Advertisement

Critical Criminology

, Volume 22, Issue 1, pp 113–125 | Cite as

Resisting Hate Crime Discourse: Queer and Intersectional Challenges to Neoliberal Hate Crime Laws

  • Doug MeyerEmail author
Article

Abstract

Hate crime laws have reinforced neoliberalism by expanding police and prosecutorial power, adding to the rapid expansion of incarcerated populations. Further, hate crime discourse associates anti-queer violence with notions of “stranger danger,” and thereby reproduces problematic race and social class politics in which an innocent, implicitly middle-class, person is suddenly and randomly attacked by a hateful, implicitly low-income, person. Thus, the author argues that queer and intersectional resistance should reject hate crime discourse and, instead, focus on the experiences of marginalized lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people. By doing so, scholarship and activism concerned with reducing anti-queer violence can benefit a wide range of LGBT people without reinforcing inequalities based on race and social class.

Keywords

Hate Crime Prison Population Police Brutality Intersectionality Theory Hate Crime Legislation 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

References

  1. Alexander, M. (2010). The new Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness. New York: The New Press.Google Scholar
  2. Barclay, S., Bernstein, M., & Marshall, A. (Eds.). (2009). Queer mobilizations: LGBT activists confront the law. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
  3. Beckett, K., & Sasson, T. (2004). The politics of injustice: Crime and punishment in America. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
  4. Best, J. (1999). Random violence: How we talk about new crimes and new victims. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
  5. Bleich, E. (2011). The freedom to be racist? How the United States and Europe struggle to preserve freedom and combat racism. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
  6. Cohen, C. (1997). Punks, bulldaggers, and welfare queens: The radical potential of queer politics? GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, 3(4), 437–465.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. Collins, P. H. (2000). Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
  8. Collins, P. H. (2004). Black sexual politics: African Americans, gender, and the new racism. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A Black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory, and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 139–167.Google Scholar
  10. Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241–1299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. Davis, A. (2003). Are prisons obsolete?. New York: Seven Stories Press.Google Scholar
  12. Duggan, L. (2003). The twilight of equality? Neoliberalism, cultural politics, and the attack on democracy. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
  13. Franklin, K. (2002). Good intentions: The enforcement of hate crime penalty-enhancement statutes. American Behavioral Scientist, 46(1), 154–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. Garland, D. (2001). The culture of control: Crime and social order in contemporary society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
  15. Grattet, R., Jenness, V., & Curry, T. (1998). The homogenization and differentiation of hate crime law in the United States, 1978–1995: Innovation and diffusion in the criminalization of bigotry. American Sociological Review, 63(2), 286–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. Harvey, D. (2005). A brief history of neoliberalism. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
  17. Hoppe, T. (2013). Controlling sex in the name of “public health”: Social control and Michigan HIV law. Social Problems, 60(1), 27–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. Human Rights Campaign. (2013). State hate crime laws, updated 4 Jun 2013. www.hrc.org/files/assets/resources/hate_crimes_laws_062013.pdf. Accessed 19 Jun 2013.
  19. Jacobs, J., & Potter, K. (1998). Hate crimes: Criminal law and identity politics. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
  20. Jenness, V., & Grattet, R. (2001). Making hate a crime: From social movement to law enforcement. New York: Russell Sage.Google Scholar
  21. King, D. (1988). Multiple jeopardy, multiple consciousness: The context of a Black feminist ideology. Signs, 14(1), 42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. Lancaster, R. (2011). Sex panic and the punitive state. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. Lawrence, F. (1999). Punishing hate: Bias crimes under American law. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
  24. Loffreda, B. (2000). Losing matt Shepard: Life and politics in the aftermath of anti-gay murder. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
  25. Mason, G. (2002). The spectacle of violence: Homophobia, gender, and knowledge. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
  26. McCall, L. (2005). The complexity of intersectionality. Signs, 30(3), 1771–1800.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. Meredith, J. (2010). Combating cyber bullying: Emphasizing education over criminalization. Federal Communications Law Journal, 63(1), 311–340.Google Scholar
  28. Meyer, D. (2008). Interpreting and experiencing anti-queer violence: Race, class, and gender differences among LGBT hate crime victims. Race, Gender and Class, 15(3–4), 262–282.Google Scholar
  29. Meyer, D. (2010). Evaluating the severity of hate-motivated violence: Intersectional differences among LGBT hate crime victims. Sociology, 44(5), 980–995.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  30. Meyer, D. (2012). An intersectional analysis of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people’s evaluations of anti-queer violence. Gender and Society, 26(6), 849–873.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. Moore, M. (2011). Invisible families: Gay identities, relationships, and motherhood among Black women. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
  32. Moran, L. (2001). Affairs of the heart: Hate crime and the politics of crime control. Law and Critique, 12(3), 331–344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. Nash, J. (2008). Re-thinking intersectionality. Feminist Review, 89(1), 1–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  34. Perry, B. (2001). In the name of hate: Understanding hate crimes. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
  35. Piven, F. F., & Cloward, R. (1971). Regulating the poor: The functions of public welfare. New York: Pantheon.Google Scholar
  36. Provine, D. (2007). Unequal under law: Race in the war on drugs. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  37. Reddy, C. (2011). Freedom with violence: Race, sexuality, and the US state. Durham: Duke University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. Richardson, D., & May, H. (1999). Deserving victims? Sexual status and the social construction of violence. The Sociological Review, 47(2), 308–331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  39. Soss, J., Fording, R., & Schram, S. (2011). Disciplining the poor: Neoliberal paternalism and the persistent power of race. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  40. Spade, D. (2011). Normal life: Administrative violence, critical trans politics, and the limits of law. Brooklyn: South End Press.Google Scholar
  41. Spade, D. (2013). Intersectional resistance and law reform. Signs, 38(4), 1031–1055.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  42. Spade, D., & Willse, C. (2000). Confronting the limits of gay hate crimes activism: A radical critique. UCLA Chicano-Latino Law Review, 21, 38–52.Google Scholar
  43. Tomsen, S. (2006). Homophobic violence, cultural essentialism and shifting sexual identities. Social and Legal Studies, 15(3), 389–407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  44. Wacquant, L. (2009). Prisons of poverty. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
  45. Ward, J. (2008). Respectably queer: Diversity culture in LGBT activist organizations. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press.Google Scholar
  46. Warner, M. (1999). The trouble with normal: Sex, politics, and the ethics of queer life. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
  47. Western, B. (2006). Punishment and inequality in America. New York: Russell Sage.Google Scholar
  48. Wilkins, A. (2008). Wannabes, goths, and Christians: The boundaries of sex, style, and status. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  49. Woods, J. B. (2008). Reconceptualizing anti-LGBT hate crimes as burdening expression and association: A case for expanding federal hate crime legislation to include gender identity and sexual orientation. Journal of Hate Studies, 6(1), 81–115.Google Scholar
  50. Woods, J. B. (2014). Queer contestations and the future of a critical “queer” criminology. Critical Criminology, 22(1), 1–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Department of Sociology and AnthropologyThe College of WoosterWoosterUSA

Personalised recommendations