| PMC full text: | Published online 2016 Sep 21. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i35.7908
|
Table 1
Overview of diseases considered to be associated with iron deficiency/iron deficiency anemia
| Conditions | Anemia or IDA prevalence | Predominant pathological contributors to anemia | Association with anemia and ID | ||
| Bleeding | Malabsorption | Inflammation | |||
| Nonvariceal upper GI bleeding[33] | 80% | √ | > 80% of patients admitted to hospital with nonvariceal AUGIB were anemic at the time of discharge | ||
| Celiac disease[87-89] | 32%-69% | √ | √ | Well-established relationship between celiac disease and IDA | |
| Most widely cited cause of IDA is abnormal iron absorption, but bleeding and inflammation are also known contributory factors | |||||
| Intestinal parasitic infections[151] | 33%-61% | √ | √ | T. trichiura and hookworm infections are closely associated with IDA | |
| GI cancers[107,108,111,117,121-120] | 50%-60% | √ | √ | CRC: IDA associated with greater tumor diameter and with cancers of the right side of the colon | |
| Polyps: IDA much more common with malignant polyps than benign polyps | |||||
| GIST: Most frequent presentation is GI bleeding, which can result in anemia. In pediatric GIST, anemia is the most frequent clinical finding | |||||
| Gastric cancers: 6.8-fold relative risk of gastric cancer in patients with Pernicious anemia | |||||
| Small bowel malignancies: Anemia among most common presenting symptoms | |||||
| Esophageal cancers: Patients with Fanconi anemia at increased risk | |||||
| Esophagitis and hiatal hernia[23-26] | 8%-42% | √ | Gastric bleeding from hernia is an established cause of IDA | ||
| Even in absence of visible lesions, large hernia may be a possible cause of IDA with unexplained etiology | |||||
| Bariatric surgery[77,196] | 10%-40% | √ | ID and anemia are well-known risks after bariatric procedures, but causes are multifactorial and vary depending on exact procedure and patient population | ||
| Intestinal failure[101-103] | 30%-37% | √ | √ | Intestinal failure is associated with ID due to malabsorption, GI blood loss, and multiple surgery | |
| Diverticular disease[144] | 25% | √ | One of the most common causes of lower GI bleeding leading to IDA | ||
| Increasing prevalence due to rise in elderly population | |||||
| Restorative proctocolectomy[153] | 6%-21% | √ | √ | IDA due to mucosal bleeding and impaired iron absorption in patients developing symptomatic or asymptomatic pouchitis | |
| NSAID-associated fecal blood loss[1] | 10%-15% | √ | Even low dose aspirin and non-aspirin-NSAIDs increase mean fecal blood loss 2-4-fold compared with normal | ||
| Angiodysplasia[1] | 5% | √ | Most common cause of lower GI bleeding in the elderly | ||
| Gastric antral vascular ectasia (GAVE)[1,48,55] | 1%-2% | √ | Chronic, slow bleeding is typically associated with IDA | ||
| Gastritis[57,66] | NA | √ | √ | H. pylori infection suggested to play important role in development of IDA | |
| Peptic ulcer[197] | NA | √ | √ | H. pylori infection and IDA as above. Additionally, bleeding from ulcer | |
| Chronic hepatitis and liver conditions with GI bleeding[155] | 75% | √ | Chronic liver disease can be complicated by anemia, particularly due to bleeding | ||
| Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)[171] | NA | √ | One-third of adult NAFLD subjects are reported to be iron deficient, defined by a TSAT < 20% | ||
H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori; AUGIB: Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding; CRC: Colorectal cancer; GI: Gastrointestinal; GIST: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors; ID: Iron deficiency; IDA: Iron deficiency anemia; NA: Not available.