, de Bériot. She eventually became Maria's first and only violin coach. Their nicknames, "Mademoiselle Staccato" and "Mademoiselle Adagio" reflected their contrasting personalities; the more solemn Teresa was acknowledged as the genius of the two. After Maria Milanollo's untimely death in 1848, Teresa continued establishing a system of "Concerts aux Pauvres". She died in Paris in 1904. Teresa Milanollo was a pioneer among violinists, however, her musical compositions are now largely forgotten. They introduced it in the course of their extensive European tours. In the 1880s it was officially authorised,along with all regimental marches, by the War Office as a regimental march for the Coldstream Guards. The official arrangement was authorised in 1882. From 1907 to 1936 it was republished under that title in 1925. Other regiments that adopted it include the Life Guards, the Governor General's Foot Guards.
Milanollo
–
Teresa and Maria Milanollo, the 19th-century Italian child prodigies whose violin-playing took Europe by storm and inspired the name of the Coldstream Guards regimental march and a theatre in their native Savigliano.
Milanollo
–
Teresa and Maria Milanollo toured Europe as a duo from 1838 to 1848. Teresa was Maria's first and only violin teacher.
Milanollo
–
Teresa Milanollo in 1841
Milanollo
–
Violinist and composer Teresa Milanollo in 1862
96.
Saint Patrick
–
Saint Patrick was a fifth-century Romano-British Christian missionary and bishop in Ireland. Known as the "Apostle of Ireland", he is the primary saint of Ireland, along with saints Brigit of Kildare and Columba. He is also venerated as equal-to-apostles and the Enlightener of Ireland. He has been generally so regarded ever since, in Ireland. After becoming a cleric, he returned to western Ireland. Little is known about the places where he worked. By the seventh century, he had already come to be revered as the saint of Ireland. Saint Patrick's Day is observed on the supposed date of his death. It is celebrated as a religious and cultural holiday. In the dioceses of Ireland, it is a holy day of obligation; it is also a celebration of Ireland itself. Two Latin works survive which are generally accepted to have been written by St. Patrick. These are the Declaration and the Letter from which come the only generally accepted details of his life. The Declaration is the more biographical of the two. In it, Patrick gives a short account of his mission. These are now not accepted without detailed criticism.
Saint Patrick
–
A modern stained glass depiction of Saint Patrick
Saint Patrick
–
The reputed burial place of St. Patrick in Downpatrick
Saint Patrick
–
Slemish, County Antrim, where Saint Patrick is said to have worked as a shepherd while a slave.
Saint Patrick
–
St. Patrick depicted with shamrock in detail of stained glass window in St. Benin's Church, Kilbennan, County Galway, Ireland
97.
Ludwig van Beethoven
–
Ludwig van Beethoven was a German composer and pianist. At the age of 21 he moved to Vienna, where he began studying composition with Joseph Haydn, gained a reputation as a virtuoso pianist. He lived in Vienna until his death. By the last decade of his life he was totally deaf. The portrait he commissioned towards the end of his life remained proudly displayed as a talisman of his musical heritage. Ludwig gave lessons to supplement his income. Beethoven was born of this marriage in Bonn. Of the seven children born to Johann van Beethoven, only two younger brothers survived infancy. The youngest, was born on 2 October 1776. Beethoven's first music teacher was his father. He later had local teachers: the court organist Gilles van den Eeden, Franz Rovantini. Beethoven's musical talent was obvious at a young age. Neefe taught Beethoven composition, by March 1783 had helped him write his first published composition: a set of keyboard variations. His first three piano sonatas, named "Kurfürst" for their dedication to the Elector Maximilian Friedrich, were published in 1783. Maximilian Frederick noticed Beethoven's talent early, subsidised and encouraged the young man's musical studies.
Ludwig van Beethoven
–
Portrait by Joseph Karl Stieler, 1820
Ludwig van Beethoven
–
Beethoven's birthplace at Bonngasse 20, now the Beethoven House museum
Ludwig van Beethoven
–
Prince-Elector's Palace (Kurfürstliches Schloss) in Bonn, where the Beethoven family had been active since the 1730s
Ludwig van Beethoven
–
A portrait of the 13-year-old Beethoven by an unknown Bonn master (c. 1783)
98.
Royal Military College, Duntroon
–
The Royal Military College, Duntroon, is the Australian Army's officer training establishment. Duntroon, was opened on 27 June 1911 by the Governor-General, Lord Dudley. British officers, including Lieutenant Colonel Charles Gwynn as Director of Military Art, were assigned as faculty to the newly established college. During Bridges' frequent absences, Gwynn served as acting Commandant. The First World War provided the college with its first chance to demonstrate its worth. However, when the war broke out in August 1914, there had not been enough time for the first class to complete the full Duntroon course. Over the entire course, however, there was specific training, including physical training, drill, signalling and weapon handling. The college was forced to relocate to the Victoria Barracks, Sydney between 1936 due to the economic downturn caused by the Great Depression. McCay, then becoming chief-of-staff of the newly formed Pakistan Army. Under this program, the first degrees from RMC were awarded in 1971. In order to graduate, cadets had to achieve passes in both academic studies and leadership. The inquiry resulted in at least one career ending, while other personnel were severely punished. A further scandal was exposed in 1983. Shortly after this, the role of the college changed again in 1986. The college celebrated its 75th anniversary.
Royal Military College, Duntroon
–
Major General William Bridges
Royal Military College, Duntroon
–
Royal Military College, Duntroon
Royal Military College, Duntroon
–
First Class of cadets at Royal Military College Duntroon 1916–1919
Royal Military College, Duntroon
–
Military cadets on parade at RMC, Duntroon, taken around 1920
99.
Canberra
–
Canberra is the capital city of Australia. With a population of 381,488, it is the eighth-largest city overall. The city is located at the northern end of the Australian Capital Territory, 660 km north-east of Melbourne. A resident of Canberra is known as a "Canberran". Although the Australian Capital Territory is now self-governing, the Commonwealth Government retains some influence through the National Capital Authority. The Australian Army's corps is trained at the Royal Military College, Duntroon and the Australian Defence Force Academy is also located in the capital. The ACT is independent of any state to prevent any one state from gaining an advantage by hosting the seat of Commonwealth power. The ACT has its own independent Legislative Assembly and government, similar to the states. Compared to the national averages, the rate is lower and the average income higher; tertiary education levels are higher, while the population is younger. Property prices are relatively high, in part due to comparatively restrictive development regulations. An 1830s map of the region by Major Mitchell indeed does mark the Sullivan's Creek floodplain between these two mountains as "Nganbra". "Nganbra" or "Nganbira" could readily have been anglicised to the name "Canberry", as the locality soon become known to European settlers. Survey plans of the district dated 1837 refer to the area as the Canberry Plain. Although popularly pronounced /ˈkænbᵊrə/ or /ˈkænbɛrə/, the original pronunciation at its official naming in 1913 was /ˈkæn.brə/. Before white settlement, the area in which Canberra would eventually be constructed was seasonally inhabited by Indigenous Australians.
Canberra
–
Canberra, with the old and new Parliament House in the centre, viewed from Mount Ainslie
Canberra
–
Blundells Cottage, built around 1860, is one of the few remaining buildings built by the first settlers of Canberra.
Canberra
–
The opening of Parliament House in May 1927.
Canberra
–
Two of Canberra's best-known landmarks, Parliament House and Old Parliament House (foreground). Commonwealth Place runs alongside the lake and includes the International Flag Display. Questacon is on the right.
100.
George VI
–
George VI was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 until his death. He was the first Head of the Commonwealth. He served in the Royal Navy and Royal Air Force during the First World War. In 1920, he was made Duke of York. They had two daughters, Elizabeth and Margaret. In the mid-1920s, he had therapy for a stammer, which he never fully overcame. George's elder brother ascended the throne upon the death of their father in 1936. However, Edward revealed his desire to marry divorced American socialite Wallis Simpson. British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin advised Edward that for religious reasons he could not marry a divorced woman and remain king. George ascended the throne as the third monarch of the House of Windsor. During George's reign the break-up of its transition into the Commonwealth of Nations accelerated. The parliament of the Irish Free State removed direct mention of the monarch on the day of his accession. A new Irish constitution changed the name of the state to Ireland and established the office of President. From 1939, the Empire and Commonwealth – except Ireland – was at war with Nazi Germany. War with Italy and Japan followed in 1941, respectively.
George VI
–
Formal portrait, c. 1940–46
George VI
–
Four kings: Edward VII (far right), his son George, Prince of Wales, later George V (far left), and grandsons Edward, later Edward VIII (rear), and Albert, later George VI (foreground), c. 1908
George VI
–
Prince Albert (left) at an RAF dinner in 1919 with Sir Hugh Trenchard (centre) and Christopher Courtney (right)
George VI
–
The Duke and Duchess (centre, reading programmes) at Eagle Farm Racecourse, Brisbane, 1927
101.
Monarchy in Canada
–
The Monarchy of Canada is at the very core of both Canada's federal structure and Westminster-style of parliamentary and constitutional democracy. The monarchy is the foundation of the executive, judiciary in the federal and each provincial jurisdiction. As a matter of constitutional law, is Canada. The Canadian monarch, since 6 February 1952, is Queen Elizabeth II. As such, Prince Charles, is heir apparent. However, the Queen is the only member of the Royal Family with any constitutional role. In each of Canada's provinces, the monarch is represented by a governor. As the territories are not sovereign, they do not have a viceroy. Canada is one of the oldest continuing monarchies in the world. Long live the King." This is because, in common law, the Crown never dies. After an individual ascends the throne, she usually continues to reign until death. Succession is governed by statutes, such as the Bill of Rights 1689, the Acts of Union 1707. In 1936, any possible future descendants of his were excluded from the line of succession. The Department of External Affairs included all succession-related laws within Canadian law.
