| Amateur
Radio |
Amazon.com |Biology | Books
|
Chemistry | Data
Sheets | Electronics
| Math | Microscope
| NASA-TV
| |
PARAMECIUM
(Everything you need to know about paramecium.)
WHAT IS A
PARAMECIUM?
A paramecium is a small one celled (unicellular) living organism that can move, digest food, and reproduce. They belong to the kingdom of Protista, which is a group (family) of similar living micro-organisms. Micro-organism means they are a very small living cell. You might be able to see one as a tiny moving speck if your eyesight is extremely good but for any detail at all you need a microscope to look at and study them. They are about .02 inches long (.5mm). They are also famous for their predator-prey relationship with Didinium. Paramecium are known for their avoidance behavior. If an encounters a negative stimiulus, it is capable of rotating up to 360 degrees to find an escape route. Didinium are heterotrophic organisms. They only have one type of prey; the much larger cilate Paramecium. When a Didinium finds a Paramecium, it ejects poison darts (trichocysts) and attachment lines. The Didinium then proceeds to engulf its prey. Although Paramecium are larger than they are, Didinium are voracious eaters and will be ready to hunt for another meal after only a few hours.
WHAT DOES A PARAMECIUM LOOK LIKE?
The paramecium is an oval, slipper shaped micro-organism, rounded at the front/top and pointed at the back/bottom. The pellicle, a stiff but elastic membrane that gives the paramecium a definite shape but allows some small changes. Covering the pellicle are many tiny hairs, called cilia. On the side beginning near the front end and continuing half way down is the oral groove. The rear opening is called the anal pore. The contractile vacuole and the radiating canals are also found on the outside of a paramecium. Inside the paramecium is cytoplasm, trichocysts, the gullet, food vacuoles, the macronucleus, and the micronucleus. Study the drawing below.
Pellicle
- a membrane covering that protects the paramecium like skin |
Now look at the still microscope
image below and see if you can pick out the various paramecium parts.
Image
courtesy: BioMEDIA ASSOCIATES
The
paramecium, genus of protozoa
of the phylum Ciliophora, is often called slipper animalcules because of
their slipper-like shape. Paramecia are unicellular organisms usually less
than 0.25 mm (0.01 in) in length and covered with minute hair-like
projections called cilia. Cilia are used in locomotion and during feeding.
When moving through the water, paramecia follow a spiral path while
rotating on the long axis. When a paramecium encounters an obstacle, it
exhibits the so-called avoidance reaction: It backs away at an angle and
starts off in a new direction. Paramecia feed mostly on bacteria, which
are driven into the gullet by the cilia. Two contractile vacuoles regulate
osmotic pressure (see Osmosis)
and also serve as excretory structures. A paramecium has a large nucleus
called a macronucleus, without which it cannot survive, and one or two
small nuclei called micronuclei, without which it cannot reproduce
sexually. Reproduction
is usually asexual by transverse binary fission,
occasionally sexual by conjugation,
and rarely by endomixis, a process involving total nuclear reorganization
of individual organisms. Macronuclear DNA in Paramecium has a
very high gene density. The macronucleus can contain up to 800 copies of each
gene. Paramecia
abound in freshwater ponds throughout the world; one species lives in
marine waters. They are easily cultivated in the laboratory by allowing
vegetable matter to stand in water for a few days. The common species Paramecium
caudatum is widely used in research.
HOW
DOES A PARAMECIUM MOVE?
The paramecium swims by beating the cilia. The paramecium moves by spiraling through the water on an invisible axis. For the paramecium to move backward, the cilia simply beat forward on an angle. If the paramecium runs into a solid object the cilia change direction and beat forward, causing the paramecium to go backward. The paramecium turns slightly and goes forward again. If it runs into the solid object again it will repeat this process until it can get past the object. See: http://nonlocal.com/hbar/paramecium.html
You
Tube Video of moving Paramecium
How
does a paramecium move and process information?
Paramecium
BioMEDIA
Classics - Paramecium behavior
Paramecium
What
is Paramecium?
Sample
Descriptive Lab Report
Paramecium
Lab
MSN
Encarta - Multimedia - Paramecium Anatomy
Ciliophora:
ciliates, move with cilia
BI97Life\BI97Temp\BI97Temp
HOW DOES A PARAMECIUM EAT?
Paramecium feed on microorganisms like bacteria, algae, and yeasts. The paramecium uses its cilia to sweep the food along with some water into the cell mouth after it falls into the oral groove. The food goes through the cell mouth into the gullet. When there is enough food in it so that it has reached a certain size it breaks away and forms a food vacuole. The food vacuole travels through the cell, through the back end first. As it moves along enzymes from the cytoplasm enter the vacuole and digest it. The digested food then goes into the cytoplasm and the vacuole gets smaller and smaller. When the vacuole reaches the anal pore the remaining undigested waste is removed. Paramecium may eject trichocyts when they detect food, in order to better capture their prey. These trichocyts are filled with protiens. Trichocysts can also be used as a method of self-defense. Paramecium are heterotrophs. Their common form of prey is bacteria. A single organism has the ability to eat 5,000 bacteria a day. They are also known to feed on yeasts, algae, and small protozoa. Paramecium capture their prey through phagocytosis.
BioMEDIA
Classics Ð Paramecium feeding
Parameciums
Paramecium
Coloring
Paramecium
and fish fry food as well as food for larvae newts
[PDF] Competition
1. What is competition? 2. Intra-specific competition
Kinetics
of Food Vacuole Formation
euglena
Paramecium
WHAT
SENSES DO PARAMECIUM HAVE?
