Presidents
4 Nov 1964 - 21 Jan 1970 Mamoun Beheiry (Sudan) (b. 1925 - d. 2002)
21 Jan 1970 - 31 Aug 1976 Abdelwahab Labidi (Tunisia) (b. 1929 - d. ...)
(acting to 31 Aug 1970)
1 Sep 1976 - 31 Aug 1980 Kwame Donkoh Fordwor (Ghana) (b. 1933)
Jul 1979 - 31 Aug 1980 Goodall Gondwe (Malawi) (b. 1936)
(acting for Fordwor)
1 Sep 1980 - 31 Aug 1985 Wila Mung'omba (Zambia) (b. 1939 - d. 2014)
1 Sep 1985 - 31 Aug 1995 Babacar Ndiaye (Senegal) (b. 1936 - d. 2017)
1 Sep 1995 - 31 Aug 2005 Omar Kabbaj (Morocco) (b. 1942)
1 Sep 2005 - 31 Aug 2015 Donald Kaberuka (Rwanda) (b. 1951)
1 Sep 2015 - Akinwumi Adesina (Nigeria) (b. 1960)
25 May 1963 Organization of African Unity
9 Jul 2002 African Union
Secretaries-general
25 May 1963 - 21 Jul 1964 Kifle Wodajo (Ethiopia) (acting) (b. 1936 - d. 2004)
21 Jul 1964 - 15 Jun 1972 Diallo Telli (Guinea) (b. 1925 - d. 1977)
15 Jun 1972 - 16 Jun 1974 Nzo Ekangaki (Cameroon) (b. 1934 - d. 2005)
16 Jun 1974 - 21 Jul 1978 William Eteki (Cameroon) (b. 1933 - d. 2016)
21 Jul 1978 - 12 Jun 1983 Edem Kodjo (Togo) (b. 1938 - d. 2020)
12 Jun 1983 - 20 Jul 1985 Peter Onu (Nigeria) (acting) (b. 1931 - d. 1997)
20 Jul 1985 - 19 Sep 1989 Ide Oumarou (Niger) (b. 1937 - d. 2002)
19 Sep 1989 - 17 Sep 2001 Salim Ahmed Salim (Tanzania) (b. 1942)
17 Sep 2001 - 9 Jul 2002 Amara Essy (Côte d'Ivoire) (b. 1944)
Chairmen of the Commission
9 Jul 2002 - 16 Sep 2003 Amara Essy (Côte d'Ivoire) (s.a.)
(interim)
16 Sep 2003 - 28 Apr 2008 Alpha Oumar Konaré (Mali) (b. 1946)
28 Apr 2008 - 15 Oct 2012 Jean Ping (Gabon) (b. 1942)
15 Oct 2012 - 14 Mar 2017 Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma (f)
(South Africa) (b. 1949)
14 Mar 2017 - Moussa Faki (Chad) (b. 1960)
Chairmen
25 May 1963 - 17 Jul 1964 Haile Selassie (Ethiopia)
(1st time) (b. 1892 - d. 1975)
17 Jul 1964 - 21 Oct 1965 Gamal Abdel Nasser (Egypt) (b. 1918 - d. 1970)
21 Oct 1965 - 24 Feb 1966 Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana) (b. 1909 - d. 1972)
24 Feb 1966 - 5 Nov 1966 Joseph Arthur Ankrah (Ghana) (b. 1915 - d. 1992)
5 Nov 1966 - 11 Sep 1967 Haile Selassie (Ethiopia)
(2nd time) (s.a.)
11 Sep 1967 - 13 Sep 1968 Joseph-Désiré Mobutu (Congo [K.]) (b. 1930 - d. 1997)
13 Sep 1968 - 6 Sep 1969 Houari Boumedienne (Algeria) (b. 1932? - d. 1978)
6 Sep 1969 - 1 Sep 1970 Ahmadou Ahidjo (Cameroon) (b. 1924 - d. 1989)
1 Sep 1970 - 21 Jun 1971 Kenneth Kaunda (Zambia) (1st time) (b. 1924)
21 Jun 1971 - 12 Jun 1972 Moktar Ould Daddah (Mauritania) (b. 1924 - d. 2003)
12 Jun 1972 - 27 May 1973 Hassan II (Morocco) (b. 1929 - d. 1999)
27 May 1973 - 12 Jun 1974 Yakubu Gowon (Nigeria) (b. 1934)
12 Jun 1974 - 28 Jul 1975 Muhammad Siad Barre (Somalia) (b. 1919? - d. 1995)
28 Jul 1975 - 2 Jul 1976 Idi Amin (Uganda) (b. 1925? - d. 2003)
2 Jul 1976 - 2 Jul 1977 Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam
(Mauritius) (b. 1900 - d. 1985)
2 Jul 1977 - 18 Jul 1978 Omar Bongo (Gabon) (b. 1935 - d. 2009)
18 Jul 1978 - 12 Jul 1979 Gaafar Nimeiry (The Sudan) (b. 1930 - d. 2009)
12 Jul 1979 - 12 Apr 1980 William R. Tolbert, Jr. (Liberia) (b. 1913 - d. 1980)
28 Apr 1980 - 1 Jul 1980 Léopold Sédar Senghor (Senegal) (b. 1906 - d. 2001)
(acting)
1 Jul 1980 - 24 Jun 1981 Siaka Stevens (Sierra Leone) (b. 1905 - d. 1988)
24 Jun 1981 - 6 Jun 1983 Daniel arap Moi (Kenya) (b. 1924 - d. 2020)
6 Jun 1983 - 12 Nov 1984 Mengistu Haile Mariam (Ethiopia) (b. 1937)
12 Nov 1984 - 18 Jul 1985 Julius Nyerere (Tanzania) (b. 1922 - d. 1999)
18 Jul 1985 - 28 Jul 1986 Abdou Diouf (Senegal) (1st time) (b. 1935)
28 Jul 1986 - 27 Jul 1987 Denis Sassou-Nguesso (Congo)
(1st time) (b. 1943)
27 Jul 1987 - 25 May 1988 Kenneth Kaunda (Zambia) (2nd time) (s.a.)
25 May 1988 - 24 Jul 1989 Moussa Traoré (Mali) (b. 1936 - d. 2020)
24 Jul 1989 - 9 Jul 1990 Hosni Mubarak (Egypt) (1st time) (b. 1928 - d. 2020)
9 Jul 1990 - 3 Jun 1991 Yoweri Museveni (Uganda) (b. 1944?)
3 Jun 1991 - 29 Jun 1992 Ibrahim Babangida (Nigeria) (b. 1941)
29 Jun 1992 - 28 Jun 1993 Abdou Diouf (Senegal) (2nd time) (s.a.)
28 Jun 1993 - 13 Jun 1994 Hosni Mubarak (Egypt) (2nd time) (s.a.)
13 Jun 1994 - 26 Jun 1995 Zine El Abidine Ben Ali (Tunisia) (b. 1936 - d. 2019)
26 Jun 1995 - 8 Jul 1996 Meles Zenawi (Ethiopia) (b. 1955 - d. 2012)
8 Jul 1996 - 2 Jun 1997 Paul Biya (Cameroon) (b. 1933)
2 Jun 1997 - 8 Jun 1998 Robert Mugabe (Zimbabwe)
(1st time) (b. 1924 - d. 2019)
8 Jun 1998 - 12 Jul 1999 Blaise Compaoré (Burkina Faso) (b. 1951)
12 Jul 1999 - 10 Jul 2000 Abdelaziz Bouteflika (Algeria) (b. 1937)
10 Jul 2000 - 9 Jul 2001 Gnassingbé Eyadéma (Togo) (b. 1937 - d. 2005)
9 Jul 2001 - 2 Jan 2002 Frederick Chiluba (Zambia) (b. 1943 - d. 2011)
2 Jan 2002 - 9 Jul 2002 Levy Mwanawasa (Zambia) (b. 1948 - d. 2008)
9 Jul 2002 - 10 Jul 2003 Thabo Mbeki (South Africa) (b. 1942)
10 Jul 2003 - 6 Jul 2004 Joaquim Chissano (Mozambique) (b. 1939)
6 Jul 2004 - 24 Jan 2006 Olusegun Obasanjo (Nigeria) (b. 1937)
24 Jan 2006 - 29 Jan 2007 Denis Sassou-Nguesso (Congo [B.])
(2nd time) (s.a.)