Monarchy in Canada
–
Queen of Canada
Monarchy in Canada
–
Royal Arms of Canada (unofficial rendition)
Monarchy in Canada
–
The original Act of Settlement, 1701
Monarchy in Canada
–
Charles, Prince of Wales (right), in Halifax, Nova Scotia, 2014. Charles is the heir apparent to the Canadian throne.
102.
Governor General of Canada
–
The Governor General of Canada is the personal, federal viceregal representative of the Canadian monarch, Queen Elizabeth II since 6 February 1952. The commission is for an unfixed period of time—known as serving at Her Majesty's pleasure—though five years is the normal convention. The general has been a Canadian since 1952; and, since 1959, it has been traditional to alternate between francophone Governors General. Once in office, the governor general maintains direct contact with the Queen, wherever she may be at the time. The ten provinces each have their own representatives of the sovereign, called Lieutenant Governor. Subsequently, the office is, along with the Crown, the oldest continuous institution in Canada. Throughout this process of gradually increasing Canadian independence, the role of governor general took on additional responsibilities. Finally, in 1947, King George VI issued letters patent allowing the viceroy to carry out almost all of the monarch's powers on his or her behalf. The current governor general is David Johnston, who has served since 1 October 2010; Prime Minister Stephen Harper recommended him to succeed Michaëlle Jean. Johnston's wife—, thus the viceregal consort—is Sharon Johnston. The Government of Canada spells the general without a hyphen. The Canadian media still often use the governor-general spelling. As governor is the noun in the title, it is pluralized; thus, governors general, rather than governor generals. Moreover, both terms are capitalized when used in the formal title preceding an incumbent's name. The letters patent issued by King George VI.
Governor General of Canada
–
Incumbent David Lloyd Johnston CC CMM COM CD FRSC(hon) FRCPSC(hon) since 1 October 2010
Governor General of Canada
–
Vincent Massey (far left), the first Canadian-born person appointed to the viceregal post since Confederation.
Governor General of Canada
–
Michaëlle Jean reciting the oaths of office as administered by Puisne Justice Michel Bastarache, 27 September 2005
Governor General of Canada
–
Georges Vanier, Canada's first Francophone governor general
103.
Lieutenant-Governor (Canada)
–
Similar positions in Canada's three territories are representatives of the federal government, however, not the monarch directly. In the Canadian context, there are numerous, not mutually agreeable, notions regarding capitalization of the position title. However, The Canadian Style indicates Lieutenant-Governor, though lieutenant-governors when pluralized. In French, the term is always hyphenated. Also, as governor is the main noun in the title, it is the word, pluralized; thus, it is lieutenant governors, rather than lieutenants governor. There have been two several Aboriginal lieutenant governors. Besides the administration of the oaths of office, there is no set formula for the swearing-in of a governor-designate. The governor then receives the insignia of the province's order or orders. Some have died in office. The office is the core of authority in a province. While they continue to be appointed by the general, the lieutenant governors are considered to be direct representatives of the sovereign. The Governor-in-Council of both Nova Scotia and New Brunswick are also specifically tasked to appoint in the Queen's name the judges of the courts of probate. The governor alone is also constitutionally mandated to summon the legislature. If the general withholds the Queen's assent, the sovereign may within two years disallow the bill, thereby annulling the law in question. Altogether, lieutenant governors had also withheld Royal Assent to reserved bills for the consideration of the governor general 71 times.
Lieutenant-Governor (Canada)
–
A meeting of Canada's lieutenant governors in September 1925; standing, from left to right: Henry William Newlands, Walter Cameron Nichol, Frank Richard Heartz, James Albert Manning Aikins; seated, left to right: James Robson Douglas, Narcisse Pérodeau, Henry Cockshutt, and William Frederick Todd
Lieutenant-Governor (Canada)
–
George Stanley (left), designer of the Canadian national flag and Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick from 1981 to 1987, with his wife, Ruth
Lieutenant-Governor (Canada)
–
Ray Lawson, Lieutenant Governor of Ontario from 1946 to 1952, wearing second-class court uniform
Lieutenant-Governor (Canada)
–
Albert Edward Matthews, Lieutenant Governor of Ontario, whom Mitchell Hepburn avoided completely throughout the latter's service as premier
104.
Remembrance Day
–
Following a tradition inaugurated by King George V in 1919, the day is also marked by war remembrances in non-Commonwealth countries. Remembrance Day is observed on 11 November in most countries to recall the end of hostilities of World War I on that date in 1918. The First World War officially ended on 28 June 1919. The memorial evolved out of Armistice Day, which continues to be marked on the same date. The first official Armistice Day was subsequently held on the grounds of Buckingham Palace the following morning. The red remembrance poppy has become a familiar emblem of Day due to the poem "In Flanders Fields" written by Canadian physician Lieutenant-Colonel John McCrae. The custom spread within three years. Madame Anne E. Guerin tirelessly promoted the practice in the British Empire. In the UK Major George Howson fostered the cause with the support of General Haig. Poppies were worn for the first time at the 1921 ceremony. At first real poppies were worn. The "Flowers of the Forest", "O Valiant Hearts", "I Vow to My Country" and "Jerusalem" are often played during the service. Services also include wreaths laid to honour the fallen, national anthems. The central ritual at cenotaphs throughout the Commonwealth is a stylised vigil. The Rouse was the first call of the morning.
Remembrance Day
–
The Cenotaph at Whitehall, London on Remembrance Day 2004
Remembrance Day
–
Canadian Poppy pins adorn a memorial at McCrae House in Guelph, Ontario
Remembrance Day
–
The Governor of Western Australia, Malcolm McCusker, laying a wreath at the Eternal flame, Kings Park, Western Australia, 11 November 2011
Remembrance Day
–
The Guard of Honour (a member from the Royal Canadian Navy at left and from the Royal Canadian Air Force at right) at the National War Memorial in Ottawa, Remembrance Day, 2010
105.
Victoria Day
–
Victoria Day is a federal Canadian public holiday celebrated on the last Monday preceding May 25, in honour of Queen Victoria's birthday. As such, it is the Monday between the 18th to the 24th inclusive, thus is always Monday of May. The date is simultaneously that on which the Canadian sovereign's official birthday is recognized. It is informally considered the beginning of the summer season in Canada. The holiday has been observed in Canada since at least 1845, originally falling on Victoria's actual birthday. It continues to be celebrated across the country; the holiday has always been a distinctly Canadian observance. Victoria Day is a statutory holiday, as well as a holiday in six of Canada's ten provinces and all three of its territories. In 2003, provincial legislation officially created National Patriots' Day on the same date. Victoria Day celebrations were marred by tragedy twice: In 1881, the ferry Victoria overturned in the Thames River, near London, Ontario. The event came to be known as the Victoria Day disaster. Most workplaces in Canada are regulated by the territorial government. In Nunavut and New Brunswick, the date is set as a general holiday to mark the reigning sovereign's official birthday. This replaced the Fête de Dollard, which commemorated Adam Dollard des Ormeaux. Canada is the only country that commemorates Queen Victoria with an official holiday. Victoria Day is also a mark of the beginning of the season, when cottage owners may reverse the winterization of their property.
Victoria Day
–
A portrait in Ottawa City Hall of Queen Victoria, first sovereign of a confederated Canada
Victoria Day
–
Victoria Day, 1854; crowds gather outside Government House in Toronto, Canada West (now Ontario)
Victoria Day
–
Victoria Day 2010 fireworks display from Ontario Place, Toronto
Victoria Day
–
Turkish Canadians march in the 2007 Victoria Day parade in Victoria, British Columbia
106.
The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders of Canada
–
The idea for a full Highland regiment in Hamilton first took shape among the members of the Sons of Scotland. Prominent members of the city's Highland-Canadian community were asked to "take hold of the matter." William Logie, took a leading role in organizing locally and in lobbying Ottawa. With the support of clan societies, a deputation was sent to Ottawa bearing a petition to the minister of Militia. Frederick Borden, was less than enthusiastic about the potential cost and the Highland character of the proposed unit. The group file. Chisholm and Logie maintained steady pressure upon local politicians to forward the group's cause. Chisholm monitored all communications with Borden. Borden denied having done but by 17 August 1903 he reported authorizing the establishment of a Highland regiment. The Scottish community were unrelenting and in the end won the day. The regiment was gazetted three days later as the 91st Regiment Canadian Highlanders. In winning the day, Chisholm and Logie used every reasonable tactic at hand. They continued this newly established tradition after the Regiment was formed. . .
The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders of Canada
–
The camp flag of The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders of Canada (Princess Louise's).
The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders of Canada
–
Cap badge of the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders of Canada
The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders of Canada
–
Lt. Hugh McKennzie, VC, DCM, C de G, CMGC.
The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders of Canada
–
Private F.T.V. Savard shows Lieutenant-Colonel J.D. Stewart, Commanding Officer of The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders of Canada, a portrait of Colonel Stewart which he is painting, Elshout, Netherlands, 17 December 1944.
107.