The
paramecium can not see, taste, touch, or hear. However, It evidently has
some sense of movement because it responds when it bumps into something.
It also can sense certain chemicals, as noted in: Chemosensory
Signal Transduction in Paramecium
HOW DO PARAMECIUM REPRODUCE?
Paramecium are capable of both sexual and asexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction is the most common, and this is accomplished by the organism dividing transversely. The macronucleus elongates and splits. Under ideal conditions, Paramecium can reproduce asexually two or three times a day. Normally, Paramecium only reproduce sexually under stressful conditions. This occurs via gamete agglutination and fusion. Two Paramecium join together and their respective micronuclei undergo meiosis. Three of the resulting nuceli disintegrate, the fourth undergoes mitosis. Daughter nuclei fuse and the cells separate. The old macronucleus disintegrates and a new one is formed. This process is usually followed by asexual reproduction.
WHERE DO PARAMECIUM LIVE?
Paramecium live in aquatic environments, usually in stagnant, warm water. The species Paramecium bursaria forms symbiotic relationships with green algae. The algae live in its cytoplasm. Algal photosynthesis provides a food source for Paramecium. Some species form relationships with bacteria. For example, Paramecium caudatum hosts Holospora obtusa in its macronucleus. This bacteria is specific to the macronucleus of Paramecium caudatum; they cannot grow outside of this organism. This species acquires heat-shock resistance when infected with Holospora obtusa, which contributes to ciliary motion. Paramecium are also well known as prey for Didinium.
Paramecia play a role in the carbon cycle because the bacteria they eat are often found on decaying plants. Paramecium will eat the decaying plant matter in addition to the bacteria, further aiding decomposition.
Paramecia can be used as model organisms in research. Currently, they are being used a great deal in genetics research. For example, recent research involves inactivating Paramecium genes for studying functional analysis by homology-dependent gene silencing. They can also be used to study membrane excitability and the duplication of basal bodies.
CAN PARAMECIUM COMMUNICATE?
Read about this experimentation of the ability of a paramecium caudatum communicating through glass. Daniel Fels documents the interactions among different populations of a single-celled ciliate, Paramecium caudatum, seperated by glass. Because the glass barriers effectively prohibit the transfer of chemical signals, Fels infers that these simple organisms are using a form of weak electromagnetic radiation, so-called biophotons, to communicate.
http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0005086
WHAT ARE SOME PARAMECIUM RELATIONSHIPS IN NATURE:
|
|||
Bacteria |
|
||
|
|||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
Didinium |
WHAT IS THE DETAILED PARAMECIUM TAXONOMY?
The super kingdoms
are: 1. Prokaryotae and 2.
Eukaryotae.)
The kingdoms are: 1.
Plants 2.
Fungi
3. Animals
4. Protoctista
5. Bacteria (See
*NOTE:
below)
The next level of
the family tree under each of these kingdoms is called "Phyla".
The plural of phylum
is phyla. The animal (animalia) kingdom for example is divided into
approximately 38 smaller phyla branches of the tree. The next levels down
the tree are "Class",
Subclass",
"Order",
"Suborder",
"Family",
"Genus",
and "Species".
Lets see how this would look for the "Paramecium" which is a common pond microscopic animal.
(ITIS)
Super
Kingdom Eukaryotae
Kingdom
Animalia (Protista - Protozoa - * see *NOTE:
below)
Phylum
Ciliophora
Class
Ciliatea
Subclass
Rhabdophorina
Order
Hymenostomatida
Suborder Peniculina
Family
Parameciidae
Genus Paramecium
Species
aurelia, bursaria, caudatum ..............
- Paramecium aurelia (Complete gnome)
- Paramecium biaurelia
- Paramecium bursaria
- Paramecium calkinsi
- Paramecium caudatum
- Paramecium decaurelia
- Paramecium dodecaurelia
- Paramecium duboscqui
- Paramecium jenningsi
- Paramecium multimicronucleatum
- Paramecium nephridiatum
- Paramecium novaurelia
- Paramecium octaurelia
- Paramecium pentaurelia
- Paramecium polycarum
- Paramecium polycaryum
- Paramecium primaurelia
- Paramecium putrinum Large page on this particular paramecium.
- Paramecium quadecaurelia
- Paramecium schewiakoffi
- Paramecium septaurelia
- Paramecium sexaurelia
- Paramecium sonneborni
- Paramecium tetraurelia (Complete gnome)
- Paramecium tredecaurelia
- Paramecium triaurelia
- Paramecium undecaurelia
- Paramecium woodruffi
- Paramecium sp.
- Paramecium sp. 'FL 12w'
- Paramecium sp. 'FL 49g'
- Paramecium sp. 'FL 51'
- Paramecium sp. 'FL 58'
- Paramecium sp. 'FL 67'
- Paramecium sp. 'ME 71'
- Paramecium sp. 'UK 03'
- Paramecium sp. BR3
*NOTE: The reference for this information is from Volume 1 of "Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms" by Sybil P. Parker, ©1982, McGraw Hill. The following is extracted from that publication.
"The classification used in these volumes recognized four kingdoms (Virus, Monera, Plantae, and Animalia) arranged in two superkingdoms - the Prokaryotae and the Eukaryotae. Almost all workers agree that these two superkingdoms reflect a basic difference in organization of living organisms. Decision on this arrangement is based on a compromise between the most useful groups and the highest degree of monophyly of these taxa. The kingdoms recognized herein and some of the subkingdoms are still minimally mono phyletic. Many workers will disagree with certain aspects of this classification, especially not recognizing the Protista. Although this four-kingdom system advocated herein has the greatest advantage, the differences between it and some other systems, such as a five kingdom system recognizing Protistia, are not significant."