29 Jan 2007 - 31 Jan 2008 John Agyekum Kufuor (Ghana) (b. 1938)
31 Jan 2008 - 2 Feb 2009 Jakaya Kikwete (Tanzania) (b. 1950)
2 Feb 2009 - 31 Jan 2010 Muammar al-Qaddafi (Libya) (b. 1942 - d. 2011)
31 Jan 2010 - 30 Jan 2011 Bingu wa Mutharika (Malawi) (b. 1934 - d. 2012)
30 Jan 2011 - 29 Jan 2012 Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo
(Equatorial Guinea) (b. 1942)
29 Jan 2012 - 27 Jan 2013 Yayi Boni (Benin) (b. 1952)
27 Jan 2013 - 30 Jan 2014 Hailemariam Desalegn (Ethiopia) (b. 1965)
30 Jan 2014 - 30 Jan 2015 Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz
(Mauritania) (b. 1956)
30 Jan 2015 - 30 Jan 2016 Robert Mugabe (Zimbabwe)
(2nd time) (s.a.)
30 Jan 2016 - 30 Jan 2017 Idriss Déby Itno (Chad) (b. 1952)
30 Jan 2017 - 28 Jan 2018 Alpha Condé (Guinea) (b. 1938)
28 Jan 2018 - 10 Feb 2019 Paul Kagame (Rwanda) (b. 1957)
10 Feb 2019 - 9 Feb 2020 Abdel Fattah al-Sisi (Egypt) (b. 1954)
9 Feb 2020 - Cyril Ramaphosa (South Africa) (b. 1952)
Presidents of the Pan-African Parliament
18 Mar 2004 - 29 May 2009 Gertrude Ibengwe Mongella (f)
(Tanzania) (b. 1945)
29 May 2009 - 28 May 2012 Idriss Ndele Moussa (Chad) (b. 1959 - d. 2013)
28 May 2012 - 29 May 2015 Bethel Nnaemeka Amadi (Nigeria) (b. 1964 - d. 2019)
29 May 2015 - Roger Nkodo Dang (Cameroon) (b. 1963)
AU membership
| 25 May 1963 | Algeria, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic1, Chad, Congo (Brazzaville), Congo (Léopoldville)2, Dahomey3, Egypt4, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea5, Ivory Coast6, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar7, Mali8, Mauritania9, Morocco10, Niger11, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, The Sudan12, Tanganyika13, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Upper Volta14, Zanzibar13 |
| 13 Dec 1963 | Kenya |
| 13 Jul 1964 | Malawi |
| 16 Dec 1964 | Zambia |
| Oct 1965 | The Gambia |
| 31 Oct 1966 | Botswana, Lesotho |
| Aug 1968 | Mauritius |
| 24 Sep 1968 | Swaziland15 |
| 12 Oct 1968 | Equatorial Guinea |
| 19 Nov 1973 | Guinea-Bissau16 |
| 18 Jul 1975 | Cape Verde17, Comoros, Mozambique, Săo Tomé and Príncipe |
| 11 Feb 1976 | Angola |
| 29 Jun 1976 | Seychelles |
| 27 Jun 1977 | Djibouti |
| Jun 1980 | Zimbabwe |
| 22 Feb 1982 | Saharan Arab Democratic Republic |
| Jun 1990 | Namibia |
| 24 May 1993 | Eritrea |
| 6 Jun 1994 | South Africa |
| 29 Jul 2011 | South Sudan |
| 1Suspended 25 Mar 2013 - 6 Apr 2016. 21966-71 and from 1997 Congo (Kinshasa); 1971-97 Zaire. 3From 1975 Benin. 4Suspended 5 Jul 2013 - 17 Jun 2014. 5Suspended 29 Dec 2008 - 9 Dec 2010. 6From 1985 Côte d'Ivoire; suspended 9 Dec 2010 - 21 Apr 2011. 7Suspended Dec 2001 - 10 Jul 2003 and 20 Mar 2009 - 27 Jan 2014. 8Suspended 23 Mar - 24 Oct 2012 and from 19 Aug 2020. 9Suspended 4 Aug 2005 - 10 Apr 2007 and 9 Aug 2008 - 1 Jul 2009. 10Withdrew 12 Nov 1984; rejoined 30 Jan 2017. 11Suspended 19 Feb 2010 - 16 Mar 2011. 12Suspended 6 Jun - 6 Sep 2019. 13Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged in 1964 to form Tanzania. 14From 1984 Burkina Faso. 15From 2018 Eswatini. 16Suspended 17 Apr 2012 - 17 Jun 2014. 17From 2013 Cabo Verde. | |
26 May 1969 Andean Pact (Acuerdo de Cartagena) established
10 Mar 1996 renamed Andean Community
Secretaries-general
1 Aug 1997 - 7 Aug 2002 Sebastián Alegrett (Venezuela) (b. 1942 - d. 2002)
19 Sep 2002 - 15 Jan 2004 Guillermo Fernández de Soto
(Colombia) (b. 1953)
15 Jan 2004 - 28 Jul 2006 Allan Wagner Tizón (Peru) (b. 1942)
28 Jul 2006 - 1 Feb 2007 Alfredo Fuentes Hernández
(Colombia) (acting)
1 Feb 2007 - 7 May 2010 Freddy Ehlers (Ecuador) (b. 1945)
7 May 2010 - 18 Feb 2013 Adalid Contreras Baspineiro
(Bolivia) (acting)
18 Feb 2013 - 1 Mar 2013 Ana María Tenenbaum de Reátegui
(f) (Peru) (acting)
1 Mar 2013 - 17 Jun 2013 Santiago Cembrano Cabrejas
(Colombia) (acting)
17 Jun 2013 - 11 Jan 2016 Pablo Guzmán Laugier (Bolivia)
11 Jan 2016 - Walker San Miguel (Bolivia) (b. 1963)
Andean Community membership
| 26 May 1969 | Bolivia, Chile1, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru |
| 13 Feb 1973 | Venezuela2 |
| 1Withdrew 30 Oct 1976. 2Withdrew 22 Apr 2006. | |
23 Jun 1961 Antarctic Treaty comes into effect Executive secretaries 1 Sep 2004 - 1 Sep 2009 Jan Huber (Netherlands) (b. 1947) 1 Sep 2009 - 1 Sep 2017 Manfred Reinke (Germany) (b. 1952) 1 Sep 2017 - Albert Lluberas Bonaba (Uruguay)
Antarctic Treaty membership
| 23 Jun 1961 | Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, South Africa, Soviet Union1, United Kingdom, United States |
| 14 Jun 1962 | Czechoslovakia2 |
| 20 May 1965 | Denmark |
| 30 Mar 1967 | The Netherlands |
| 15 Sep 1971 | Romania |
| 19 Nov 1974 | East Germany3 |
| 16 May 1975 | Brazil |
| 11 Sep 1978 | Bulgaria |
| 5 Feb 1979 | West Germany3 |
| 11 Jan 1980 | Uruguay |
| 16 Mar 1981 | Papua New Guinea |
| 18 Mar 1981 | Italy |
| 10 Apr 1981 | Peru |
| 31 Mar 1982 | Spain |
| 8 Jun 1983 | China |
| 19 Aug 1983 | India |
| 27 Jan 1984 | Hungary |
| 24 Apr 1984 | Sweden |
| 15 May 1984 | Finland |
| 16 Aug 1984 | Cuba |
| 28 Nov 1986 | South Korea |
| 8 Jan 1987 | Greece |