Hamilton, Ontario
–
Hamilton is a port city in the Canadian province of Ontario. Residents of the old city are known as Hamiltonians. Since 1981, the metropolitan area has been listed as the ninth largest in Canada and the third largest in Ontario. Hamilton is home to the Royal Botanical Gardens, the Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum, Mohawk College. McMaster University has a medical school. Possibly because of its diverse environment, numerous TV and film productions have been filmed in Hamilton, regulated by the Hamilton Film and Television Office. The article highlighted independent film production. A member of the Iroquois Confederacy provided the route and name for Mohawk Road, which originally included King Street in the lower city. They were soon attracted nonetheless by the availability of arable land. At the same time, large numbers of Iroquois loyal to Britain arrived from the United States and were settled on reserves west of Lake Ontario. A owner to the north, cooperated with George Hamilton to prepare a proposal for a courthouse and jail on Hamilton's property. Hamilton offered the land to the crown for the future site. Durand was empowered by Hughson and Hamilton to sell property holdings which later became the site of the town. Initially, this town was not the most important centre of the Gore District. A permanent jail was not constructed until 1832 when a cut-stone design was completed on one of the two squares created in 1816, Prince's Square.
Hamilton, Ontario
–
Counter Clockwise from the Top: View of Downtown Hamilton from Sam Lawrence Park, Hamilton City Hall, Bayfront Park Harbour Front Trail, Historic Art Deco and Gothic Revival Pigott Building complex, Webster's Falls, Dundurn Castle
Hamilton, Ontario
–
United Empire Loyalists
Hamilton, Ontario
–
Scottish Rite Castle
Hamilton, Ontario
–
Panoramic view of Hamilton Harbour from T.B. McQuesten High Level Bridge on York Boulevard, near Harvey Park.
108.
Ceremonial Guard
–
However, since 2007 the Ceremonial Guard has been manned by a more pan -- Canadian Forces approach: Royal Canadian Navy, Royal Canadian Air Force personnel. As with any unit in the Canadian Forces, uniforms originate from the Queen's Guard. The total strength is about 420 people. The uniforms worn represent both infantry guards regiments: the Governor General's the Canadian Grenadier Guards. The colours carried on Parliament Hill are also from these regiments. The Public Duties Company is further broken down into divisions. The Public Duties Company has eight divisions. A division is about 18–24 soldiers. The only colours flown in the ceremonies are those of the two regiments. Applicants must first pass an audition to be considered. The unit exists with a full composition only from early June to the end of August. The unit also executes the Canadian Forces beating the retreat "Fortissimo". This takes each year in August. All members of the Ceremonial Guard are fully trained members of the Canadian Armed Forces. The parade begins with the drum major, followed by the band, the two divisions of the ` new guard'.
Ceremonial Guard
–
The Changing the Guard Ceremony.
Ceremonial Guard
–
Canadian Grenadiers marching during CG.
Ceremonial Guard
–
Two sentries at the Canadian War Memorial in Ottawa.
109.
Canadian Forces
–
Air elements referred to as the Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Air Force. The Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces is Queen Elizabeth II, represented by the Governor General of Canada. The Canadian Armed Forces is led by the Chief of the Defence Staff, assisted by the Armed Forces Council. During the Cold War, a principal focus of Canadian policy was contributing to the security of Europe in the face of the Soviet military threat. Toward that end, Canadian air forces were based in Europe from the early 1950s until the early 1990s. Today is based on the Canada First Defence Strategy, introduced in 2008. Based on that strategy, the Canadian military is oriented and being equipped to carry out six core missions within Canada, in North America and globally. Thereafter, the Royal Canadian Navy was formed, with the advent of the Royal Canadian Air Force. These forces were organised under the Department of Militia and Defence, -- frequently shortened to simply The Militia. The overseas deployment of Canadian military forces occurred during the Second Boer War, when several units were raised to serve under British command. Similarly, when the United Kingdom entered with Germany in the First World War, Canadian troops were called to participate in European theatres. The Canadian Crown-in-Council then decided to send its forces into the Second World War, well as the Korean War. Since 1947, military units have participated in more than 200 operations worldwide, completed 72 international operations. Canada maintained an aircraft carrier during the Cold War, which never saw combat but participated in patrols during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Only 2,400 conscripts actually made it into battle.
Canadian Forces
–
Canadian troops of the Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry Highlanders welcomed by liberated crowds in Leeuwarden, Netherlands, 16 April 1945.
Canadian Forces
–
Joint service seal of the Canadian Armed Forces
Canadian Forces
–
2nd Canadian Division soldiers advance behind a tank during the battle of Vimy Ridge.
Canadian Forces
–
At sunset a convoy of Canadian armoured vehicles watches over the area near Khadan Village, Afghanistan.
110.
Ottawa, Ontario
–
Ottawa is the capital city of Canada. It stands on the south bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of southern Ontario. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Quebec; the two form the core of the Ottawa–Gatineau census metropolitan area and the National Capital Region. The City of Ottawa reported that the city had an estimated population of 960,754 as of December 2015. Incorporated in 1855, the city has evolved into a technological centre of Canada. The name "Ottawa" was chosen to the Ottawa River nearby, a word derived from the Algonquin Odawa, meaning "to trade". Ottawa also has the highest standard of living in the nation and low unemployment. It ranked second out of 150 worldwide in the Numbeo quality of life index 2014–2015, it contains a UNESCO World Heritage Site. With the draining of the Champlain Sea around ten thousand years ago the Ottawa Valley became habitable. The area was used for wild edible harvesting, hunting, fishing, trade, travel, camps for over 6500 years by local populations. The Ottawa valley has archaeological sites with stone tools. The area has three major rivers that meet, making an important area for thousands of years. The Algonquins called the Ottawa River Kichi Sibi or Kichissippi meaning "Great River" or "Grand River". The first European to travel up the Ottawa River, passed to the Great Lakes. The early explorers and traders were later followed by many missionaries.
Ottawa, Ontario
–
Centre Block on Parliament Hill, the National War Memorial in downtown Ottawa, the National Gallery of Canada, and the Rideau Canal and Château Laurier.
Ottawa, Ontario
–
Bytown in 1853. Military Barracks on hill top was occupied by "A" Company of the Royal Canadian Rifle Regiment, presently home to Parliament Hill.
Ottawa, Ontario
–
Centre Block on Parliament Hill under construction in 1863
Ottawa, Ontario
–
Looking east down Rideau Street. In view: the Union Station on the right, and the (now demolished) Daly Building on the left. 1922
111.
Governor General's Foot Guards
–
Civitas et Princeps Cura Nostra is the regiment's motto. Supporting regular Canadian forces overseas. This gives a role similar to that of the guards regiments of the British Army. The GGFG were formally allied after being informally allied with them since the formation of the regiment. The regimental uniform has buttons in pairs, similar to the Coldstream Guards, with a red plume worn on the left side of the bearskin. The GGFG perpetuate the 2nd Canadian Battalion, 77th Battalion, CEF. The Governor General's Foot Guards originated in Ottawa, Ontario, on 7 June 1872 as the 1st Battalion Governor General's Foot Guards. The 1st Battalion Governor General's Foot Guards mobilized a single company on 10 April 1885. It served in the Battleford Column of the North West Field Force. The company was removed from active service on 24 July 1885. The regiment contributed volunteers for the Canadian Contingents, mainly the 2nd Battalion, Royal Canadian Regiment of Infantry. Details of the Governor General's Foot Guards were placed on active service on 6 August 1914 for local protection duties. The 2nd Battalion, CEF was embarked for Great Britain on 26 September 1914. The battalion was disbanded on 15 September 1920. The 77th Battalion, CEF was embarked for Great Britain on 19 June 1916.
Governor General's Foot Guards
–
Camp flag
Governor General's Foot Guards
–
Cap badge of the Governor General's Foot Guards
Governor General's Foot Guards
–
Governor General's Foot Guards, 1875
Governor General's Foot Guards
–
The Regimental Colour of the Governor General's Foot Guards.
112.
The Canadian Grenadier Guards
–
The Canadian Grenadier Guards is a reserve infantry regiment in the 34 Canadian Brigade Group, 2nd Canadian Division of the Canadian Army. The regiment is the second most senior and oldest regiment in the Primary Reserve of the Canadian Army. Located in Montreal, its primary role is the provision of combat-ready troops in support of regular infantry. The Canadian Grenadier Guards is an allied regiment to the British Grenadier Guards. The Canadian Grenadier Guards originated in Montreal, Quebec on 17 November 1859 as the First Battalion Volunteer Militia Rifles of Canada. It was redesignated as The First Regiment of Volunteer Rifles of Canadian Militia on 7 September 1860. On May 1898 it amalgamated with the 6th Battalion "Fusiliers" and was redesignated the 1st Battalion "Prince of Wales' Regiment Fusiliers". The 6th Battalion "Fusiliers" originated in Montreal, Quebec on 31 January 1862 as the 6th Battalion Volunteer Militia Rifles, Canada. The regiment contributed volunteers during the Second Boer War. Details of the regiment were placed on active service on 6 August 1914 for local protection duties. Following conventional practice the whole regiment was not sent. Some 350 men were drafted to join the 14th Battalion CEF. The battalion was subsequently disbanded on 30 August 1920. The system of temporary battalion formations was quite disruptive for the regulars of the regimental establishment. The battalion was subsequently disbanded on 17 July 1917.
The Canadian Grenadier Guards
–
The camp flag of The Canadian Grenadier Guards.
The Canadian Grenadier Guards
–
Cap badge of The Canadian Grenadier Guards
The Canadian Grenadier Guards
–
Members of the Canadian Grenadier Guards on parade in Ottawa, Ontario
The Canadian Grenadier Guards
–
Canadian Grenadier Guards on memorial duty in Ottawa, Ontario
113.