There are many species of the Genus Paramecium. Three of them are Paramecium aurelia, Paramecium bursaria, and the Paramecium caudatum. Notice that the first part of the name (Genus) is capitalized and the second (Species) name is not. That is the standard way to write the names. These names are similar to your name - they specify you in particular. You wouldn't be expected to know the names of every person in your country so don't expect to memorize all the various species as there are millions of them. Just concentrate on a few like you do your family and friends names. If you want to search a taxonomy data base try this list of taxonomy databases: Full: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=taxonomy Fish: www.fishbase.net
FIND OUT ABOUT PARAMECIUM GENE RESEARCH
http://www.wikigenes.org/e/mesh/e/6219.html
- James Berger - cell cycle regulation
- Jean Cohen - Regulated secretion, gene silencing
- James Forney - DNA rearrangement, IES
- Dean Fraga - Regulation of ion channels
- Todd Hennessey - Chemorepellants, signal transduction
- Robert Hinrichson - Exocytosis, cell behavior
- Ching Kung - Electrophysiology, pawn mutants
- Eric Meyer - Genomic rearrangement, nuclear development
- Ronald Pearlman - pre-mRNA introns
- Helmut Plattner - Regulated secretion/Calcium flux
- Robin Preston - Magnesium ions & excitable membranes
- Linda Sperling - Regulated secretion, genomics
- Judith Van Houten - Chemosensation, signal transduction
LEARN
ABOUT PARAMECIUM WITH THESE TUTORIALS
invertebrates
Cells
and Microscopy
Protista
Tutorials
Dense-core
secretory vesicle docking and exocytotic membrane
Biology
104 - 7A Paramecium Osmoregulation
Microscopes
International
Paramecium Genomics Meeting
P2b
-Tutorial 3
B332
Lab - Ciliates II
PARAMECIUM
AURELIA
[PDF] Distribution
of Species of the Paramecium aurelia Complex in Israel
[PDF] Data
on the occurrence of species of the Paramecium aurelia
Paramecium
OF Muller, 1773 , , , Synonym; Paramaecium OF Muller
Prof.
Dr Ewa Przyboś - Distribution of the Paramecium aurelia
Paramecium
- Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
paramecium:
Definition and Much More From Answers.com
Kappa
and other endosymbionts in Paramecium aurelia.
CORTICAL
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF PARAMECIUM AURELIA: Studies on Isolated
Ciliate
(Paramecium aurelia) Chemical Toxicity Studies[DOC] PRZYBOŚ
E
Studies
on The Limitation of a Natural Population of Paramecium
Sonneborn
Mss. Writings
Coexistence
in Laboratory Populations of Paramecium Aurelia and
[PDF] Protistology
Finding of Paramecium dodecaurelia in Europe
Sonneborn
Mss. Printed Materials
Soldo,
AT, GA Godoy, and WJ Van Wagtendonk; 1966. Growth of
Paramecium
- Biocrawler
Paramecium
[PDF] FOR
TEACHERS ONLY LE
Kappa
and other endosymbionts in Paramecium aurelia
Paramecium
PARAMECIUM
BURSARIA
BioMEDIA
Classics Ð Paramecium feeding
Protist
Images: Paramecium bursaria
Untitled
Document
Paramecium
bursaria
51.0.1.1.
1-Paramecium bursaria Chlorella NC64A virus group
Bursaria
This
image of two Paramecium bursaria displays the symbiotic
Phycodnaviridae
Microscope
- information about microbes
Paramecium
Bursaria Size
Paramecium
- Droplet Photo Gallery
Paramecium
bursaria conjugation
DanforthCenter.org
[PDF] Complete
Elimination of Endosymbiotic Algae from Paramecium
Protist
Images: Paramecium bursaria
Ciliate
(Paramecium bursaria) Chemical Toxicity Studies
Protist
Images: Paramecium bursaria
Microscope
- information about microbes
Chimera
Image Gallery
Viruses
of Symbiotic Chlorella-Like Algae Isolated from Paramecium
[PDF] A
natural strain of Paramecium bursaria lacking symbiotic algae
Protist
Images: Paramecium bursaria
Paramecium
OF Muller, 1773 , , , Synonym; Paramaecium OF Muller
SCOP:
Protein: PBCV-1 virus capsid, quasi-atomic model from
[PDF] Toxicity
and Bioaccumulation of Hexavalent Chromium in Green
[PDF] A
bacteria-free monoxenic culture of Paramecium bursaria : its growth
Photosensitive
Signal Transduction to Induce Membrane
PARAMECIUM
CALKINSKI
Extraction
of a Mating Reaction Inhibiting Agent from Paramecium
[PDF] <Emphasis
Type="Italic">Paramecium calkinsi </Emphasis> and ...