| 21 Jan 1987 | North Korea |
| 25 Aug 1987 | Austria |
| 15 Sep 1987 | Ecuador |
| 4 May 1988 | Canada |
| 31 Jan 1989 | Colombia |
| 15 Nov 1990 | Switzerland |
| 31 Jul 1991 | Guatemala |
| 28 Oct 1992 | Ukraine |
| 25 Jan 1996 | Turkey |
| 24 May 1999 | Venezuela |
| 17 May 2001 | Estonia |
| 27 Dec 2006 | Belarus |
| 30 May 2008 | Monaco |
| 29 Jan 2010 | Portugal |
| 31 Oct 2011 | Malaysia |
| 1 Mar 2012 | Pakistan |
| 1Dissolved 25 Dec 1991, succeeded by Russia. 2From 1 Jan 1993 Czech Republic and Slovakia. 3East and West Germany united 3 Oct 1990. | |
22 Mar 1945 League of Arab States (Arab League) founded
Secretaries-general
22 Mar 1945 - Sep 1952 Abdel Rahman Azzam (27 Dec 1945 -
30 Jul 1952, Abdel Rahman Azzam
Pasha) (Egypt) (b. 1893 - d. 1976)
Sep 1952 - 1 Jun 1972 Abdel Khaliq Hassuna (Egypt) (b. 1898 - d. 1992)
1 Jun 1972 - Mar 1979 Mahmoud Riad (Egypt) (b. 1917 - d. 1992)
Mar 1979 - Sep 1990 Chedli Klibi (Tunisia) (b. 1925 - d. 2020)
Sep 1990 - 15 May 1991 Assad al-Assad (Lebanon) (acting) (b. 1920)
15 May 1991 - 15 May 2001 Esmat Abdel Meguid (Egypt) (b. 1923 - d. 2013)
15 May 2001 - 1 Jul 2011 Amr Moussa (Egypt) (b. 1936)
1 Jul 2011 - 1 Jul 2016 Nabil al-Arabi (Egypt) (b. 1935)
1 Jul 2016 - Ahmed Aboul Gheit (Egypt) (b. 1942)
Arab League membership
| 22 Mar 1945 | Egypt1, Iraq, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria2, Transjordan3, Yemen (Sana)4 |
| 28 Mar 1953 | Libya5 |
| 19 Jan 1956 | The Sudan |
| 1 Jan 1958 | Tunisia |
| 1 Oct 1958 | Morocco |
| 20 Jul 1961 | Kuwait |
| 16 Aug 1962 | Algeria |
| 12 Dec 1967 | Yemen (Aden)4 |
| 11 Sep 1971 | Bahrain, Qatar |
| 29 Sep 1971 | Oman |
| 6 Dec 1971 | United Arab Emirates |
| 26 Nov 1973 | Mauritania |
| 14 Feb 1974 | Somalia |
| 9 Sep 1976 | Palestine Liberation Organization |
| 4 Sep 1977 | Djibouti |
| 20 Nov 1993 | Comoros |
| 1Suspended from Mar 1979 to May 1989. 2Merged with Egypt to form United Arab Republic 22 Feb 1958; seceded from U.A.R. 28 Sep 1961 and rejoined Arab League 28 Oct 1961. Suspended from 16 Nov 2011. 3From 1949 Jordan. 4Yemen (Aden) and Yemen (Sana) united in 1990. 5Libya announced its withdrawal 24 Oct 2002; this would be effective one year later; Libya canceled (16 Jan 2003), reaffirmed (3 Apr 2003), and again canceled (25 May 2003) the decision to withdraw. | |
17 Feb 1989 Arab Maghreb Union founded Secretaries-general 23 Oct 1991 - 26 Feb 2002 Mohamed Amamou (Tunisia) (b. 1933 - d. 2014) 26 Feb 2002 - 1 Feb 2006 Habib Boularčs (Tunisia) (b. 1933 - d. 2014) 1 Feb 2006 - Habib Ben Yahia (Tunisia) (b. 1938)
AMU membership
| 17 Feb 1989 | Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia |
Presidents (all from Japan except as noted) 24 Nov 1966 - 24 Nov 1972 Takeshi Watanabe (b. 1906 - d. 2010) 25 Nov 1972 - 23 Nov 1976 Shiro Inoue (b. 1915 - d. 2010) 24 Nov 1976 - 23 Nov 1981 Taroichi Yoshida (b. 1919 - d. 2014) 24 Nov 1981 - 23 Nov 1989 Masao Fujioka (b. 1924) 24 Nov 1989 - 23 Nov 1993 Kimimasa Tarumizu (b. 1930 - d. 2009) 24 Nov 1993 - 15 Jan 1999 Mitsuo Sato (b. 1933 - d. 2002) 16 Jan 1999 - 1 Feb 2005 Tadao Chino (b. 1934 - d. 2008) 1 Feb 2005 - 18 Mar 2013 Haruhiko Kuroda (b. 1944) 18 Mar 2013 - 28 Apr 2013 Bindu N. Lohani (Nepal) (acting) (b. 1948) 28 Apr 2013 - Takehiko Nakao (b. 1956)
ADB membership
| 22 Aug 1966 | Afghanistan, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, India, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Nepal, Norway, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, United States, Western Samoa1 |
| 29 Aug 1966 | The Netherlands |
| 30 Aug 1966 | Federal Republic of Germany, Laos |
| 21 Sep 1966 | Singapore |
| 22 Sep 1966 | Taiwan, South Vietnam2 |
| 26 Sep 1966 | United Kingdom |
| 29 Sep 1966 | Austria, Ceylon3, New Zealand, Sweden |
| 30 Sep 1966 | Cambodia, Italy |
| 24 Nov 1966 | Indonesia |
| 19 Dec 1966 | Australia |
| 31 Dec 1967 | Switzerland |
| 27 Mar 1969 | Hong Kong |
| 2 Apr 1970 | Fiji |
| 27 Jul 1970 | France |
| 8 Apr 1971 | Papua New Guinea |
| 29 Mar 1972 | Tonga |
| 14 Mar 1973 | Bangladesh |
| 26 Apr 1973 | Burma4 |
| 30 Apr 1973 | Solomon Islands |
| 28 May 1974 | Gilbert and Ellice Islands5 |
| 20 Apr 1976 | Cook Islands |
| 14 Feb 1978 | Maldives |
| 15 Apr 1982 | Bhutan, Vanuatu |
| 14 Feb 1986 | Spain |
| 10 Mar 1986 | China |
| 4 Apr 1990 | Marshall Islands |
| 26 Apr 1990 | Federated States of Micronesia |
| 22 Feb 1991 | Mongolia |
| 15 Apr 1991 | Turkey |
| 17 Sep 1991 | Nauru |
| 3 May 1993 | Tuvalu |
| 19 Jan 1994 | Kazakhstan |
| 13 Apr 1994 | Kyrgyzstan |
| 31 Aug 1995 | Uzbekistan |
| 20 Apr 1998 | Tajikistan |
| 22 Dec 1999 | Azerbaijan |
| 31 Aug 2000 | Turkmenistan |
| 2 Apr 2002 | Portugal |
| 23 Jul 2002 | Timor-Leste |
| 25 Sep 2003 | Luxembourg |
| 29 Dec 2003 | Palau |
| 20 Sep 2005 | Armenia |
| 27 Apr 2006 | Brunei |
| 24 Jul 2006 | Ireland |
| 2 Feb 2007 | Georgia |
| 11 Mar 2019 | Niue |
| 1From 1997 Samoa. 2From 1976 Vietnam. 3From 1972 Sri Lanka. 4From 1989 Myanmar. 5From 1979 Kiribati. | |
