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| A. General Color Information | B. Color Science/Theory | C. Color and Computers |
Also see |
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| Contents |
| C1. Color and Computers |
| C2. Color Quantization |
| C3. Palettes |
| Bibliography |
See bibliography section on General Color Info page or Color Science page. |
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| Calibration/ Color Management | Also see: - ICC Profiles - ColorSync by Apple Gernot Hoffman's Hardware Monitor Calibration Color Management Colour Calibration for Colour Reproduction Correct monitor calibration Displaymate Demos and Test Patterns A Standard Default Color Space for the Internet - sRGB. |
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| Color Blindness | Color Blindness on the General Color Info page | ||||||||||||||
| Color Conversion | Color Conversion on the Color Science page | ||||||||||||||
| Color Correction | Reiner Lenz, et al, "Spectral-Based
Illumination Estimation and Color Correction", Color Research and Application, Vol 24, No 2, April 1999, pp. 98-111 |
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| Color Fringing | Eliminating color fringing (lateral chromatic
aberration) www.normankoren.com/Tutorials/Chromatic.html |
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| Color Management | Also see: - Color Calibration - ICC Profiles - Integrated Color Management (ICM) by Microsoft - ColorSync by Apple Color Management: Current
Practice and The Adoption of a New Standard |
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| ColorSync | Mac OS X Developer Library: ColorSync Manager Reference |
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| Conversions | See Color Conversion on Color Science/Theory page | ||||||||||||||
| Contrast | Effective Color Contrast -- Designing
for People with Partial Sight and Color Deficiencies www.lighthouse.org/color_contrast.htm Paola Campadelli, "An Algorithm for the Selection of High-Contrast
Color Sets," |
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| Evaluating Performance | Mei-Chun Lo et al, "Evaluating Colour
Models' Performance between Monitor and Print Images," Color Research and Application, Vol 21, No 4, August 1996, pp. 277-291 |
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| False Colors | Why Should Engineers and Scientists Be
Worried About Color?
discusses problems with "rainbow" colormap; nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio
data; hue is not a good dimension for encoding magnitude information; luminance and
saturation colormaps are better for representing continuous variations in data magnitude.
www.research.ibm.com/people/l/lloydt/color/color.HTM
Color by Numbers -- Using Color to Visualize Data, [Fortner97, Chapter 11] Gernot Hoffman's Balanced Palettes Section 4.6.3 Pseudo-color Image Processing, pp. 237-245 Colour Rendering of Spectra Spectra -- wavelength to RGB, Chromaticity Diagram, Blackbody Radiation (excellent)
FractInt (a program to create fractals) has a number of colors maps that may be useful for false color sets. Try Jacco's Colormap files for users of Fractint. I used Jacco's color maps in my Cycle Colors Lab Report. Colour Ramping for Data Visualisation Richard Franzen's UseNet Post explaining "PseudoGrey," which is used to encode more than 8 bits of greyscale within a 24-bit color image. Using the technique, exactly 1,786 levels of grey can be encoded and decoded. The PseudoGrey page. |
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| FAQs | See on FAQs General Color Info page | ||||||||||||||
| Gamma Correction |
Gernot Hoffman's Hardware Monitor Calibration Monitor adjustment and gamma Directions for How To Find Display Gamma What is Gamma Correction? Charles Poynton's Gamma FAQ and Color FAQ, www.poynton.com Gamma Correction (for Simulation). Gamma correction is essential for
good quality image generation. Angus examines the problems associated with gamma
correction, focusing on why it is important to simulation in particular. Dr.
Dobb's Journal, Sept. 1999, pp. 30-37 Computer Graphics Principles and Practice, pp. 564-568 About Gamma Correction sRGB Proposal (by Microsoft and HP). A Standard Default Color Space for the Internet - sRGB |
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| Grays/Greys | 8-bits allows 256 shades of gray. In
Windows in 256-color mode, 20 colors are "reserved" for display
of icons, panels, etc., so only 236 colors are possible.