Osmotic
Tolerance of Ca-Dependent Excitability in the Marine
Marine
ciliate (Paramecium calkinsi) Chemical Toxicity Studies
JSTOR:
Extraction of a Mating Reaction Inhibiting Agent from
[Effect
of actinomycin D on salinity acclimation of Paramecium
[PDF] OSMOTIC
TOLERANCE OF Ca-DEPENDENT EXCITABILITY IN THE MARINE
JSTOR:
The Life Cycle of Paramecium when Subjected to a Varied
[PDF] Paramecium
caudafum
[PDF] FACTORS
DETERMINING CONJUGATION PARAMECIUM AURELIA 11. GENETIC
[PDF] INFECTION
OF MACRONUCLEAR ANLAGEN OF PARAMECIUM CAUDATUM WITH THE
A
study of the time course of recovery of Paramecium aurelia from
Woodruff
LL, Moore EL Proc Natl Acad Sci US A. 1924 May; 10(5):183
PARAMECIUM CAUDATUM
Paramecium
Paramecium
MEDLINE
Database, 1987 to date Document Reader
[PDF] Role
of Germ Nuclei in Conjugation of Paramecium caudatum
WARD'S
Natural Science: Paramecium Caudatum Cultures
Paramecium
Paramecium
caudatum
Ciliates
Ciliate
(Paramecium caudatum) Chemical Toxicity Studies
Live
Paramecium 1
Protist
Images: Paramecium caudatum
Paramecium
by phase contrast
Age-associated
change in macronuclear DNA content in Paramecium
PARAMECIUM DUBOSCQUI
paramecium
of muller 1773 synonym paramaecium of muller
Protist
Images: Paramecium
Ciliophora
[PDF] PUBLICATIONS
Articles (first author) • STOECK T, EPSTEIN S ...
BIOONE
Online Journals - Phylogenetic Relationships of the ...
Paramecium
- Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Paramecium
duboscqui
[PDF] The
Genus Caedibacter Comprises Endosymbionts of Paramecium spp
[PDF] Nuclear
Reorganization Variety in Paramecium (Ciliophora ...
Blackwell
Synergy: J Eukaryotic Microbiology, Vol 47, Issue 4, pp
[PDF] Czech
Section Society of Protozoo1ogists 29th Annua1 Meeting May
Fok,
A., and RD Allen; 1979. Axenic Paramecium caudatum. 1: Mass
[PDF] 475-480
Fokin - 940c
Protist:
Paramecium duboscqui - [ Translate
this page ]
[PDF] Czech
Section Society of Protozoo1ogists 29th Annua1 Meeting May
Isolation
of Virulence Genes Directing Surface Glycosyl
HistCite
- main: Russell, DG
adeno-associated
virus 2 aav2 antarctic bacterium ds2-3r abies ...
GeneProductClass
- [ Translate
this page ]
FlyBase
GadFly Genome Annotation Database
[PDF] Mitochondrial
Gene Arrangement Source Guide
[PDF] South
Scandinavian Marine Protoctista South Scandinavian Marine ...
!Kung
"cotton-roll" gingivitides "cotton-roll" gingivitis
"locked ...
Organism
#articles 'Chlorella' ellipsoidea 8 'Chlorella' fusca 1 ...
PARAMECIUM JENNINGSI
[PDF] Sibling
Species Within Paramecium jenningsi Revealed by RAPD
Random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprinting as a marker for
[DOC] PRZYBOŚ
E
[PDF] PARAMECIUM
TETRAURELIA JENNINGS ECKERT FRIEDMAN We P. KUNG al.
Sex
Reaction Types and Their Interrelations in Paramecium bursaria ...
www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/24/3/112 |
Guide
to APS Genetics Collections
[PDF] ON
THE REACTIONS OF ISOLATED PARTS OF PARAMECIUM CAUDATUM
THE
GENIC CONTROL OF MATING TYPES IN PARAMECIUM BURSARIA*
[PDF] A
TEMPORAL SEQUENCE FOR GENIG EXPRESSION: CELL DIFFERENTIATION IN
Swimbase
PARAMECIUM MULTIMICRONUCLEATUM
Protist
Images: Paramecium multimicronucleatum
How
does the contractile vacuole of Paramecium multimicronucleatum
Nikon
Small World - Gallery
Dennis
Kunkel Microscopy, Inc Scientific Stock Photography
THE
FINE STRUCTURE OF CORTICAL COMPONENTS OF PARAMECIUM
Mutation
in the Protozoan Paramecium multimicronucleatum as a
Paramecium
Paramecium
- MicrobeWiki
Protist
Images: Paramecium multimicronucleatum
How
does the contractile vacuole of Paramecium multimicronucleatum
THE
FINE STRUCTURE OF CORTICAL COMPONENTS OF PARAMECIUM
Paramecium
Nikon
Small World - Gallery
Dennis
Kunkel Microscopy, Inc Scientific Stock Photography
Recovery
of the ciliate Paramecium multimicronucleatum following
PARAMECIUM POLYCARYUM
CYTOLOGICAL AND CYTOGENETICAL STUDIES ON PARAMECIUM POLYCARYUM. V
Paramecium
OF Muller, 1773 , , , Synonym; Paramaecium OF Muller
Acta
Protozool
Protist
Images: Paramecium
JSTOR:
Ciliary Arrangement in Different Species of Paramecium
Ciliophora
BIOONE
Online Journals - Phylogenetic Relationships of the
Paramecium
polycaryum
Department
of Invertebrate Zoology. St.Petersburg State University
[PDF] Eukaryotic
(ie protistan) Systemaics & Genomics
Eukaryotes
Journal
of The Lepidopterists' Society (JLS): 1964-18(2)119
A'Hearn
AHearn ASCII ASP Aaltje Aarhus Aaronson Aaryn Aase
[PDF] Untitled
Annual
Report 2005
GeneProductClass
PARAMECIUM PUTRINUM
Paramecium
Entities
paramecium
of muller 1773 synonym paramaecium of muller
Ciliate
(Paramecium putrinum) Chemical Toxicity Studies
[Processes
of conjugation in Paramecium putrinum Clap. and Lachm
JSTOR:
Enzyme Patterns in Paramecium putrinum Claparede and Lachmann
Paramecium
- MicrobeWiki
ExpertRating
- Paramecium Quiz, Paramecium Facts Quiz
Paramecium
- Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
ON
THE TOXIC ACTION OF OPIUM ALKALOIDS INDIVIDUALLY AND IN
Blackwell
Synergy: J Eukaryotic Microbiology, Vol 49, Issue 4, pp
JSTOR:
Cytoskeletal Components of Frontonia depressa (Ciliophora
BIOONE
Online Journals - Phylogenetic Relationships of the
[PDF] THE
INFLUENCE OF THYROID EXTRACTS AND THYROXIN ON THE RATE OF
Microscope
- information about microbes
Paramecium
putrinum
Figure
1
Resources
Paramecium
putrinum - Relationships - The Taxonomicon
The
Bay Paul Center Portal
The
Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
[Effect
of local UV irradiation of the generative nucleus on the
Paramecium
putrinum - Hierarchy - The Taxonomicon
[PDF] <Emphasis
Type="Italic">Paramecium calkinsi </Emphasis> and ... -
2:54am
[PDF] Ciliated
protozoa of a geothermal sulphur spring
Accumulation
of selenium in a model freshwater microbial food web
[Conjugation
processes in Paramecium putrinum Clap. et Lachm. VI
Ciliophora
[PDF] Nuclear
Reorganization Variety in Paramecium (Ciliophora
Reference
(Ref ID : 4900-4999)
PARAMECIUM TRICKUM
An
abbreviated conjugation process in Paramecium trichium.