Secretaries-general 7 Jun 1976 - 18 Feb 1978 Hartono Dharsono (Indonesia) (b. 1925 - d. 1996) 19 Feb 1978 - 1 Jul 1978 Umarjadi Njotowijono (Indonesia) (b. 1910) 10 Jul 1978 - 1 Jul 1980 Datuk Ali bin Abdullah (Malaysia) 1 Jul 1980 - 1 Jul 1982 Narciso G. Reyes (Philippines) (b. 1914 - d. 1996) 18 Jul 1982 - 16 Jul 1984 Chan Kai Yau (Singapore) (b. 1930) 16 Jul 1984 - 16 Jul 1986 Phan Wannamethee (Thailand) (b. 1923) 16 Jul 1986 - 16 Jul 1989 Roderick Yong (Brunei) (b. 1933?) 17 Jul 1989 - 1 Jan 1993 Rusli Noor (Indonesia) (b. 1927) 1 Jan 1993 - 5 Jan 1998 Datuk Ajit Singh (Malaysia) (b. 1938) 5 Jan 1998 - 6 Jan 2003 Rodolfo C. Severino (Philippines) (b. 1936 - d. 2019) 6 Jan 2003 - 7 Jan 2008 Ong Keng Yong (Singapore) (b. 1954) 7 Jan 2008 - 9 Jan 2013 Surin Pitsuwan (Thailand) (b. 1949 - d. 2017) 9 Jan 2013 - 5 Jan 2018 Le Luong Minh (Vietnam) (b. 1952) 5 Jan 2018 - Dato Paduka Lim Jock Hoi (Brunei) (b. 1951)
ASEAN membership
| 8 Aug 1967 | Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand |
| 7 Jan 1984 | Brunei |
| 28 Jul 1995 | Vietnam |
| 23 Jul 1997 | Laos, Myanmar |
| 30 Apr 1999 | Cambodia |
General managers 23 Apr 1930 - 8 Sep 1937 Pierre Quesnay (France) (b. 1895 - d. 1937) 1 Jan 1938 - 30 Sep 1958 Roger Auboin (France) (b. 1891 - d. 1974) 1 Oct 1958 - 30 Apr 1963 Guillaume Guindey (France) (b. 1909 - d. 1989) 1 May 1963 - 23 Dec 1970 Gabriel Ferras (France) (b. 1913 - d. 1970) 1 May 1971 - 28 Feb 1981 René Larre (France) (b. 1915 - d. 1999) 1 Mar 1981 - 30 Apr 1985 Günther Schleiminger (W. Germany) (b. 1921 - d. 2008) 1 May 1985 - 31 Dec 1993 Alexandre Lamfalussy (Belgium) (b. 1929 - d. 2015) 1 Jan 1994 - 31 Mar 2003 Andrew Crockett (U.K.) (b. 1943 - d. 2012) 1 Apr 2003 - 30 Sep 2008 Malcolm D. Knight (Canada) (b. 1944) 1 Oct 2008 - 31 Mar 2009 Hervé Hannoun (France) (acting) (b. 1950) 1 Apr 2009 - 30 Nov 2017 Jaime Caruana (Spain) (b. 1952) 1 Dec 2017 - Agustín Carstens (Mexico) (b. 1958)
Secretaries-general
1973 - 1974 William Demas
(Trinidad and Tobago) (b. 1929 - d. 1998)
1974 - Aug 1977 Sir Alister McIntyre (Grenada) (b. 1932 - d. 2019)
Aug 1977 - Aug 1978 Joseph Tyndall (Guyana) (acting) (b. 1927)
1 Nov 1978 - Sep 1983 Kurleigh King (Barbados) (b. 1933 - d. 1998)
Sep 1983 - 31 Jul 1992 Roderick Rainford (Jamaica) (b. 1940)
1 Aug 1992 - 31 Dec 2010 Edwin W. Carrington
(Trinidad and Tobago) (b. 1938)
1 Jan 2011 - 15 Aug 2011 Lolita Applewhaite (f) (Barbados)
(acting)
15 Aug 2011 - Irwin LaRocque (Dominica) (b. 1955?)
CARICOM membership
| 1 Aug 1973 | Barbados, Guyana, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago |
| 1 May 1974 | Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |
| 4 Jul 1974 | Antigua1 |
| 26 Jul 1974 | Saint Kitts-Nevis-Anguilla2 |
| 4 Jul 1983 | The Bahamas |
| 4 Jul 1995 | Suriname |
| 5 Jul 2002 | Haiti3 |
| 1From 1981 Antigua and Barbuda. 2From 1983 Saint Kitts and Nevis. 3Suspended Mar 2004 - Jun 2006. | |
Presidents
28 Oct 1991 - 28 Oct 1992 Roberto Carpio Nicolle (Guatemala)
28 Oct 1992 - 28 Oct 1993 Ilsa Díaz Zelaya (f) (Honduras) (b. 1942)
28 Oct 1993 - 4 Jul 1994 José Francisco Guerrero Munguía
(El Salvador) (b. 1937 - d. 1994)
12 Jul 1994 - 28 Oct 1994 Francisco Merino (El Salvador)
28 Oct 1994 - 28 Oct 1995 Augusto Vela Mena (Guatemala)
(1st time)
28 Oct 1995 - 2 Dec 1995 Roland Valenzuela Oyuela
(Honduras) (b. ... - d. 1995)
6 Dec 1995 - 28 Oct 1996 Raúl Zaldívar Guzmán (Honduras)
28 Oct 1996 - 28 Oct 1997 Ernesto Lima Mena (El Salvador)
28 Oct 1997 - 28 Oct 1998 Marco Antonio Solares Pérez
(Guatemala) (b. 1956)
28 Oct 1998 - 28 Oct 1999 Carlos Roberto Reina (Honduras) (b. 1926 - d. 2003)
28 Oct 1999 - 28 Oct 2000 José Ernesto Somarriba Sosa
(Nicaragua) (b. 1920? - d. 2009)
28 Oct 2000 - 28 Oct 2001 Hugo Guiraud Gargano (Panama)
28 Oct 2001 - 28 Oct 2002 Rodrigo Samayoa Rivas (El Salvador)
28 Oct 2002 - 28 Oct 2003 Augusto Vela Mena (Guatemala)
(2nd time)
28 Oct 2003 - 28 Oct 2004 Mario Facussé Handal (Honduras) (b. 1946)
28 Oct 2004 - 28 Oct 2005 Fabio Gadea Mantilla (Nicaragua) (b. 1931)
28 Oct 2005 - 30 Oct 2006 Julio Palacios (Panama)
30 Oct 2006 - 26 Oct 2007 Ciro Cruz Zepeda (El Salvador) (b. 1946)
26 Oct 2007 - 28 Oct 2008 Julio Guillermo González Gamarra
(Guatemala)
28 Oct 2008 - 28 Oct 2009 Gloria Guadalupe Oquelí (f)
(Honduras)
28 Oct 2009 - 28 Oct 2010 Jacinto Suárez (Nicaragua) (b. 1947)
28 Oct 2010 - 31 Oct 2011 Dorindo Cortez (Panama)
31 Oct 2011 - 28 Oct 2012 Manolo Pichardo (Dom.Rep.) (b. 1962)
28 Oct 2012 - 25 Oct 2013 Leonel Vásquez Búcaro (El Salvador)
25 Oct 2013 - 28 Oct 2014 Paula Rodríguez (f) (Guatemala)
28 Oct 2014 - 28 Oct 2015 Armando Bardales Paz (Honduras)
28 Oct 2015 - 28 Oct 2016 José Antonio Alvarado Correa
(Nicaragua) (b. 1951)
28 Oct 2016 - 28 Oct 2017 Priscilla Weeden de Miró (f)
(Panama)
28 Oct 2017 - 28 Oct 2018 Tony Raful (Dom.Rep.) (b. 1951)
28 Oct 2018 - Irma Segunda Amaya (f)
(El Salvador)
PARLACEN membership
| 28 Oct 1991 | El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras |
| 21 Jan 1997 | Nicaragua |
| 1 Sep 1999 | Panama1 |
| 30 Oct 2006 | Dominican Republic |
| 1Withdrew 24 Nov 2010; opposition Panamanians (including Dorindo Cortez) remained in the parliament; rejoined 28 Jan 2013. | |