When using 24-bit color graphics, the shades of gray are represented by RGB(i, i, i), where i = 0..255. This means there are only 256-shades of gray even with 24-bit color. Perceptually Optimized Grayscales Richard Franzen's UseNet Post explaining "PseudoGrey," which is used to encode more than 8 bits of greyscale within a 24-bit color image. Using the technique, exactly 1,786 levels of grey can be encoded and decoded. The PseudoGrey page. |
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| Halftones and Scanning | Computer Graphics
Principles and Practice, pp. 568-573 Digital Halftones, [Fortner97, pp. 160-171]] |
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| ICC Profiles |
International Color Consortium (ICC) Spec ICC.1:1998-09, File Format for Color Profiles (PDF file - 797 kb) Document ICC.1A:1999-04, Addendum 2 to Spec. ICC.1:1998-09 (PDF file - 32 kb) ICC C Header File |
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| LCDs | LCD chromaticity coordinates as a function of ambient
temperature for CyberDisplay
active-matrix LCD:
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| Neugebauer Equations | "The Neugebauer equations are considered
the basic physical model for printing systems." Marc Mahy and Paul Delabastita, "Inversion of the Neugebauer Equations," Color Research and Application, Vol 21, No 6, pp. 404-411 Isaac Amidror and Roger D. Hersch, "Neugebauer and Demichel: Dependence and Independence in n-Screen Superpositions for Colour Printing," Color Research and Application, Vol 25, No 4, August 2000, pp. 267-277 |
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| Phosphors | |||||||||||||||
| Pseudo Colors | See False Colors | ||||||||||||||
| "Red Eye" | Automatic Red-Eye Detection and Correction in Digdital Photographs http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/leizhang/Paper/ICIP04-Lei.pdf An Efficient Automatic Redeye Detection and Correction Algorithm http://www.hpl.hp.com/research/isl/redeye/redeye-icpr.pdf Automatic Red-Eye Detection and Correction http://www.hpl.hp.com/personal/Robert_Ulichney/papers/2002-redeye-ICIP.pdf John Carey's UseNet Post about
"red eye" effect removal. Towards automatic redeye effect removal, Pattern Recognition Letters, (24)11: 1767-1785, July 2003. |
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| Reproduction |
Color Reproduction -- The Basics Reproducing Colors -- Technologies |
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| Restoration | See Restoration on efg's Image Processing Algorithms page | ||||||||||||||
| Web Colors | "Color documents in the
Internet era" from The Industrial Physicist The Web Wheel Which Color Palette? Optimizing Web
Graphics Browser safe color palette Color Matters A Standard Default Color Space for the Internet - sRGB Improved Color for the World Wide Web Murphy's Colour Palette
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| White-Point Conversion | pp. 17-21, Color Technology for Electronic Imaging Devices by Henry R. Kang |
| Balanced Palettes | Gernot Hoffman's Balanced Palettes www.fho-emden.de/~hoffmann/palette30082003.pdf |
| Color Image Quantization for Frame Buffer Display | Paul Heckbert's thesis at MIT: www.cs.cmu.edu/~ph/ciq_thesis |
| Color Multithresholding | Multithresholding of color and gray-level images through a neural network technique |
| Color Reduction | Adaptive Color Reduction |
| Dithering | See efg's Image Processing Reference Library Algorithms page |
| Gervautz-Purgathofer Octree Color Quantization algorithm
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"Wicked Code," by Jeff Prosise in the October 1997 Microsoft
Systems Journal. www.microsoft.com/msj/1097/wicked1097.htm
Also see efg's ShowDemoOne or ShowDemoMany Lab Reports for Delphi implementations of this code. |
| ImageMagick's color reduction algorithm | www.chemie.fu-berlin.de/chemnet/use/suppl/imagemagick/www/quantize.html |
| NeuQuant: Fast High-Quality Image Quantization | www.ozemail.com.au/~dekker/NEUQUANT.HTML |
| Octree Color Quantization | By I. Ashdown, C/C++ Users Journal, 13(3):31-44.
Includes good article (in Microsoft Word) about algorithm. Code here shows how to reduce
24-bit bitmap to 8-bit bitmap using optimized palette. Also see Color Quantization
Bibliography (above). |
| Quantization and dithering | Phil McRevis' UseNet Post with suggestion on best approach to reduce 24-bit pixels to 15-/16-bit pixels using Floyd-Steinberg dithering |
| Browser Safe Palette | by Victor Engel The no-dither Netscape color palette. 6 x 6 x 6 Color Palette (216 colors). http://the-light.com/netcol.html 16x16x16
Color Palette (4096 Colors) |
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| Combine pf4Bit Bitmaps |
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| Delphi-Specific Palette Information | Color Section
of efg's Delphi Graphics Algorithms Page efg's Scanline Tech Note |
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| FADEIN | Sample App Uses Palette Animation & Identity Palettes http://support.microsoft.com/kb/q149855/ |
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| Microsoft Windows Palette Manager | www.compuphase.com/palette.htm | ||
| Palette Animation Demo | By Ray Lischner in Delphi. Look for pal10.zip at www.tempest-sw.com/freeware |
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| Palette Lab | efg's Palette Lab Report | ||
| Palette Manager: How and Why It Does What It Does | http://support.microsoft.com/kb/q137372/ |
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| Palettes Made Plain -- Demystifying Microsoft Windows Palettes | By Ray Lischner in the July 1998 Delphi Informant, pp. 34-43. Excellent article explaining basics of Windows palettes. Shows gradient palette and palette animation demo. | ||
| Palettes Self-Study Module | Microsoft's Palettes Self-Study Module: "... many, if not most, devices are not palette capable. Low-end devices such as VGA just can't display enough colors at one time to be palette "aware." High-end devices can display so many colors that they don't need to be palette aware. These factors severely limit the market for applications reliant on palette manipulation." | ||
| PixelFormats and Palettes | Siggraph '97 OpenGL and Window System
Integration www.xmission.com/~nate/siggraph97/notes/pixlfrmt.htm |
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| Simulating Palette Animation on Non-Palette Displays | http://support.microsoft.com/kb/q130476/
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| Using Device-Independent Bitmaps and Palettes | http://support.microsoft.com/kb/q72041/ |
| Updated | 6 Nov 2011 |
| Since | 10 Sept 1998 |