[PDF] The
structure and division of paramecium trichium stokes
Paramecium
OF Muller, 1773 , , , Synonym; Paramaecium OF Muller
Regional
differentiation of cortical structures and their
JSTOR:
Eight Well-Defined Species of Paramecium (Protozoa, Ciliata)
[PDF] The
structure of Ciliated Protozoa communities in biological
[PDF] Seasonality
of planktonic ciliated protozoa in 20 subtropical
JSTOR:
Ciliary Arrangement in Different Species of Paramecium
Protist
Images: Paramecium
[Cytophotometric
interpretation of micronuclear phenomena during
Paramecium
Science/AAAS
| Table of Contents: 8 June 1934; 79 (2058)
Paramecium
- Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Microscopes
[PDF] JHS
49(6)429-435
J.Health
Sci., 49(6), 429-435, 2003 Use of Paramecium Species in
[PDF] Development
of surface pattern during division in Paramecium
The
Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 45/4
JCB
-- Table of Contents (36 [3])
[PDF] Unusual
distribution of mitochondrial large subunit rRNA in the
[PDF] Inhibition
of early events of sexual processes in Paramecium by
Proceedings
of the Oklahoma Academy of Science
Biology
and physiology of the lower Trypanosomatidae.
ชื่อเรื่องวิจัย
IWFmedienkatalog
PARAMECIUM: SCHOLARS WEB SITES
Note: Some of the full text information is free and some requires a fee from the publisher, but there is a lot of free abstract information as well.
Calcium entry leads to inactivation of calcium channel in Paramecium - all 3 versions »
Reactivated Triton-Extracted Models of Paramecium: Modification of Ciliary Movement by Calcium Ions - all 3 versions »
… in planar lipid bilayers of a voltage-dependent anion-selective channel obtained from paramecium … - all 2 versions »
… the 22S Dynein Arm Regulates Microtubule Translocation Velocity and Swimming Speed in Paramecium - all 5 versions »
Localization of calcium channels in Paramecium caudatum - all 2 versions »
Coexistence in Laboratory Populations of Paramecium Aurelia and Its Predator Didinium Nasutum - all 2 versions »
Does Paramecium primaurelia use a different genetic code in its macronucleus? - all 5 versions »
Homology-dependent Gene Silencing in Paramecium - all 4 versions »
… to regulated exocytosis using functional complementation in Paramecium: identification of the ND7 … - all 5 versions »
Ionic conductances of membranes in ciliated and deciliated Paramecium - all 2 versions »
Deviation from the universal code shown by the gene for surface protein 51A in Paramecium - all 5 versions »
Synchronous exocytosis in Paramecium cells. IV. Polyamino compounds as potent trigger agents for …
Mendelian and non-mendelian mutations affecting surface antigen expression in Paramecium tetraurelia … - all 4 versions »
Mutations affecting the trichocysts in Paramecium aurelia. I. Morphology and description of the …
IONIC MECHANISMS OF EXCITATION IN PARAMECIUM, 9137 - all 3 versions »
Calcium-mediated inactivation of calcium current in Paramecium.