15 Apr 1955 Baghdad Pact
22 Nov 1955 Middle East Treaty Organization ("Baghdad Pact")
19 Aug 1959 Central Treaty Organization
26 Sep 1979 dissolved
Secretaries-general
15 Dec 1955 - 31 Dec 1958 Awni Khalidy (Iraq) (b. 1912)
1 Jan 1959 - Dec 1961 M.O.A. Baig (Pakistan) (b. 1904 - d. ...)
Jan 1962 - 1967 Abbas Ali Khalatbari (Iran) (b. 1912 - d. 1979)
1967 - 1 Feb 1972 Turgut Menemencioglu (Turkey) (b. 1914)
1 Feb 1972 - Jan 1975 Nassir Assar (Iran) (b. 1926 - d. 2015)
Jan 1975 - 1 Aug 1977 Haluk Bayülken (Turkey) (b. 1921 - d. 2007)
31 Mar 1978 - 1979 Kamuran Gürün (Turkey) (b. 1924 - d. 2004)
CENTO membership
| 15 Apr 1955 | Iraq1, Turkey, United Kingdom |
| 23 Sep 1955 | Pakistan2 |
| 23 Oct 1955 | Iran3 |
| 1Withdrew 24 Mar 1959. 2Withdrew 12 Mar 1979. 3Withdrew 13 Mar 1979. | |
Secretaries-general
Jun 1965 - 30 Jun 1975 Arnold Smith (Canada) (b. 1915 - d. 1994)
1 Jul 1975 - 30 Jun 1990 Shridath Ramphal (Guyana) (b. 1928)
1 Jul 1990 - 3 Apr 2000 Emeka Anyaoku (Nigeria) (b. 1933)
3 Apr 2000 - 1 Apr 2008 Don McKinnon (New Zealand) (b. 1939)
1 Apr 2008 - 1 Apr 2016 Kamalesh Sharma (India) (b. 1941)
1 Apr 2016 - Patricia Scotland, Baroness
Scotland of Asthal (f)
(Dominica/U.K.) (b. 1955)
Commonwealth membership
11 Dec 1931| Australia, Canada, Ireland1, New Zealand, Newfoundland2, South Africa3, United Kingdom | |
15 Oct 1947| India, Pakistan4 | |
4 Feb 1948| Ceylon5 | |
6 Mar 1957| Ghana | |
31 Aug 1957| Malaya6 | |
1 Oct 1960| Nigeria7 | |
13 Mar 1961| Cyprus | |
27 Apr 1961| Sierra Leone8 | |
9 Dec 1961| Tanganyika9 | |
6 Aug 1962| Jamaica | |
31 Aug 1962| Trinidad and Tobago | |
9 Oct 1962| Uganda | |
10 Dec 1963| Zanzibar9 | |
12 Dec 1963| Kenya | |
6 Jul 1964| Malawi | |
21 Sep 1964| Malta | |
24 Oct 1964| Zambia | |
18 Feb 1965| The Gambia10 | |
15 Oct 1965| Singapore | |
26 May 1966| Guyana | |
30 Sep 1966| Botswana | |
4 Oct 1966| Lesotho | |
30 Nov 1966| Barbados | |
12 Mar 1968| Mauritius | |
6 Sep 1968| Swaziland11 | |
29 Nov 1968| Nauru12 | |
4 Jun 1970| Tonga | |
28 Aug 1970| Western Samoa13 | |
10 Oct 1970| Fiji14 | |
18 Apr 1972| Bangladesh | |
10 Jul 1973| The Bahamas | |
7 Feb 1974| Grenada | |
16 Sep 1975| Papua New Guinea | |
28 Jun 1976| Seychelles | |
7 Jul 1978| Solomon Islands | |
1 Oct 1978| Tuvalu15 | |
3 Nov 1978| Dominica | |
22 Feb 1979| Saint Lucia | |
12 Jul 1979| Kiribati | |
27 Oct 1979| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines16 | |
18 Apr 1980| Zimbabwe17 | |
30 Jul 1980| Vanuatu | |
21 Sep 1981| Belize | |
1 Nov 1981| Antigua and Barbuda | |
9 Jul 1982| Maldives18 | |
19 Sep 1983| Saint Kitts and Nevis | |
1 Jan 1984| Brunei | |
21 Mar 1990| Namibia | |
1 Nov 1995| Cameroon | |
12 Nov 1995| Mozambique | |
28 Nov 2009| Rwanda | |
| 1Withdrew 18 Apr 1949. 2Became a colony in 1934. 3Withdrew 31 May 1961, rejoined 1 Jun 1994. 4Withdrew 30 Jan 1972, rejoined 1 Oct 1989; suspended from councils 18 Oct 1999 - 22 May 2004 and 22 Nov 2007 - 12 May 2008. 5From 1972 Sri Lanka. 6From 1963 Malaysia. 7Suspended 11 Nov 1995 - 29 May 1999. 8Suspended from councils 1997-98. 9Tanganyika and Zanzibar united in 1964 to form Tanzania. 10Withdrew 2 Oct 2013; rejoined 8 Feb 2018. 11From 2018 Eswatini. 12Special member to 1 May 1999 and 9 Jan 2006 - Nov 2007; "member in arrears" Nov 2007 - Jun 2011. 13From 1997 Samoa. 14Withdrew 15 Oct 1987, rejoined 30 Sep 1997; suspended from councils 6 Jun 2000 - 20 Dec 2001, 8 Dec 2006 - 1 Sep 2009, and 14 Mar - 26 Sep 2014; fully suspended 1 Sep 2009 - 14 Mar 2014. 15Special member to 1 Sep 2000. 16Special member to Jun 1985. 17Suspended from councils 19 Mar 2002; withdrew 7 Dec 2003. 18Special member to Jun 1985; withdrew 13 Oct 2016; rejoined 1 Feb 2020. | |
Executive secretaries
May 1993 - 29 Apr 1998 Ivan Korotchenya (Belarus)
(1st time) (b. 1948)
29 Apr 1998 - 4 Mar 1999 Boris Berezovsky (Russia) (b. 1946 - d. 2013)
4 Mar 1999 - 2 Apr 1999 Ivan Korotchenya (Belarus)
(2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
2 Apr 1999 - 14 Jun 2004 Yury Yarov (Russia) (b. 1942)
14 Jun 2004 - 5 Oct 2007 Vladimir Rushailo (Russia) (b. 1953)
5 Oct 2007 - Sergey Lebedev (Russia) (b. 1948)
CIS membership
| 21 Dec 1991 | Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan1, Ukraine2, Uzbekistan |
| 9 Dec 1993 | Georgia3 |
| 1Withdrew 26 Aug 2005; continued to participate as "associate member." 2Ceased participation in statutory bodies 19 May 2018. 3Withdrew 18 Aug 2009. | |
Secretaries-general
11 Aug 1949 - 17 Sep 1953 Jacques Camille Paris (France) (b. 1902 - d. 1953)
21 Sep 1953 - 24 Sep 1956 Léon Marchal (France) (b. 1900 - d. 1956)
15 Sep 1957 - 15 Mar 1964 Lodovico Benvenuti (Italy) (b. 1899 - d. 1966)
16 Mar 1964 - 15 Sep 1969 Peter Smithers (U.K.) (b. 1913 - d. 2006)
16 Sep 1969 - 16 Sep 1974 Lujo Toncic-Sorinj (Austria) (b. 1915 - d. 2005)
17 Sep 1974 - 17 Sep 1979 Georg Kahn-Ackermann (W.Ger.) (b. 1918 - d. 2008)
1 Oct 1979 - 1 Oct 1984 Franz Karasek (Austria) (b. 1924 - d. 1986)
1 Oct 1984 - 1 Jun 1989 Marcelino Oreja Aguirre (Spain) (b. 1935)
1 Jun 1989 - 31 May 1994 Catherine Lalumičre (f) (France) (b. 1935)
20 Jun 1994 - 1 Sep 1999 Daniel Tarschys (Sweden) (b. 1943)
1 Sep 1999 - 1 Sep 2004 Walter Schwimmer (Austria) (b. 1942)
1 Sep 2004 - 1 Sep 2009 Terry Davis (U.K.) (b. 1938)
1 Sep 2009 - 1 Oct 2009 Maud de Boer-Buquicchio (f)
(Netherlands) (acting) (b. 1944)
1 Oct 2009 - 18 Sep 2019 Thorbjřrn Jagland (Norway) (b. 1950)