The Governor General's Horse Guards
–
Based in Toronto, it is the only Household Cavalry regiment of Canada's three Household units. The regiment maintains a traditional structure, for deployment and active duty, training, ceremony, cadets, administration. The Field Squadron is manned by trained and deployable soldiers. It is expected to mobilize in national emergencies. The Training Support Squadron develops new skills to enable them to join the Field Squadron. This includes personal development through the completion of preliminary trade courses. As of January 2014, the training squadron was disbanded and folded into the regiment's HQ squadron. The Regimental Support Group provides administrative facilities to the regiment. Reed military band provides concerts and music for regimental functions, other military events, civilian engagements. The band includes three specialized musical sub-units: the Fanfare Trumpeters, the Woodwind Quintet. The Cavalry Squadron provides a ceremonial presence at public and regimental events, to perpetuate Canadian cavalry traditions. The Governor General's Horse Guards Association is open to all former members of the regiment. The association exists to keep former members informed and in touch with the regiment. The unit was removed from active service on 24 July 1885. The Governor General's Body Guard contributed volunteers in the field.
The Governor General's Horse Guards
–
Cap Badge of the Governor General's Horse Guards
The Governor General's Horse Guards
–
Tactical Recognition Flash
The Governor General's Horse Guards
–
The camp flag of The Governor General's Horse Guards.
The Governor General's Horse Guards
–
The standard of The Governor General's Horse Guards.
114.
The Canadian Guards
–
A year later, a component was added, when the existing Governor General's Foot Guards and Canadian Grenadier Guards were designated the 5th and 6th Battalions. Throughout their existence the regular components of The Canadian Guards maintained a regimental band well as pipes and drums. The Canadian Guards wore a white-over-red plume on the left side of their bearskins. Ceremonial uniform was similar to that worn by The Canadian Grenadier Guards. In October 1957, the 1st Battalion received its first stand of colours, while the 2nd Battalion was deployed as part of 4 CIBG. Two years later, the 1st Battalion replaced the 2nd Battalion, with the 2nd Battalion receiving its colours in 1960. As part of a reorganization of the Canadian Army, it was decided to disband The Canadian Guards. The 2nd Battalion was reduced to nil strength on 6 July 1970. The role of Household Troops then reverted to the two surviving militia units, which resumed their separate identities in 1976. Some members were reassigned to The Canadian Airborne Regiment. Korea 1953–1954 West Germany 1957–1962 – NATO assignment Cyprus 1964–1966 – UN mission William J. Patterson. A regiment worthy of its hire: The Canadian Guards, 1953-1970. Ottawa: Canadian Guards Regimental Association, 1997. Army Historical Section. The Regiments and Corps of the Canadian Army.
The Canadian Guards
–
The Regimental Colour of 1st Battalion, The Canadian Guards.
The Canadian Guards
–
The camp flag of The Canadian Guards.
115.
The Princess Louise Fusiliers
–
The Princess Louise Fusiliers is a Primary Reserve Light Infantry Regiment of the Canadian Forces. Ten companies were made a collective battalion. As an officially constituted unit of Canada, The Princess Louise Fusiliers were authorized in 1867. During the unit's history, it has undergone several name changes. On November 1869, the regiment was named the 66th The Halifax Battalion of Infantry. Originally consisting of six companies, it later gained two more. It was shortly after this point in which the regiment received its first honour, when they helped suppress the Northwest Rebellion of 1885. Soldiers of the unit served with the Halifax Provisional Battalion. The new colours were subscribed in honour of their battalion. During the First World War the 66th Regiment provided soldiers to the locally raised battalions of the Canadian Expeditionary Force. As a result of the unit's contributions of this perpetuation, the regiment holds five battle honours of the First World War. In May 1915 the regiment was renamed to the Princess Louise Fusiliers. The onset of World War II saw more action for the Fusiliers, when they were sent as part of the 5th Canadian Armoured Division. In British and Commonwealth armoured divisions of that period, independent MG coys. During the conflict, the regiment received nine more honours, bringing their total count to 16.
The Princess Louise Fusiliers
–
The Princess Louise Fusiliers (PLF)
The Princess Louise Fusiliers
–
Citadel Hill
The Princess Louise Fusiliers
–
Regimental Colour of the Princess Louise Fusiliers
The Princess Louise Fusiliers
–
Camp Flag of the Princess Louise Fusiliers
116.
The Calgary Highlanders
–
The Calgary Highlanders is a Canadian Army Primary Reserve infantry regiment, headquartered at Mewata Armouries in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. The regiment is one of only two regiments in the Canadian Forces to wear an Honorary Distinction on their uniform, commemorating the counterattack at Kitcheners' Wood. On January 2015 the regiment was recognized with the Canadian Forces' Unit Commendation for outstanding contributions to the war in Afghanistan. The badge is based on that worn by the 10th Battalion, CEF, which the regiment perpetuates. Significantly, a St. Andrew's Cross has been added to the design. The crown was then changed to a St. Edward's Crown. These are sometimes referred to as "King's" and "Queen's" Crowns. The scrolls bearing thistles are representative of Scotland. On April 1910 the regiment was raised as the 103rd Regiment "Calgary Rifles". In 1914 the 103rd contributed men to several battalions of the Canadian Expeditionary Force, most notably CEF. The 103rd also officially perpetuates 82nd Battalions, CEF. The 10th Battalion officially disbanded in 1920. The regiment was reorganized on 15 March 1920 as two separate regiments, The Calgary Regiment as part of the Otter Committee reorganizations. On May 1924 The Calgary Regiment was again reorganized and split into two separate regiments, The Calgary Regiment and The Calgary Highlanders. On September 1921 The Calgary Regiment divided into six battalions, the 1st Battalion became the 1st Battalion, Calgary Highlanders, The Calgary Regiment.
The Calgary Highlanders
–
Exercise BLACK BEAR 2004
The Calgary Highlanders
–
Badge of The Calgary Highlanders
The Calgary Highlanders
–
The camp flag of The Calgary Highlanders.
The Calgary Highlanders
–
The regimental colour of The Calgary Highlanders.
117.
The Grey and Simcoe Foresters
–
The Grey and Simcoe Foresters is a Primary Reserve infantry regiment of the Canadian Forces. Within the Canadian Army, it is part of the Canadian Division's 31 Canadian Brigade Group. The Canadian Foresters have had a unique history that has lived up to its rural spirit. The Foresters have enjoyed one of the most diverse roles in the Canadian Army, serving as infantry, artillery. Foresters are a very old form of infantry finding its antecedents in Robin Hood’s Sherwood Forest. One of these battalions was a composite made up from the two Simcoe County battalions of that era. This composite battalion, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Carthew, was known as the 1st Simcoe Incorporated Militia. This is the earliest known reference as "Foresters." 2016 marks the 150th anniversary of the regiment. These companies had been created in the 1850s. Lieutenant-Colonel W.D. Pollard was the commanding officer of the 31st Greys. Lieutenant-Colonel A.R. Stephen commanded this new battalion. In 1885, Lieutenant-Colonel W.E. In recognition of this contribution 35th Simcoe Foresters received its first honour "North West Canada 1885".
The Grey and Simcoe Foresters
–
Cap Badge of the Grey & Simcoe Foresters
The Grey and Simcoe Foresters
–
This memorial stone is currently housed at St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church, 47 Owen St, Barrie, ON, Canada
118.
Owen Sound, Ontario
–
Owen Sound, the county seat of Grey County, is a city in Southern Ontario, Canada. Owen Sound is located at the mouths of the Pottawatomi and Sydenham Rivers on an inlet of Georgian Bay. The area around the upper Great Lakes has been home to the Ojibwe people since prehistory. In 1815, William Fitzwilliam Owen named Edward Owen. A settlement called Sydenham was established in 1841 by Charles Rankin. The settlement was renamed in 1851 and became an incorporated town in 1857. At one time, Owen Sound's roaring seaport made it a rowdy town variously known as "Corkscrew City", "Chicago of the North" and "Little Liverpool". Ironically, its location was one block away from an intersection known as "Salvation Corners", populated by four churches. This reputation for vice and villainy, the problems that came with it, caused the city to ban all drinking establishments for several decades. The city was "dry" until 1972. Bishop is also one of the few to have tangled with the Red Baron and survived, forcing the German pilot to retreat in a damaged aircraft. The Billy Bishop Regional Airport in the nearby Municipality of Meaford was named after him. His modest gravesite can be visited in the city's Greenwood Cemetery by those willing to take the time to locate the stone. His boyhood home is now a museum dedicated to Canada's history. The town was also Tom Thomson.
Owen Sound, Ontario
–
Owen Sound Harbour
Owen Sound, Ontario
–
Community of Owen Sound, at the base of the Owen Sound inlet, in 1880.
Owen Sound, Ontario
–
Billy Bishop Home/Museum
Owen Sound, Ontario
–
Festival of Northern Lights.
119.
Kenya Defence Forces
–
The Kenya Defence Forces are the armed forces of the Republic of Kenya. The Kenya Army, Kenya Air Force comprise the national Defence Forces. The President of Kenya is the commander-in-chief of all the armed forces. The military is regularly deployed in peacekeeping missions around the world. Kenya’s military, like many government institutions in the country, has been tainted by corruption allegations. This has changed recently. In what are in 2010, credible claims of corruption were made with regard to recruitment and procurement of Armoured Personnel Carriers. Further, the prudence of certain decisions of procurement have been publicly questioned. The Manoj between 1900 saw the East African Rifles deployed in a number of campaigns in line with British colonial policies. In collaboration with Major Cunningham's Uganda Rifles, expeditions were organized against the Nandi who put up a strong resistance. It was not until 1906 that they were subdued. Another one in 1900 commanded by Commandant of the East African Rifles, followed this. Two medals were issued after these expeditions namely "1898" and "Jubaland 1900". The East African Rifles also sent troops to help Uganda Rifles suppress a mutiny by Sudanese troops in Uganda. Captain Harrison who led this expedition was decorated.