Cortical Alveoli of Paramecium: A Vast Submembranous Calcium Storage Compartment - all 3 versions »
… Activities by Adenosinetriphosphate and Divalent Cations in Triton-Extracted Models of Paramecium … - all 2 versions »
Occurrence of Fragmented 16S rRNA in an Obligate Bacterial Endosymbiont of Paramecium caudatum - all 6 versions »
Genetic Analysis of Membrane Differentiation in Paramecium. Freeze-Fracture Study of the Trichocyst … - all 2 versions »
In vitro phosphorylation of Paramecium axonemes and permeabilized cells - all 3 versions »
Extremely short 20–33 nucleotide introns are the standard length in Paramecium tetraurelia - all 6 versions »
Ligand binding in the ferric and ferrous states of Paramecium hemoglobin - all 2 versions »
DETERMINATION AND INHERITANCE OF MATING TYPE IN PARAMECIUM CAUDATUM - all 2 versions »
… of C2 Domain-containing, Calciumdependent, Phospholipid-binding Proteins Conserved from Paramecium … - all 3 versions »
Kappa and other endosymbionts in Paramecium aurelia. - all 4 versions »
Consensus inverted terminal repeat sequence of Paramecium IESs: resemblance to termini of Tc1- … - all 4 versions »
Separation of membrane currents using a Paramecium mutant - all 3 versions »
Genetic dissection of behavior in paramecium. - all 2 versions »
FINE STRUCTURE OF MEMBRANOUS AND MICROFIBRILLAR SYSTEMS IN THE CORTEX OF PARAMECIUM CAUDATUM - all 3 versions »
The pair of central tubules rotates during ciliary beat in Paramecium - all 3 versions »
Incorporation of Paramecium axonemal Tubulin into Higher Plant Cells Reveals Functional Sites of … - all 7 versions »
… is neither strictly associated with nor necessary for exocytotic membrane fusion in Paramecium … - all 2 versions »
Cryptomonas
paramaecium - Elongate ovate cell, broader anteriorly than
posteriorly, slightly concave, measuring 14-28 µm long. With two
flagella equal in length and slightly shorter than cell length inserting
subapically near the opening of a pocket that extends almost to half the
length of the cell and is lined by refractile ejectisomes. Viewed
laterally, dorsal anterior portion of cell is more prominent, and is the
site of the contractile vacuole. Several refractile crystals may also be
present in the cell. Body frequently with many starch grains. Usually
observed resting with flagella against the substrate or actively
swimming. Cell occasionally jumps backwards. This species has usually be
referred to as Chilomonas paramecium, with Chilomonas being one of two
heterotrophic genera of cryptomonads (the other being Goniomonas) |
Paramecium
- Peniculine ciliates. Buccal opening located at the base of a groove of
channel that starts at the front of the cell. There are no specialised
cilia in the groove, but there are 4 peniculi within the mouth. The body
is evenly ciliated except at the posterior end where there is a tuft of
longer cilia. Bodies are cylindrical or more truncated (foot-shaped).
Body surface underlain with extrusomes (trichocysts). With a single
large central macronucleus and one or more micronuclei. With two
contractile vacuoles, in most species the contractile vacuoles have
radiating collecting canals. One or two species have symbiotic green
algae. Eat bacteria. Common and widespread in freshwater habitats.
Traditional species distinguished by body shape and configuration of the
nuclei � especially the micronuclei which may be single and large
or small, vesiculate and more numerous. The paramecium aurelia-group has
been subdivided into such distinct genetic species by Sonneborn in 1975;
other species groups are likely to be subdivided in the future. |
Paramecium
bursaria - The green paramecium |
Chilomonas
paramecium - Chilomonas paramecium Ehrenberg, 1831. Colourless
cryptomonads, with stiff elongate-ovate body, 19 to 30 microns long. Two
subequal flagella, shorter than the length of the body, insert in an
anterior pocket which is surrounded by rows of extrusomes. Small
extrusomes are also visible under the cell membrane. The nucleus is
located posteriorly to the pocket. A contractile vacuole is located
anteriorly and empties into the pocket. Cells contain refractile storage
products and often two refractile Maupas bodies. Cells rotate while
swimming, and can also swim backwards. |
Cryptomonas
paramecium - This species used to be called Chilomonas paramecium.
It is one of a small number of heterotrophic cryptomonads. Two flagella
arise fron the anterior depression, at the base of which lies the
contractile vacuole and a channel lined with ejectisomes. Body contains
polysaccharise storage material and a refractile inorganic crystalline
material. |
Didinium
- Portrait of Didinium nasutum, a barrel-shape haptorid ciliate with a
conical anterior snout containing prominent extrusomes. Two ciliary
girdles. Oral aperture forms anteriorly at the apex of the snout. Two
ciliary girdles, one circumoral and the other equatorial . Posterior
contractile vacuole. Macronucleus C-shaped or oblong. Fast swimmer.
Fixes prey (often paramecium or Frontonia) with nontoxic extrusomes
called pexicysts and kills them with toxicysts before engulfing them
whole through enormously extensible oral aperture.Didinium may be
confused with early dividing individuals of Monodinium. From freshwater
pond with abundant Frontonia near Boise, Idaho. |
Frontonia
- Frontonia (front-own-ee-a) is a peniculine ciliate and as such is
closely related to the familiar paramecium. It has many crystalline
inclusions called trichocysts (a special form of extrusome). When
stressed the crystalline structure of these changes, and they are
expelled in large numbers and forceably from the cell. This action can
force the cell away from the noxious stimulus. The expelled, the
trichocysts look like little spears attached to the slide or to the
substrate. |
Heliophrya
- Heliophrya (heal-ee-owe-fry-a) is a stalkless suctorian, the body is a
flattened disc to square shape, adpressed to the substrate, with
contractile arms emerging in a number (usually 4) bundles. As can be
seen here, food is caught on the ends of the arms, the arms act as
mouths and the cytoplasm of the living prey (the prey is paramecium and
the contractile vacuoles are still active) is sucked down the arms and
into the suctorian. |
Holospora
undulata - A mass of bacterial endosymbiont Holospora undulata (ex
Hafkine, 1890) Gromov and Ossipov, 1981occupying the micronucleus of
paramecium caudatum (Ehrenberg,1833).DIC. \
|
Homalozoon
vermiculare - This guy lives in the High Sierras in California. He
eats paramecium for a living. |
Paramecium
aurelia - paramecium (aurelia) (par-a-mee-see-um) is a very familiar
genus of ciliates. They eat bacteria and have the mouth recessed in a
buccal cavity, and the cell is often shaped with a scoop leading to the
mouth. There are cilia all over the body with a caudal tuft of longer
cilia at the back of the body. Usually with a layer of extrusomes (trichocysts)
under the cell surface and a large oval macronucleus. Contractile
vacuoles star-shaped. This species is P. aurelia, one of the smaller
spindle-shaped (morpho)species. The (morpho) species is best
distinguished by the presence of two small micronuclei pressed up
against the macronucleus. Phase contrast. |
Paramecium
bursaria - paramecium (bursaria) (par-a-mee-see-um) is a very
familiar genus of ciliates. They eat bacteria and have the mouth
recessed in a buccal cavity, and the cell is often shaped with a scoop
leading to the mouth. There are cilia all over the body with a caudal
tuft of longer cilia at the back of the body. Usually with a layer of
extrusomes (trichocysts) under the cell surface and a large oval
macronucleus. Contractile vacuoles star-shaped. This species is P.