18 Sep 2019 - Marija Pejcinovic Buric (f)
(Croatia) (b. 1963)
Presidents of the European Court of Human Rights
21 Jan 1959 - 3 May 1965 Arnold Duncan McNair, Baron McNair
(U.K.) (b. 1885 - d. 1975)
20 May 1965 - 15 Jun 1968 René Cassin (France) (b. 1887 - d. 1976)
27 Sep 1968 - 5 May 1971 Henri Rolin (Belgium) (b. 1891 - d. 1973)
5 May 1971 - 21 Jan 1974 Sir Humphrey Waldock (U.K.) (b. 1904 - d. 1981)
8 May 1974 - 9 Dec 1980 Giorgio Balladore Pallieri (Italy) (b. 1905 - d. 1980)
30 Jan 1981 - 30 May 1985 Gérard J. Wiarda (Netherlands) (b. 1906 - d. 1988)
30 May 1985 - 18 Feb 1998 Rolv Ryssdal (Norway) (b. 1914 - d. 1998)
24 Mar 1998 - 31 Oct 1998 Rudolf Bernhardt (Germany) (b. 1925)
1 Nov 1998 - 18 Jan 2007 Luzius Wildhaber (Switzerland) (b. 1937 - d. 2020)
19 Jan 2007 - 3 Nov 2011 Jean-Paul Costa (France) (b. 1941)
4 Nov 2011 - 31 Oct 2012 Sir Nicolas Bratza (U.K.) (b. 1945)
1 Nov 2012 - 31 Oct 2015 Dean Spielmann (Luxembourg) (b. 1962)
1 Nov 2015 - 5 May 2019 Guido Raimondi (Italy) (b. 1953)
5 May 2019 - 17 May 2020 Linos-Alexandre Sicilianos
(Greece) (b. 1960)
18 May 2020 - Róbert Spanó (Iceland) (b. 1972)
COE membership
| 5 May 1949 | Belgium, Denmark, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, United Kingdom |
| 9 Aug 1949 | Greece1 |
| 9 Mar 1950 | Iceland |
| 13 Apr 1950 | Turkey |
| 13 Jul 1950 | Federal Republic of Germany |
| 16 Apr 1956 | Austria |
| 24 May 1961 | Cyprus |
| 6 May 1963 | Switzerland |
| 29 Apr 1965 | Malta |
| 22 Sep 1976 | Portugal |
| 24 Nov 1977 | Spain |
| 23 Nov 1978 | Liechtenstein |
| 16 Nov 1988 | San Marino |
| 5 May 1989 | Finland |
| 6 Nov 1990 | Hungary |
| 29 Nov 1991 | Poland |
| 7 May 1992 | Bulgaria |
| 14 May 1993 | Estonia, Lithuania, Slovenia |
| 30 Jun 1993 | Czech Republic, Slovakia |
| 7 Oct 1993 | Romania |
| 10 Nov 1994 | Andorra |
| 10 Feb 1995 | Latvia |
| 13 Jul 1995 | Albania, Moldova |
| 9 Nov 1995 | Macedonia2, Ukraine |
| 28 Feb 1996 | Russia |
| 6 Nov 1996 | Croatia |
| 27 Apr 1999 | Georgia |
| 25 Jan 2001 | Armenia, Azerbaijan |
| 24 Apr 2002 | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| 3 Apr 2003 | Serbia and Montenegro3 |
| 5 Oct 2004 | Monaco |
| 11 May 2007 | Montenegro |
| 1Withdrew 12 Dec 1969; rejoined 28 Nov 1974. 2From 2019 North Macedonia. 3From 5 Jun 2006, Serbia. | |
6 Jun 1967 East African Community established
Jun 1977 dissolved
14 Mar 1996 East African Cooperation secretariat inaugurated
15 Jan 2001 East African Community reestablished
Secretaries-general
1968 - 1971 Z.H.K. Bigirwenkya (Uganda) (b. 1927)
Jun 1971 - Apr 1974 Charles Maina (Kenya) (b. 1931 - d. 2018)
1974 - 1977 Edwin Mtei (Tanzania) (b. 1932)
14 Mar 1996 - 24 Apr 2001 Francis Muthaura (Kenya) (b. 1946)
24 Apr 2001 - 24 Apr 2006 Nuwe Amanya Mushega (Uganda) (b. 1946)
25 Apr 2006 - 24 Apr 2011 Juma Volter Mwapachu (Tanzania) (b. 1942)
25 Apr 2011 - 25 Apr 2016 Richard Sezibera (Rwanda) (b. 1964)
25 Apr 2016 - Libérat Mfumukeko (Burundi) (b. 1964)
Speakers of the East African Legislative Assembly
29 Nov 2001 - 5 Jun 2007 Abdulrahman Kinana (Tanzania) (b. 1951)
5 Jun 2007 - 5 Jun 2012 Abdirahin Haithar Abdi (Kenya) (b. 1967?)
5 Jun 2012 - 17 Dec 2014 Margaret N. Zziwa (f) (Uganda) (b. 1963)
19 Dec 2014 - 19 Dec 2017 Daniel Fred Kidega (Uganda) (b. 1973)
19 Dec 2017 - Martin Ngoga (Rwanda)
EAC membership
| 6 Jun 1967 | Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda |
| 1 Jul 2007 | Burundi, Rwanda |
| 2 Mar 2016 | South Sudan |
Executive secretaries (from 1 Jan 2007, presidents of the Commission)
Jan 1977 - 31 Dec 1984 Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara
(Ivory Coast) (b. 1938)
1 Jan 1985 - 31 Dec 1988 Momodu Munu (Sierra Leone) (b. 1938)
1 Jan 1989 - 31 Jan 1993 Abass Bundu (Sierra Leone) (b. 1948)
1 Feb 1993 - 30 Sep 1997 Edouard Benjamin (Guinea) (b. 1941)
1 Oct 1997 - 6 Feb 2002 Lansana Kouyaté (Guinea) (b. 1950)
6 Feb 2002 - 16 Feb 2010 Mohamed Ibn Chambas (Ghana) (b. 1950)
16 Feb 2010 - 1 Mar 2012 Victor Gbeho (Ghana) (b. 1935)
1 Mar 2012 - 8 Apr 2016 Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo
(Burkina Faso) (b. 1953)
8 Apr 2016 - 1 Mar 2018 Marcel Alain de Souza (Benin) (b. 1953 - d. 2019)
1 Mar 2018 - Jean-Claude Brou (Côte d'Ivoire) (b. 1953)
Chairmen
1977 - 1978 Gnassingbé Eyadéma (Togo)
(1st time) (b. 1937 - d. 2005)
1978 - 1979 Olusegun Obasanjo (Nigeria) (b. 1937)
1979 - 1980 Léopold Sédar Senghor (Senegal) (b. 1906 - d. 2001)
1980 - 1981 Gnassingbé Eyadéma (Togo)
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1981 - 1982 Siaka Stevens (Sierra Leone) (b. 1905 - d. 1988)
1982 - 1983 Mathieu Kérékou (Benin) (b. 1933 - d. 2015)
1983 - 1984 Ahmed Sékou Touré (Guinea) (b. 1922 - d. 1984)
1984 - 1985 Lansana Conté (Guinea) (b. 1934 - d. 2008)
1985 - 27 Aug 1985 Muhammadu Buhari (Nigeria)
(1st time) (b. 1942)
27 Aug 1985 - 1989 Ibrahim Babangida (Nigeria) (b. 1941)
1989 - 1990 Sir Dawda Jawara (The Gambia)
(1st time) (b. 1924 - d. 2019)
1990 - 1991 Blaise Compaoré (Burkina Faso)
(1st time) (b. 1951)
1991 - 1992 Sir Dawda Jawara (The Gambia)
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1992 - 1993 Abdou Diouf (Senegal) (b. 1935)
1993 - 1994 Nicéphore Soglo (Benin) (b. 1934)
1994 - 27 Jul 1996 Jerry John Rawlings (Ghana) (b. 1947)
27 Jul 1996 - 8 Jun 1998 Sani Abacha (Nigeria) (b. 1943 - d. 1998)
9 Jun 1998 - 1999 Abdulsalami Abubakar (Nigeria) (b. 1942)
1999 Gnassingbé Eyadéma (Togo)
(3rd time) (s.a.)