Kenya Defence Forces
–
Kenyan Army Brig. Gen. Leonard Ngondi, left, greets U.S. Marine Lt. Col. Steve Nichols, left, at Camp Lonestar in Kenya, 2006.
Kenya Defence Forces
–
Military of Kenya
Kenya Defence Forces
–
A MD 500 Defender helicopter over the Westgate Shopping Mall during siege, 2013.
Kenya Defence Forces
–
Kenyan Navy vessels KNS Shujaa and KNS Nyayo at the Indian International Fleet Review in 2001
120.
President of Kenya
–
The President of the Republic of Kenya is the head of state and head of government of Kenya. The president is the commander-in-chief of the Kenya Defence Forces. The official residence of the president is at Nairobi. The wife of the President is referred to as the First Lady of Kenya. Politics of Kenya List of colonial governors of Kenya List of heads of state of Kenya Prime Minister of Kenya Lists of Incumbents
President of Kenya
–
Incumbent Uhuru Kenyatta since 9 April 2013
President of Kenya
President of Kenya
President of Kenya
121.
Yang di-Pertuan Agong
–
The Yang di-Pertuan Agong is the monarch and head of state of Malaysia. The office was established in 1957 when the Federation of Malaya gained independence from the United Kingdom. Malaysia is a constitutional monarchy with an elected monarch as head of state. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong is one of the few elected monarchs in the world. His consort is called Raja Permaisuri Agong. The couple are styled as "His Majesty" and "Her Majesty". In Malaysia's constitutional monarchy, Yang di-Pertuan Agong has extensive powers within the constitution. The latter is headed by the Prime Minister, appointed from among the elected members of Parliament. It, however, does not afford to dismiss the PM. He also can withhold consent to a request for the dissolution of Parliament. He can only dissolve Parliament at the request of the PM. The current Yang di-Pertuan Agong is Sultan Muhammad V of Kelantan. His reign began on 13 December 2016, after his election October 2016 at the 243rd Conference of Rulers. The ceremonial installation of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong will be held in April 2017. In Malaysian passports prior to the 2010 redesign, the title "The Supreme Head of Malaysia" was used in the English version of the note.
Yang di-Pertuan Agong
–
Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia
Yang di-Pertuan Agong
–
Arms of His Majesty the Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia
Yang di-Pertuan Agong
–
Replica of the King's Tengkolok Diraja (Royal Headress), a part of the Regalia of Malaysia. It is a songket made of black fabric embroidered in gold threads, wrapped in the Dendam Tak Sudah style originating from Negeri Sembilan.
Yang di-Pertuan Agong
–
The compound of the Istana Negara at Jalan Istana, official residence of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong from 1957 to 2011. The palace's royal residential role was taken over by the new Istana Negara at Jalan Duta in 2011.
122.
Raja Permaisuri Agong
–
Raja Permaisuri Agong is the title given to the consort of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, the elected, constitutional head of state of Malaysia. There is currently no Raja Permaisuri Agong, as Sultan Muhammad V of Kelantan, is divorced. The Malay permaisuri is derived from Tamil பரமேஸ்வரி, from Sanskrit परमेश्वरी, ` supreme lady'. The Raja Permaisuri Agong immediately follows the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, in the Malaysian order of precedence. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong is elected every five years among the nine hereditary rulers of the states of Malaysia. When a ruler is elected as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, his consort automatically becomes the Raja Permaisuri Agong. Like many spouses of heads of state, the Raja Permaisuri Agong has no stipulated role in the Constitution of Malaysia. She accompanies the Yang di-Pertuan Agong to official functions and state visits, well as hosting visiting heads of state and their spouses. Article 34 of the Malaysian Constitution actively engaging in any commercial enterprise. The Raja Permaisuri Agong is, however, legally entitled to an annual payment, included in the Civil List of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. Previous holders of the title of Raja Permaisuri Agong whose husbands are deceased receive a pension from the Federal Government's Civil List. The following consorts have served as Raja Permaisuri Agong: 1.^ Tuanku Abdul Halim is the first Yang di-Pertuan Agong to reign twice. Sultanah Haminah has been his second wife since 1975. Yang di-Pertuan Agong Royal Regalia of Malaysia Yang di-Pertuan Negara Malay titles Elective monarchy
Raja Permaisuri Agong
–
The royal standard of the Raja Permaisuri Agong
123.
Prime Minister of Malaysia
–
It is in practice, the most powerful political position in Malaysia. The Prime Minister has always been from the United Malays National Organisation part of Barisan Nasional since independence. Federation of Malaya became independent on 31 August 1957. The 6th and current prime minister is Najib Razak, who took office on 3 April 2009. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong on the Prime Minister's advice shall appoint other Ministers from either Dewan Rakyat or Dewan Negara. The Cabinet shall be collectively responsible to Parliament of Malaysia. The members of the Cabinet shall not engage in any trade, profession that will cause conflict of interest. The Prime Minister's Department is the ministry in which the Prime Minister exercises its powers. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong's choice of replacement prime minister will be dictated by the circumstances. The power of the prime minister is subject to a number of limitations. Conventionally, between the convening of the next, the cabinet remain in office in a caretaker capacity. From time to time prime ministers are required to leave the country on business and a deputy is appointed to take their place during that time. In the days before jet aeroplanes, such absences could be for extended periods. Ismail Abdul Rahman occasionally acted as Acting Prime Minister when Abdul Razak Hussein was for going abroad. Anwar Ibrahim acted as an Acting Prime Minister for two months started from 19 May 1997 as Mahathir Mohamad was on vacation.
Prime Minister of Malaysia
–
Incumbent Najib Razak since 3 April 2009
Prime Minister of Malaysia
Prime Minister of Malaysia
Prime Minister of Malaysia
124.
Malaysian Armed Forces
–
The Malaysian Armed Forces, the military of Malaysia, consists of three branches, namely the Malaysian Army, the Royal Malaysian Navy, the Royal Malaysian Air Force. Since 19 General Raja Mohamed Affandi Raja Mohamed Noor is the Chief of Malaysian Armed Forces. Its role is to defend strategic interests of Malaysia from all forms of threat. It is responsible for assisting civilian authorities to overcome all international threats, preserve public order, participate in national development programs. Operations on foreign soil have mainly been peacekeeping operations under the auspices of the United Nations. Guerrilla war of the Malayan Races Liberation Army organised by the CPM against the British and Malayan administration. Moro attacks on Malaysia Congo Peacekeeping Mission A contingent of 1,947 personnel were dispatched in the Congo or ONUC. Their experiences there were later recounted through the drawings of the cartoonist, Rejabhad. The insurgency ended when the NKCP signed a peace treaty in 1990. Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation An armed conflict between Malaysia and Indonesia with skirmishes mainly occurring in Sarawak and Sabah in the island of Borneo. In 1964, armed raids were made on Peninsular Malaysia. The conflict was declared over by both sides in 1966. Communist insurgency in Malaysia A low resurgence of insurgent activity by the armed elements of the CPM from sanctuaries in the Malaysian-Thai border. The insurgency was only ended after the CPM signed a peace treaty on 2 December 1989. Iran/Iraq Border Participated as part of the UN Iran-Iraq Military Observer Group to supervise the Iran–Iraq War ceasefire.
Malaysian Armed Forces
–
Royal guard of the Malaysian Army outside the main gate of the Istana Negara, Kuala Lumpur
Malaysian Armed Forces
–
Flag and Crest of the Malaysian Armed Forces www.mafhq.mil.my
Malaysian Armed Forces
–
Soldiers from the Malaysian Army 9th Royal Malay Regiment with a M4 Carbine carry out a beach assault with US Marines during a combined amphibious landing exercise on the final day of CARAT Malaysia 2009.
Malaysian Armed Forces
–
Malaysia 's first Scorpène class submarine docked at the naval base in Port Klang on the outskirts of Kuala Lumpur on 3 September 2009.
125.
Royal Malaysian Police
–
The Royal Malaysia Police, is a uniformed federal police force in Malaysia. The force is a centralised organisation with responsibilities ranging to intelligence gathering. Its headquarters are located at Kuala Lumpur. The force is led by an Inspector-General of Police who, as of March 2016, was Tan Sri Khalid Abu Bakar. The constitution, control, employment, recruitment, funding, duties and powers of the police force are specified and governed by the Police Act 1967. Rakan Cop is a community programme launched on 9 August 2005. A force has been in existence in Malaysia since the days of the Malacca Sultanate. His tasks were to arrest criminals, implement sentences. Apart from the Temenggung, there were village chiefs who had the duty of policing their respective villages. Their main tasks included tax collection, preserving village security. These Malacca police systems ended when, on August 1511, a Portuguese fleet led by Afonso de Albuquerque conquered Malacca for the Portuguese crown. Police duties were then largely performed by the Portuguese soldiers. During the sixteenth century, Malaysia became the Portuguese government introduced the Kapitan administration. Their subordinates were made up of the local citizens. Village leaders continued to assume the duties of policemen under Dutch rule, as they had since before the Portuguese arrived.
Royal Malaysian Police
–
The Royal Malaysia Police headquarters at Bukit Aman in Kuala Lumpur.
Royal Malaysian Police
–
Logo of the Royal Malaysia Police
Royal Malaysian Police
–
Policemen during a parade displaying uniforms worn by the Special Constable police force in the past.
Royal Malaysian Police
–
Part of Bukit Aman's police facilities, as seen towards the northwest from Dataran Merdeka, in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
126.