bursaria, a species with symbiotic green algae living inside. P |
Paramecium
caudatum - paramecium (caudatum) (par-a-mee-see-um) is a very
familiar genus of ciliates. They eat bacteria and have the mouth
recessed in a buccal cavity, and the cell is often shaped with a scoop
leading to the mouth. There are cilia all over the body with a caudal
tuft of longer cilia at the back of the body. Usually with a layer of
extrusomes (trichocysts) under the cell surface and a large oval
macronucleus. Contractile vacuoles star-shaped. This species is P.
caudatum, and was photographed with the cell pushing itself into some
debris. This is the normal feeding behaviour of this genus. Phase
contrast. |
Paramecium
jenningsi - paramecium fed with dead bacteria stained red and with
some indian ink added, such that food vacuoles form that are red and
black in colour. These are normal sized food vacuoles (compare with the
paramecia that have been fed with yeast cells). The mouth cilia form the
dark band located near the middle of the cell. The macronucleus is
anterior, a contractile vacuole with radiating collecting canals and
expanded ampullae is evident in the back of the cell. The posterior end
of the cell has a tuft of caudal cilia that are longer than the cilia
over the rest of the body. |
Paramecium
multimicronucleatum - Dictyosome (Golgi apparatus) showing that
ribosomes are attached to the cytosolic side of the transition zone of
the ER. COP-II coats presumably allow the ER membrane to accumulate
protein cargo and to evaginate (arrowheads) into a pit which will pinch
off into transition vesicles. These then fuse with the Golgi stack which
in paramecia consists of only two or three cisternae. Glycosylation of
the proteins may occur in the cisternae which may target the proteins to
lysosomes, to the plasma membrane, or to the endosomal system.
paramecium does not have sialic acid as the terminal sugar of its
complex carbohydrate as part of its glycosylated proteins and lipids.
Bar = 0.1 microns. This
image is available in Richard Allen's collection. |
PARAMECIUM LINKS
General:http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/articles/param1.htmlA
Paramecium,
the lowly fellers
http://www.broward.edu/~ssimpson/JMDelvecchio-Paramecium.htm
Paramecium Purtrinum
http://www.bio.umass.edu/biology/conn.river/parameci.html
Paramecium 1
Paramecium
2
The Bug Farm - Live Culture Supplies http://www.livefoodcultures.com/paramecium.html
A Parameciums' Defense Mechanism http://www.expasy.ch/spotlight/articles/sptlt003.html
Studies on Paramecium http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~bioslabs/studies/invertebrates/paramecium.html
Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus
Paramecium Protist Images!!
Osmoregulation in Paramecium
Paramecium Reference List
MICSCAPE - Article on Pond Life: Paramecium
Paramecium
Paramecium
Paramecium
BioMEDIA
Classics - Paramecium introduction
Paramecium
Paramecium
- Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Paramecium
paramecium
-
Structure
of a paramecium
Paramecium
Model
Paramecium
tetraurelia
Molecular
Expressions Digital Video Gallery: Pond Life ...
Paramecium
Illustration - protist picture by Russell Kightley Media
Paramecium
Genomics
Protist
Images: Paramecium caudatum
Nikon
MicroscopyU Movie Gallery: Paramecium (Protozoan)
Sofie's
Web Page
Paramecium
Lab
Paramecium
- MicrobeWiki
Paramecium
paramecium
www.itis.usda.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?sear...
Paramecium
caudatum
Paramecium
BioMEDIA
Classics - Paramecium feeding
paramecium.
The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
Paramecium
bursaria - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
ParameciumDB
Pre-release
Paramecium
- Droplet Photo Gallery - 3:09am
Protist
Images: Paramecium
Paramecia
are found in ponds and other quiet waters among the muck
Protist
Images: Paramecium aurelia complex: octaurelia
Molecular
Expressions Digital Video Gallery: Pond Life
Blackstump
Metal Night 2006
Paramecium
Genome Browser
www.expasy.org/cgi-bin/get-entries?OC=Paramecium
What
is Paramecium?
paramecium
- Britannica Concise
CodeTree:
Paramecium by bioscribe
Entities
Paramecium
Coloring
How
does a paramecium move and process information?
Paramecium
- Biocrawler
Paramecium
on Flickr - Photo Sharing!
Paramecium
by phase contrast
Paramecium
Bursaria Size
Paramecium
bursaria
Paramecium
caudatum
paramecium:
Definition and Much More From Answers.com
Paramecium
Nikon
MicroscopyU: Phase Contrast Image Gallery - Paramecium
Details:
Paramecium Homeostasis Gizmo | ExploreLearning
Rox
Populi: The Conjugation of the Paramecium
Paramecium
- MSN Encarta
Molecular
Expressions Digital Video Gallery: Pond Life
The
Exploring Science Site
IMMEX
Paramecium
Aurelia
Paramecium
Osmoregulation
in Paramecium.