1999 - 21 Dec 2001 Alpha Oumar Konaré (Mali) (b. 1946)
21 Dec 2001 - 31 Jan 2003 Abdoulaye Wade (Senegal) (b. 1926)
31 Jan 2003 - 19 Jan 2005 John Agyekum Kufuor (Ghana) (b. 1938)
19 Jan 2005 - 19 Jan 2007 Mamadou Tandja (Niger) (b. 1938)
19 Jan 2007 - 19 Dec 2008 Blaise Compaoré (Burkina Faso)
(2nd time) (s.a.)
19 Dec 2008 - 16 Feb 2010 Umaru Musa Yar'Adua (Nigeria) (b. 1951 - d. 2010)
16 Feb 2010 - 17 Feb 2012 Goodluck Jonathan (Nigeria) (b. 1957)
17 Feb 2012 - 28 Mar 2014 Alassane Ouattara (Côte d'Ivoire) (b. 1942)
28 Mar 2014 - 19 May 2015 John Dramani Mahama (Ghana) (b. 1958)
19 May 2015 - 4 Jun 2016 Macky Sall (Senegal) (b. 1961)
4 Jun 2016 - 4 Jun 2017 Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf (f)
(Liberia) (b. 1938)
4 Jun 2017 - 31 Jul 2018 Faure Gnassingbé (Togo) (b. 1966)
31 Jul 2018 - 29 Jun 2019 Muhammadu Buhari (Nigeria)
(2nd time) (s.a.)
29 Jun 2019 - 7 Sep 2020 Mahamadou Issoufou (Niger) (b. 1952)
7 Sep 2020 - Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo
(Ghana) (b. 1944)
ECOWAS membership
| 28 May 1975 | Dahomey1, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea2, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast3, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania4, Niger5, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo6, Upper Volta7 |
| 1977 | Cape Verde8 |
| 1From 30 Nov 1975 Benin. 2Suspended 10 Jan 2009 - 24 Mar 2011. 3From 1985 Côte d'Ivoire. 4Withdrew Dec 1999 (effective Dec 2000). 5Suspended 20 Oct 2009 - 24 Mar 2011. 6Suspended 19-26 Feb 2005. 7From 1984 Burkina Faso. 8From 2013 Cabo Verde. | |
Presidents
15 Apr 1991 - 16 Jul 1993 Jacques Attali (France) (b. 1943)
16 Jul 1993 - 27 Sep 1993 Ron Freeman (U.S.) (acting) (b. 1939)
27 Sep 1993 - 31 Jan 1998 Jacques de Larosičre (France) (b. 1929)
31 Jan 1998 - 1 Sep 1998 Charles Frank (U.S.) (1st time) (b. 1937)
(acting)
1 Sep 1998 - 18 Apr 2000 Horst Köhler (Germany) (b. 1943)
18 Apr 2000 - 3 Jul 2000 Charles Frank (U.S.) (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
3 Jul 2000 - 3 Jul 2008 Jean Lemierre (France) (b. 1950)
3 Jul 2008 - 3 Jul 2012 Thomas Mirow (Germany) (b. 1953)
3 Jul 2012 - 3 Jul 2020 Sir Suma Chakrabarti (U.K.) (b. 1969)
3 Jul 2020 - Jurgen Rigterink (Neth.) (acting) (b. 1964)
EBRD membership
| 28 Mar 1991 | Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia1, Denmark, Egypt, European Community, European Investment Bank, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Morocco, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Soviet Union2, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States, Yugoslavia3 |
| 18 Dec 1991 | Albania |
| 28 Feb 1992 | Estonia |
| 5 Mar 1992 | Lithuania |
| 18 Mar 1992 | Latvia |
| 9 Apr 1992 | Russia |
| 30 Apr 1992 | Uzbekistan |
| 5 May 1992 | Moldova |
| 1 Jun 1992 | Turkmenistan |
| 5 Jun 1992 | Kyrgyzstan |
| 10 Jun 1992 | Belarus |
| 27 Jul 1992 | Kazakhstan |
| 13 Aug 1992 | Ukraine |
| 4 Sep 1992 | Georgia |
| 25 Sep 1992 | Azerbaijan |
| 16 Oct 1992 | Tajikistan |
| 7 Dec 1992 | Armenia |
| 23 Dec 1992 | Slovenia |
| 15 Apr 1993 | Croatia |
| 21 Apr 1993 | Macedonia4 |
| 17 Jun 1996 | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| 9 Oct 2000 | Mongolia |
| 3 Jun 2006 | Montenegro |
| 29 Dec 2011 | Jordan, Tunisia |
| 17 Dec 2012 | Kosovo |
| 15 Jan 2016 | China |
| 17 Jul 2017 | Lebanon |
| 11 Jul 2018 | India |
| 7 Jun 2019 | San Marino |
| 16 Jul 2019 | Libya |
| 1From 1 Jan 1993 Czech Republic and Slovakia. 2Dissolved 25 Dec 1991. 3Broke up in 1992; the smaller Yugoslavia joined anew 19 Jan 2001; from 4 Feb 2003 called Serbia and Montenegro; on 5 Jun 2006 succeeded by Serbia. 4From 2019 North Macedonia. | |
3 May 1960 European Free Trade Association established
Secretaries-general
1 Sep 1960 - 31 Oct 1965 Frank E. Figgures (U.K.) (b. 1910 - d. 1990)
1 Nov 1965 - 5 May 1972 Sir John Coulson (U.K.) (b. 1909 - d. 1997)
6 May 1972 - 30 Nov 1975 Bengt Rabaeus (Sweden) (b. 1917 - d. 2010)
1 Dec 1975 - 31 Dec 1975 Cornelio Sommaruga (Switzerland) (b. 1932)
(interim)
1 Jan 1976 - 30 Sep 1981 Charles Müller (Switzerland) (b. 1922 - d. 2015)
1 Oct 1981 - 30 Nov 1981 Magnus Vahlquist (Sweden) (b. 1938)
(interim)
1 Dec 1981 - 15 Apr 1988 Per Kleppe (Norway) (b. 1923)
16 Apr 1988 - 31 Aug 1994 Georg Reisch (Austria) (b. 1930)
1 Sep 1994 - 31 Aug 2000 Kjartan Jóhannsson (Iceland) (b. 1939)
1 Sep 2000 - 31 Aug 2006 William Rossier (Switzerland) (b. 1942)
1 Sep 2006 - 31 Aug 2012 Kĺre Bryn (Norway) (b. 1944)