Singapore Armed Forces
–
The SAF has three services: the Singapore Army, the Republic of Singapore Navy. The SAF protects the interests, sovereignty and integrity of Singapore from external threats. The SAF relies heavily on a large pool of conscripts in the reserve forces. It is capable of mobilising over a million reservists. National Servicemen form the backbone of the SAF. The SAF was formed in 1966. Singapore's military role stems from an asset exploited by both local settlers and foreign colonists alike. Archaeological excavations have discovered other forms of military fortifications in pre-colonial Singapore. The Motto of the SVA is "In Oriente Primus", still by the artillery formations of the Singapore Army. In 1915 it helped to suppress the mutiny of the Sepoys in Singapore. Subsequently in 1961, SMF was renamed to Singapore Armed Forces. When Singapore achieved independence in 1965, its military consisted of only two infantry regiments, made up of mostly non-Singaporean residents. The last of the British soldiers left Singapore in March 1976. The New Zealand troops were the last to leave Singapore, in 1989. The army procured battle tanks before neighbouring Malaysia acquired theirs, having an edge for a highly effective fighting armed forces.
Singapore Armed Forces
–
The Officer Cadet School building within the SAFTI Military Institute as seen from the northwest.
Singapore Armed Forces
–
Flag and crest of the Singapore Armed Forces
127.
Singapore Armed Forces Military Police Command
–
In the same year, the School of Provost and the first detention cells were in operation at Beach Road Camp. The Singapore Armed Forces Dog Company and Operations Company were established there. The Kranji Disciplinary Barrack was built before being converted into a proper facility in 1977. The British Army Military Correction Centre was handed over to the SAF and renamed as the Tanglin Detention Barracks in 1972. Changi Detention Barracks opened in 1973, Nee Soon Detention Barracks in 1974. The SAF Detention Barracks was opened on 29 March 1987 to replace the three facilities. The Security Company was added to the SAFPU, while the Special Investigations Branch was formed in July 1973. In 1974, the sixth sub-unit, the 1st Reservist Provost Company, was formed, completing the organisational structure of the unit which has remained so to this day. The Operations Company formed the first prestige guard to Singapore. The distinctive Military Police uniform was first introduced in 1983. It performed twice during that year's Merdeka Parade. New colours was awarded during the SAF Day Parade in 1995. Today, the unit is based at a new camp near Choa Chu Kang. In keeping with tradition, the new road leading to the camp was called Mowbray Road, the camp itself retaining the Mowbray Camp name. From 1 September 2006, the unit was renamed the Singapore Armed Forces Military Police Command.
Singapore Armed Forces Military Police Command
–
SAF MP COMMAND providing security coverage at the Padang during the National Day Parade in 2000.
Singapore Armed Forces Military Police Command
–
The logos of the SAF Military Police Command
Singapore Armed Forces Military Police Command
–
Members of the Singapore Armed Forces Military Police Command's Law Enforcement and Ceremonial Company executing a Guard of Honor parade for the President of the Republic of Botswana, Ian Khama
Singapore Armed Forces Military Police Command
–
SAF MP Command's Dog Unit performing a demonstration of their sniffer dogs' capabilities at Temasek Polytechnic.
128.
Guard mounting
–
The ceremonies are precisely choreographed. They originated with battlefield military drills introduced to enhance unit cohesion and effectiveness in the 17th century. There is also a ceremonial Changing the Guard ceremony during the summer by members of the Royal 22e Régiment. The ceremony ends with drums and bugles marching off with the old guard. Soldiers of the Cuban Revolutionary Army guard the Mausoleum of José Marti in Santiago de Cuba. Every day at noon the guard of Prague Castle is changed. The parade starts off by Rosenborg Castle. There are three types of guard changes: Kongevagt - when the monarch is in residence - accompanied by the Royal Guards band. Every Sunday at 11:00 a ceremonial change of guards takes place. On this occasion the three official uniforms of the Evzones can be seen. The ceremony is easily accessible for public and tourist viewing. Group A of Paspampres, which guards the palace, is responsible for this ceremony. A ceremonial changing of the guard is held at the President of India's official place of the Rashtrapati Bhavan. The ceremony is generally held every Saturday at 08.00 am, 10.00am. A military band is also present to provide accompaniment.
Guard mounting
–
Canadian Grenadier Guards during the changing of the guard ceremony in Ottawa.
Guard mounting
–
Changing the Guard at La Moneda.
Guard mounting
–
Guards at the Mausoleum of José Marti, Santiago de Cuba.
Guard mounting
–
Changing the Guard at Prague Castle.
129.
Windsor Castle
–
Windsor Castle is a royal residence at Windsor in the English county of Berkshire. It is notable for its long association for its architecture. The original castle was built in the 11th century by William the Conqueror. Since the time of Henry I, it is the longest-occupied palace in Europe. Gradually replaced with stone fortifications, the castle withstood a prolonged siege at the start of the 13th century. Queen Victoria made a minor changes to the castle, which became the centre for royal entertainment for much of her reign. It is the preferred weekend home of Elizabeth II. More than 500 people live and work in Windsor Castle -- the largest inhabited castle in the world. Windsor Castle combines the features of a fortification, a palace, a small town. The present-day castle was created during a sequence of phased building projects, culminating after a fire in 1992. It is in essence a Victorian design based on a medieval structure, with Gothic features reinvented in a modern style. Although there has been some criticism, the castle's history lends it a "place amongst the greatest European palaces". At the heart of Windsor Castle is the Middle Ward, a bailey formed around the motte or artificial hill in the centre of the ward. The motte is made from chalk originally excavated from the surrounding ditch. The Round Tower is in reality far from cylindrical, due to the structure of the motte beneath it.
Windsor Castle
–
Windsor Castle, viewed from the Long Walk
Windsor Castle
–
The South Wing of the Upper Ward; the Official Entrance to the State Apartments is on the left
Windsor Castle
–
The State Apartments in the Upper Ward; (l to r) Queen's Audience and Presence Chambers, the Official Entrance, St George's Hall; the Guest's Entrance
Windsor Castle
–
The Crimson Drawing Room in 2007 following the 1992 fire and subsequent remodelling
130.
Beating Retreat
–
Beating Retreat is a military ceremony dating to 16th century England and was first used to recall nearby patrolling units to their castle. Originally it was initiated at sunset by the firing of a single round from the evening gun. They are to be answered in their respective Quarters". However, both orders may refer to the ceremonial tattoo. For the first time ever, a foreign band was allowed to play on 5 June 2008. This band was that of the first Battalion Royal Malay Regiment, helping to guard London, by mounting guards at the palaces. Amongst their performance pieces were arrangements of number of well known pieces from Film. The ceremonies generally involve the marching of a band, other decorative presentations. In many cases a castle is used for the parade. The London version takes place on Horse Guards Parade. Historically, on at least one evening, a senior member of the British Royal Family has taken the salute. Note: Refer to See Also for list of Foot Guards Bands. Because of its popularity, it is generally over three nights. The latest was held in 2016, also marking the 90th birthday of the first to be streamed live on Facebook. The Royal Marines ceremony should not be confused with that of the Army which takes every year also in June.
Beating Retreat
–
The Massed Bands of the Household Division perform in the fireworks finale at Beating Retreat 2013.
Beating Retreat
–
Vijay Chowk (Victory Square) at Rajpath, with Secretariat Buildings in the background, New Delhi, the venue of the Beat Retreat ceremony
131.
Phaeton (carriage)
–
A Phaeton was a form of sporty open carriage popular in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century. Drawn by two horses, a phaeton typically featured a minimal very lightly sprung body atop four extravagantly large wheels. With the advent of the automobile, the term was adapted to open touring cars, also known as phaetons. The most impressive phaeton was the English high flyer. The spider phaetons were more conservatively constructed. A variation of this type of a carriage is called a Victoria, with a retractable cover over the rear compartment. There is a print of the monarch enjoying her morning excursions on page 490 of the Illustrated London News of April 1897. In addition, there is a photograph in the Royal Collection, dated 1898. There are also other photographs, using a black donkey, taken at Windsor Castle. Bolshevik revolutionaries used a phaeton to get away after carrying out the 1907 Tiflis robbery. Valerie, Lady Meux would startle London Society by driving herself in a high phaeton drawn by zebras. In Sensibility, the character Mr. Willoughby drives a yellow phaeton. While the phaeton seems to exhibit his dashing character, in the novel on which the film is based, the original character drives a curricle. In Turn: Washington's Spies, season 3 episode 1 Benedict Arnold is riding in a phaeton spider. He states to Peggy Shippen "Do you like it?
Phaeton (carriage)
–
The sporty Lord Lonsdale 's yellow phaeton with a calash top, ca 1900 (Mossman Collection)
Phaeton (carriage)
–
Hooper 's - royal coachbuilders - stylish design for a phaeton
Phaeton (carriage)
–
Hooper high flyer phaeton 1816 with a pair of outsized, swan-neck leaf springs at the rear and the body mounted daringly high
Phaeton (carriage)
–
Hooper Spider Phaeton (1860)
132.