51.0.1.1.
1-Paramecium bursaria Chlorella NC64A virus group
Microscope
- information about microbes
Halfbakery:
Paramecium Farm
Paramecium
and fish fry food as well as food for larvae newts|
PhysOrgForum
Science, Physics and Technology Discussion ForumsThe
Paramecium Complex - AGS Games Database
Paramecium
OF Muller, 1773 , , , Synonym; Paramaecium OF Muller
International
Paramecium Genomics Meeting
Ciliate
(Paramecium caudatum) Chemical Toxicity Studies
Paramecium
- Video - Motion.TV
Ciliate
Image Database
www.kidsbiology.com/animals-for-children.php?anima...
Blesok34,
sound reviews - Vasja Ivanovski: Paramecium
PARAMECIUM PHOTOS - IMAGES
P.
aurelia Ehrenberg,
1838 (Cigar Shaped)
P.
bursaria (Ehrenberg) Focker, 1836
(Foot Shaped)
P. calkinsi
Woodruff, 1921
P.
caudatum
1. 2.
3.
4.
Ehrenberg, 1838
P.
duboscqui Chatton and Brachon, 1933
P.
jenningsi Diller & Earl, 1958
P.
multi-micronucleatum Powers & Mitchell,
1910
P.
polycaryum Woodruff, 1923
P. primaurelia
P. putrinum Claparede & Lachmann, 1858
P.
trichium
Stokes, 1885
P.
tetraurelia
PARAMECIUM VIDEO - MOVIES
|
|||||||
|
|||||||
|
|||||||
|
|||||||
|
|||||||
|
|||||||
|
|||||||
|
|||||||
|
|||||||
|
PROTISTA TAXONOMY
Superkingdom |
|
--- |
|
--- |
|
Class |
|
Order |
|
Genus |
ALSO SEE OUR FULL TAXONOMY PAGE.
EUGLENA LINKS
euglena
The
Euglenoid Project: Euglena, Euglenida, Euglenophyta ...
Euglenophyta,
Euglena
Protist
Images: Euglena
Euglena's
Home Page.
euglena
Euglena
- Wikipedia
ITIS
Standard Report Page: Euglena
Nikon
MicroscopyU Movie Gallery: Euglena rostrifera (Protozoan)
DAPHINIA LINKS
BM
Gallery - Biology Classics: Daphnia
Environmental
Inquiry - Bioassays Using Daphnia
New York
Web Design - Daphnia
D.Ebert
- Daphnia parasites
Background
Cladoceran
Web Site: Cladoceran Taxonomy: Daphnia
Daphnia
Genomics Consortium - Welcome
Daphnia
1
Daphnia
2
Daphnia
3
PROTOZOA Some Common Freshwater Types
Algae
www.bgsu.edu/departments/biology/algae/index.html
Slime
molds www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/protista/slimemolds.html
Protist
genera megasun.bch.umontreal.ca/protists/protists.html
Resources on
Protists 130.158.208.53/WWW/Protist_menuE.html
Red algae www.alphazee.com/a/algae/algae.html
Algae and Seaweed sseaweed.ucg.ie/seaweed.html
Fungi, algae and lichens www.nrm.se/kbo/
Cells Alive
Protist
Image Data
Amoeba
pictures
Paramecium
caudatum pictures
Euglena
pictures
Spirogyra
pictures
Hydrodictyon
pictures
Diatom
pictures
Zygnema
pictures
Volvox
pictures
Vorticella
pictures
Stentor
pictures
Protista
Protista
images
Microphotos
Protista:
Pictures and Information
Fungi
Fungi
Kingdom
Protista
Internet Resources
Fungi
Fun Facts
Protista
Internet Resources
LINKS TO BIODIDAC http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/Thumbnails/samples.htm |
Protists |
Chlorophyta
Charophyceae
Chlorophyceae
Ulvophyceae Ciliophora Kinetofragminophorea Oligohymenophorea Polyhymenophorea Mastigophora Euglenophyta Pyrrhophyta Zoomastigophora Myxomycota Oomycota Phaeophyta Rhodophyta Sarcodina Actinopoda Rhizopoda Sporozoa Apicomplexa If you have any problem accessing the above links go to their home page at: http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/ |
Protist
MOVIES http://mtlab.biol.tsukuba.ac.jp/WWW/Movies/htmls/index.html
NASA
Microscope Web
site
http://www.mbl.edu/microscope
Thanks to David Patterson for
submitting information in this section.
The
Book - A
highly recommended freshwater protozoa guide!
Free-Living
Freshwater Protozoa: A Color Guide
by David J. Patterson, S.
Hedley (Illustrator)
Book Description
This color book makes the identification of individual protozoa easily
accessible and provides information on protozoan communities found in
different environments by means of a wealth of color photomicrographs
supported by original and detailed line drawings and concise text.
Contains excellent information for ecologists as well.
BioMedia. "The Classics of Biology: Paramecium.
Coleman, A.W. "Paramecium aurelia Revisited." The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology.
Gerritsen, Vivienne Baillie. "The Arsenal of Paramecium." Protien Spotlight.
Haselton, Aaron. "Paramecium putrinum." The Connecticut River Homepage.
Kimball, John W. Ciliated Protozoans. 14 June 2003.
See additional information on our "Microscope" page.
The Biology of Paramecium -- Ralph Wichterman; Hardcover Book