Diplomatic corps
–
The diplomatic corps or corps diplomatique is the collective body of foreign diplomats accredited to a particular country or body. The diplomatic corps may, in certain contexts, refer to the collection of accredited heads of mission who represent their countries in another state or country. As a body, they usually only assemble to attend state functions like a coronation, inauguration, national day or State Opening of Parliament, depending on local custom. The term is sometimes confused with the collective body of diplomats from a particular country—the proper term for, diplomatic service. The diplomatic corps is not always given any formal recognition by its host country, but can be referenced by official orders of precedence. Diplomatic vehicles in most countries have diplomatic license plates, often with the abbreviation for the French corps diplomatique. For example, the dean takes precedence over figures such as the deputy prime minister, the chief justice. The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations provided that any country may choose to give a different precedence than other ambassadors. The Apostolic Nuncio to the Philippines still holds this rank due to long-standing custom despite the predominantly Catholic country having formally no official religion. The diplomatic corps may also cooperate including certain dealings with the host government. Marshal of the Diplomatic Corps Consular corps United States' Deans of the Diplomatic Corps: 1893 To Present
Diplomatic corps
–
Diplomatic Corps plaque used on some Embassies and Diplomatic Missions
133.
The Daily Telegraph
–
It was founded by Arthur B. Sleigh in 1855 as The Daily Telegraph and Courier. The paper's motto, "Was, will be", appears in the editorial pages and has featured in every edition of the newspaper since April 19, 1858. The paper had a circulation of 523,048 in March 2014, following industry trends has declined from million in 1980. The Sunday Telegraph, which started in 1961, had a circulation of 418,670 as of March 2014. The Daily Telegraph has the largest circulation for the sixth largest circulation of any UK newspaper as of 2016. There is cross-usage of stories. Articles published in either may be published under the title of The Telegraph. The Daily Telegraph and Courier was founded by Colonel Arthur B. Sleigh in June 1855 to air a personal grievance against the future commander-in-chief of the British Army, Prince George, Duke of Cambridge. The first edition was published on 29 June 1855. The paper was four pages long. Nevertheless, the first edition stressed the independence of its articles and journalists: We shall be guided by a high tone of independent action. However, Sleigh was unable to pay Levy the printing bill. The same principle should apply to all other events -- to fashion, to new methods of conducting business".
The Daily Telegraph
–
The Sunday Telegraph
The Daily Telegraph
–
The Daily Telegraph front page on 29 June 2015
The Daily Telegraph
–
In 1882 The Daily Telegraph moved to new Fleet Street premises, which were pictured in the Illustrated London News.
The Daily Telegraph
–
The Daily Telegraph building in 1974
134.
State Opening of Parliament
–
The State Opening of Parliament is an event which formally marks the beginning of a session of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It includes a speech from the throne known as the Queen's Speech. The State Opening is an elaborate ceremony showcasing British history, culture and contemporary politics to large crowds and television viewers. It takes place in the House of Lords chamber, usually in May or June, in front of both Houses of Parliament. The monarch, wearing the Imperial State Crown, reads a speech, prepared by his or her government outlining its plans for that year. In 1974, when two general elections were held, there were two State Openings. Those two sessions were opened by Lords Commissioners, headed by the Archbishop of Canterbury, empowered by the Queen. The Lord Chancellor read the Queen's Speech on those occasions. Since that year, the cellars have been searched, only, for ceremonial purposes. The peers assemble in the House of Lords wearing their robes. They are joined by senior representatives of the judiciary and members of the diplomatic corps. The Commons assemble in their own chamber, wearing ordinary day dress, begin the day, as any other, with prayers. Before the monarch departs the Treasurer, Comptroller and Vice-Chamberlain of the Queen's Household deliver white staves to her. Before the arrival of the sovereign, the Imperial State Crown is carried to the Palace of Westminster in its own State Coach. From the Victoria Tower, the Crown is passed by the Queen's Bargemaster to the Comptroller of the Lord Chamberlain's office.
State Opening of Parliament
–
Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip descend, saluted by footmen, from the Australian State Coach to be greeted by the Lord Great Chamberlain (The 7th Marquess of Cholmondeley) at the State Opening of Parliament on 18 November 2009
State Opening of Parliament
–
United Kingdom
State Opening of Parliament
–
King Edward VIII surrounded by heralds of the College of Arms on his only State Opening of Parliament, on 3 November 1936
State Opening of Parliament
–
Leading 17th century parliamentarian John Hampden is one of the Five Members annually commemorated
135.
Coronation of the British monarch
–
It corresponds to the coronations that formerly took place in other European monarchies, all of which have abandoned coronations in favour of inauguration or enthronement ceremonies. This interval also gives the planners enough time to complete the elaborate arrangements required. The ceremony is performed by the Archbishop of Canterbury, the most senior cleric in the Church of England, of which the monarch is head. Other clergy and members of the nobility also have roles; most participants in the ceremony are required to wear ceremonial uniforms or robes and coronets. Many other government officials and guests attend, including representatives of other countries. The essential elements of the coronation have remained largely unchanged for the past thousand years. The sovereign is first presented to, acclaimed by, the people. He or she then swears an oath to uphold the law and the Church. Following that, the monarch is crowned, before receiving the homage of her subjects. Wives of kings are then anointed and crowned as queen consort. It drew on ceremonies used by the kings of the Franks and those used in the ordination of bishops. Two versions of coronation services, known as ordines or recensions, survive from before the Norman Conquest. A third recension was probably compiled during the reign of King Henry I and was used at the coronation of King Stephen in 1135. It remained in use until the coronation of Edward II in 1308 when the fourth recension was first used, having been compiled over several preceding decades. One manuscript of this recension is the Liber Regalis at Westminster Abbey which has come to be regarded as the definitive version.
Coronation of the British monarch
–
British coronations are held in Westminster Abbey.
Coronation of the British monarch
–
Portrait of Queen Victoria wearing a Robe of State and the George IV State Diadem
Coronation of the British monarch
–
The robes of HRH The Duke of Clarence, a Royal Duke (later William IV), included a train borne by a page.
Coronation of the British monarch
–
An earl's coronation robes
136.
State funerals in the United Kingdom
–
For funerals paid for by the British state commonly known as "pauper's funerals" or "welfare funerals" see Public health funeral. For funerals under the English Poor Laws see Pauper's funeral. In the United Kingdom, a funeral is usually reserved for a monarch. The such funeral was held in 1952 for King George VI. In addition, exceptionally, a state funeral may be held to honour a highly distinguished figure, with the approval of the monarch and with Parliament's approval. This last happened for Sir Winston Churchill. Other funerals may share many of the characteristics of a funeral without being gazetted as such; for these, the term ` ceremonial funeral' is used. In the 21st century, the funerals of Baroness Thatcher have fallen into this category. They may also feature a lying in state and other associated ceremonies. In the past century the funeral of a monarch has generally followed this pattern: Conveyance of the body to Westminster Hall. Having arrived in London, the coffin is transported on a horse-drawn gun carriage, escorted by military contingents, officials, mourners. On it is placed the Imperial State Crown. Lying in state in Westminster Hall. The coffin is placed on a catafalque in the middle of the hall. Following a brief service, members of the public are file past the coffin to pay their respects.
State funerals in the United Kingdom
–
Funeral of Elizabeth I, 1603. Horse-drawn bier flanked, as in modern times, by Gentlemen-pensioners carrying their axes 'reversed'. The coffin has an effigy of the late Queen on top of it, and is flanked by knights holding banners and a canopy.
State funerals in the United Kingdom
–
The procession during the state funeral of Edward VII
State funerals in the United Kingdom
–
The procession during the ceremonial funeral of Margaret Thatcher
State funerals in the United Kingdom
–
Heralds at the funeral of Elizabeth I in 1603. (At Churchill's funeral in 1965, heralds were similarly employed to carry his heraldic achievements in procession, alongside banners of his arms.)
137.
Pricking the Lites
–
The office was abolished there in 1926. In England and Wales the office's civil enforcement powers are not exercised by convention. The office was termed that of sheriff except in the City of London, which has two Sheriffs of the City of London. The "shrieval counties", are no longer co-terminous with administrative areas, representing a mix between the ancient counties and more recent local authority areas. The post contrasts with that of sheriff in Scotland, a judge sitting in a court. The word "sheriff" is a contraction of the term "shire reeve". The term, from the Old English scīrgerefa, designated a royal official responsible for keeping the peace throughout a county on behalf of the king. The term was preserved notwithstanding the Norman Conquest. The office of sheriff had its origins in the 10th century; the office reached the height of its power under the Norman kings. The Provisions of Oxford established a yearly tenure of office. The duties of the sheriffs in England and Wales were redefined by the Sheriffs Act 1887. On 1 April 1974 the office previously known as sheriff was retitled "high sheriff". The high sheriff submits a list of names of possible future high sheriffs to a tribunal which chooses three names to put to the Sovereign. The nomination is made on 12 November every year and the term of office runs from 25 March, the first day of the year until 1751. No person may be appointed twice in three years, unless there is no suitable person in the county.
Pricking the Lites
–
High Sheriffs customarily wear velvet Court Dress suits on formal occasions
138.
Royal Maundy
–
Royal Maundy /ˈmɔːndi/ is a religious service in the Church of England held on Maundy Thursday, the day before Good Friday. At the service, a royal official ceremonially distributes small silver coins known as "Maundy money" as symbolic alms to elderly recipients. The coins do not circulate because of their silver content and numismatic value. A small sum of ordinary money is also given in lieu of gifts of food that the sovereign once bestowed on Maundy recipients. In the Middle Ages, English monarchs presented gifts and money to the poor. Over time, additional money was substituted for other items that had once been distributed. Beginning in 1699 the monarch did not attend the service, sending an official in his place. The custom of washing the feet did not survive the 18th century. Traditionally, the service was held in most years in the early 20th century at Westminster Abbey. The service is held in a different church every year. Generally, recipients live in the diocese where the service is held, although this was altered for the 2012 services. Maundy money is struck in denominations of one penny, two pence, four pence. The obverse design of the coins features the reigning monarch. In most years there are fewer than 2,000 complete sets of Maundy money; they are highly sought after by collectors. The Maundy derives from the command or mandatum by Christ at the Last Supper, to love one another.
Royal Maundy
–
A Royal Maundy ceremony in 1867
Royal Maundy
–
Jesus Washing Peter's Feet by Ford Madox Brown
Royal Maundy
–
Queen Elizabeth II (centre, in blue) and Prince Philip hold nosegays as they leave Wakefield Cathedral after the 2005 Royal Maundy
Royal Maundy
139.
Buckingham Palace Gardens
–
The Garden at Buckingham Palace is situated at the rear of Buckingham Palace. It was laid out by Henry Wise and subsequently redesigned by William Townsend Aiton for George IV. The garden occupies a 42 acres site in the City of Westminster, London and has two-and-a-half miles of gravel paths. The planting is varied and exotic, with a mulberry tree dating back to the time of James I of England. Notable features include a large 19th-century lake, once recently graced by a flock of flamingoes, the Waterloo Vase. In the garden there is a tennis court. Unlike the nearby Royal Parks of London, Buckingham Palace Garden is not usually open to the public. The garden is where the Queen's garden parties are held. In June 2002 she invited the public into the garden for entertainment for the first time during her reign. This concert was preceded the previous evening by a Prom at the Palace. During the Queen's 80th birthday celebrations in 2006 the garden was the scene of Children's Party at the Palace for an audience of 2,000 children. The great lake is supplied with water by the Serpentine Lake in Hyde Park. According to Palace tourist guides, the garden is maintained with three part-timers. The trees include plane, a swamp cypress. Like the palace, the garden is rich in works of art.
Buckingham Palace Gardens
–
The garden at Buckingham Palace
Buckingham Palace Gardens
–
Decorative vases set atop a balustrade at the west face of Buckingham Palace
Buckingham Palace Gardens
–
The grounds of Buckingham House in 1760, the future site of Buckingham Palace, showing the ornamental canal (see section below) running westward, flanked by trees
Buckingham Palace Gardens
–
A garden party at Buckingham Palace in 1868
140.
St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle
–
St George's Chapel is the place of worship at Windsor Castle in England, United Kingdom. It is both a royal peculiar and the chapel of the Order of the Garter. The chapel is governed by the Dean and Canons of Windsor. The chapel is located in the Lower Ward of the castle, one of the principal residences of Queen Elizabeth II. In 1348, King Edward III founded two new religious colleges: St Stephen's at Westminster and St George's at Windsor. The Martyr. Edward III also built the Aerary Porch in 1353–1354. It was used as the entrance to the new college. Their heraldic banners hang above the upper stalls of the choir where they have a seat for life. 1475 -- 1528 continued by Henry VII and Henry VIII. St George's Chapel was a popular destination for pilgrims during the late medieval period. These relics all appear to have been displayed at the east end of the south choir aisle. The Chapel suffered a great deal of destruction during the English Civil War. Parliamentary forces broke into and plundered the chapel and treasury on 23 October 1642. A programme of repair was undertaken at St George's Chapel following the Restoration of the monarchy.
St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle
–
St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle
St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle
–
St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle, left, 1848.
St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle
–
The Quire of St George's Chapel, by Charles Wild, from W.H. Pyne 's Royal Residences, 1818.
St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle
–
Emblem of the Order of the Garter
141.
Swan Upping
–
Swan upping is an annual ceremony in Britain in which mute swans on the River Thames are rounded up, caught, ringed, then released. By prerogative right, the British Crown enjoys ownership of all unmarked mute swans in open water. Rights over swans may, however, be granted to a subject by the Crown. The ownership of swans in a given body of water was commonly granted to landowners up to the 16th century. The only bodies still to exercise such rights are two Livery Companies of the City of London. Thus the ownership of swans in the Thames is shared equally among the Crown, the Vintners' Company and the Dyers' Company. Swan upping is the traditional means by which the swans on the Thames are apportioned among the three proprietors. Its main practical purposes today are to conduct a census of swans and check their health. It occurs annually during the third week of July. Over five days, uppers row up the river in skiffs. Those caught by the Dyers and Vintners are identified as theirs by means of a further ring on the other leg. On 20 Queen Elizabeth II, as "Seigneur of the Swans," attended the Upping ceremony in her reign. This was the first time that the monarch had personally watched the ceremony in centuries. Royal fish Royal Swans Norman Frederic Ticehurst, The Mute Swan in England: Its History, the Ancient Custom of Swan Keeping.
Swan Upping
–
The Queen's Swan Uppers (right), on the Thames at Abingdon
Swan Upping
–
The skiffs surround the swans so that they can be more easily caught.
Swan Upping
–
"Swan Upping on the Thames", from Henry Robert Robertson's Life on the Upper Thames, (1875)
Swan Upping
–
A Queen's swan upper with a mute swan during 2010 swan upping at Henley-on-Thames
142.
Investiture of the Prince of Wales
–
The Investiture of the Prince of Wales is the ceremony marking the formal creation of the title of Prince of Wales, similar to a coronation. Investiture is not necessary to be created Prince of Wales. The present Prince of Wales, Charles, was also invested there in 1969. The ceremony in 1969 began with Prince Charles, led by the regalia bearers, entering the Chamberlain Tower, to await the arrival of Her Majesty. As they came to the stage Prince Charles knelt on the stage. During the reading of the Letters Patent in Welsh, the Queen invested Charles in that order. They embraced. Charles then took his place in the throne before standing to give two speeches, one in Welsh and one in English. The numerous standards of the Prince of Wales were hung from the balcony. The Letters Patent stated that Charles Phillip Arthur George would receive the title, style, honour and privilege of Chester." During the reading of the letters patent creating the Prince, the Honours of the Principality of Wales are delivered to the Prince. The coronet of the heir-apparent bears four crosses pattée alternating with four fleurs-de-lis, surmounted by a single arch. Also part of the insignia are a ring, a girdle, a robe. He was killed later that year. It was presented to King Edward I of England as a token of the complete annihilation of the independent Welsh state.
Investiture of the Prince of Wales
–
Caernarfon Castle has been the site of two investitures in the 20th century
Investiture of the Prince of Wales
–
Edward I & II
Investiture of the Prince of Wales
–
Llywelyn the Last wearing his coronet
Investiture of the Prince of Wales
–
Caernarfon Castle set up for the investiture of Prince Charles, 30 June 1969
143.
Changing the Queen's Life Guard
–
They are not purely ceremonial, despite tourist perceptions to the contrary. The Queen's Guard are fully operational soldiers. This covers Buckingham Palace, St James's Palace and as well as Windsor Castle. The Queen's Guard is also mounted at the Palace of Holyroodhouse, but not as often as in London. In Edinburgh, the guard is the responsibility of the resident battalion at Redford Barracks. It is not mounted at Sandringham or Balmoral. The Queen's Guard is the name given to the contingent of infantry responsible for guarding Buckingham Palace and St James's Palace in London. Because the Sovereign's official residence is still St James's, the commander is based there, as are the regiment's colours. This reduces with two sentries each when the Sovereign is not in residence. The Queen's Guard is not purely ceremonial in nature. During the latter hours they patrol the grounds of the Palace. Until 1959, the sentries at Buckingham Palace were stationed outside the fence. Despite sympathy, the sentry was confined to barracks for ten days. Not long after, the sentries were moved inside the fence. At any one time, three infantry battalions are posted for public duties; two of these are Guards battalions, while the third is a line unit.
Changing the Queen's Life Guard
–
The mounted guard found by the Household Cavalry is called the Queen's Life Guard
Changing the Queen's Life Guard
–
The dismounted guard found by the infantry is called the Queen's Guard
Changing the Queen's Life Guard
–
Sentry of the Grenadier Guards posted outside St James' Palace
Changing the Queen's Life Guard
–
The RAF Regiment Ensign parades with the Queen's Colour
144.
Trooping the Colour
–
Trooping the Colour is a ceremony performed by regiments of the British and Commonwealth armies. It has been a tradition of British infantry regiments since the 17th century, although the roots go back much earlier. On battlefields, a regiment's colours, or flags, were used as rallying points. Consequently, regiments would have their ensigns slowly march with their colours between the soldiers' ranks to enable soldiers to recognise their regiments' colours. Since 1748 Trooping the Colour has also marked the official birthday of the British sovereign. Among the audience are the Royal Family, invited guests, ticketholders and the general public. The ceremony is broadcast live by the BBC within the UK and is also shown in Germany and Belgium. The Queen travels down The Mall from Buckingham Palace in a royal procession with a sovereign's escort of Household Cavalry. After receiving a royal salute, she inspects her troops of the Household Division, both foot guards and horse guards, the King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery. Each year, one of the foot-guards regiments is selected to troop its colour through the ranks of guards. Then the entire Household Division assembly conducts a march past the Queen, who receives a salute from the saluting base. Parading with its guns, the King's Troop takes precedence as the mounted troops perform a walk-march and trot-past. Returning to Buckingham Palace, the Queen watches a further march-past from outside the gates. A regiment's colours embody its spirit and service, as well as its fallen soldiers. The loss of a colour, or the capture of an enemy colour, were respectively considered the greatest shame, or the greatest glory on a battlefield.
Trooping the Colour
–
Trooping the Colour in 2013
Trooping the Colour
–
Mounted bands of the Household Cavalry at Trooping the Colour 2007. The rider of the piebald (black-and-white) drum horse, working the reins with his feet, crosses drumsticks above his head in salute.
Trooping the Colour
–
The Queen and Duke of Edinburgh at Trooping the Colour, June 2012.
Trooping the Colour
–
Trooping the Colour in 1956