1 Sep 2012 - 31 Aug 2018 Kristinn F. Árnason (Iceland) (b. 1954)
1 Sep 2018 - Henri Gétaz (Switzerland) (b. 1964)
EFTA membership
| 3 May 1960 | Austria1, Denmark2, Norway, Portugal3, Sweden1, Switzerland, United Kingdom2 |
| 1 Mar 1970 | Iceland |
| 1 Jan 1986 | Finland1 |
| 1 Sep 1991 | Liechtenstein |
| 1Withdrew 1 Jan 1995. 2Withdrew 1 Jan 1973. Denmark's membership included Greenland from 1 Jul 1961 and the Faeroe Islands from 1 Jan 1968. 3Withdrew 1 Jan 1986. | |
1 Jan 1958 European Economic Community
1 Jul 1967 joined with European Coal and Steel Community and European
Atomic Energy Community to form the European Communities (from
the 1980s usually known as European Community)
1 Nov 1993 European Union
Presidency of the European Council
1 Jul 1987 - 31 Dec 1987 Denmark
1 Jan 1988 - 30 Jun 1988 West Germany
1 Jul 1988 - 31 Dec 1988 Greece
1 Jan 1989 - 30 Jun 1989 Spain
1 Jul 1989 - 31 Dec 1989 France
1 Jan 1990 - 30 Jun 1990 Ireland
1 Jul 1990 - 31 Dec 1990 Italy
1 Jan 1991 - 30 Jun 1991 Luxembourg
1 Jul 1991 - 31 Dec 1991 Netherlands
1 Jan 1992 - 30 Jun 1992 Portugal
1 Jul 1992 - 31 Dec 1992 United Kingdom
1 Jan 1993 - 30 Jun 1993 Denmark
1 Jul 1993 - 31 Dec 1993 Belgium
1 Jan 1994 - 30 Jun 1994 Greece
1 Jul 1994 - 31 Dec 1994 Germany
1 Jan 1995 - 30 Jun 1995 France
1 Jul 1995 - 31 Dec 1995 Spain
1 Jan 1996 - 30 Jun 1996 Italy
1 Jul 1996 - 31 Dec 1996 Ireland
1 Jan 1997 - 30 Jun 1997 Netherlands
1 Jul 1997 - 31 Dec 1997 Luxembourg
1 Jan 1998 - 30 Jun 1998 United Kingdom
1 Jul 1998 - 31 Dec 1998 Austria
1 Jan 1999 - 30 Jun 1999 Germany
1 Jul 1999 - 31 Dec 1999 Finland
1 Jan 2000 - 30 Jun 2000 Portugal
1 Jul 2000 - 31 Dec 2000 France
1 Jan 2001 - 30 Jun 2001 Sweden
1 Jul 2001 - 31 Dec 2001 Belgium
1 Jan 2002 - 30 Jun 2002 Spain
1 Jul 2002 - 31 Dec 2002 Denmark
1 Jan 2003 - 30 Jun 2003 Greece
1 Jul 2003 - 31 Dec 2003 Italy
1 Jan 2004 - 30 Jun 2004 Ireland
1 Jul 2004 - 31 Dec 2004 Netherlands
1 Jan 2005 - 30 Jun 2005 Luxembourg
1 Jul 2005 - 31 Dec 2005 United Kingdom
1 Jan 2006 - 30 Jun 2006 Austria
1 Jul 2006 - 31 Dec 2006 Finland
1 Jan 2007 - 30 Jun 2007 Germany
1 Jul 2007 - 31 Dec 2007 Portugal
1 Jan 2008 - 30 Jun 2008 Slovenia
1 Jul 2008 - 31 Dec 2008 France
1 Jan 2009 - 30 Jun 2009 Czech Republic
1 Jul 2009 - 31 Dec 2009 Sweden
Presidents of the European Council
1 Dec 2009 - 30 Nov 2014 Herman Van Rompuy (Belgium) (b. 1947)
1 Dec 2014 - 30 Nov 2019 Donald Tusk (Poland) (b. 1957)
1 Dec 2019 - Charles Michel (Belgium) (b. 1975)
Presidents of the European Commission
31 Jan 1958 - 30 Jun 1967 Walter Hallstein (W. Germany) (b. 1901 - d. 1982)
1 Jul 1967 - 1 Jul 1970 Jean Rey (Belgium) (b. 1902 - d. 1983)
2 Jul 1970 - 22 Mar 1972 Franco Maria Malfatti (Italy) (b. 1927 - d. 1991)
22 Mar 1972 - 5 Jan 1973 Sicco Mansholt (Netherlands) (b. 1908 - d. 1995)
9 Jan 1973 - 5 Jan 1977 François-Xavier Ortoli (France) (b. 1925 - d. 2007)
11 Jan 1977 - 5 Jan 1981 Roy Jenkins (U.K.) (b. 1920 - d. 2003)
12 Jan 1981 - 5 Jan 1985 Gaston Thorn (Luxembourg) (b. 1928 - d. 2007)
15 Jan 1985 - 5 Jan 1995 Jacques Delors (France) (b. 1925)
24 Jan 1995 - 14 Jul 1999 Jacques Santer (Luxembourg) (b. 1937)
14 Jul 1999 - 15 Sep 1999 Manuel Marín (Spain) (acting) (b. 1949 - d. 2017)
15 Sep 1999 - 22 Nov 2004 Romano Prodi (Italy) (b. 1939)
22 Nov 2004 - 1 Nov 2014 José Manuel Durăo Barroso
(Portugal) (b. 1956)
1 Nov 2014 - 1 Dec 2019 Jean-Claude Juncker (Luxembourg) (b. 1954)
1 Dec 2019 - Ursula von der Leyen (f) (Germany) (b. 1958)
Presidents of the Parliamentary Assembly (from 30 Mar 1962, European Parliament)
19 Mar 1958 - 28 Mar 1960 Robert Schuman (France) (b. 1886 - d. 1963)
28 Mar 1960 - 27 Mar 1962 Hans Furler (W. Germany) (b. 1904 - d. 1975)
27 Mar 1962 - 21 Mar 1964 Gaetano Martino (Italy) (b. 1900 - d. 1967)
21 Mar 1964 - 24 Sep 1965 Jean Duvieusart (Belgium) (b. 1900 - d. 1977)
24 Sep 1965 - 7 Mar 1966 Victor Leemans (Netherlands) (b. 1901 - d. 1971)
7 Mar 1966 - 11 Mar 1969 Alain Poher (France) (b. 1909 - d. 1996)
11 Mar 1969 - 9 Mar 1971 Mario Scelba (Italy) (b. 1901 - d. 1991)
9 Mar 1971 - 13 Mar 1973 Walter Behrendt (W. Germany) (b. 1914 - d. 1997)
13 Mar 1973 - 11 Mar 1975 Cornelis Berkhouwer (Netherlands) (b. 1919 - d. 1992)
11 Mar 1975 - 8 Mar 1977 Georges Spénale (France) (b. 1913 - d. 1983)
8 Mar 1977 - 17 Jul 1979 Emilio Colombo (Italy) (b. 1920 - d. 2013)
17 Jul 1979 - 19 Jan 1982 Simone Veil (f) (France) (b. 1927 - d. 2017)
19 Jan 1982 - 24 Jul 1984 Piet Dankert (Netherlands) (b. 1934 - d. 2003)
24 Jul 1984 - 20 Jan 1987 Pierre Pflimlin (France) (b. 1907 - d. 2000)
20 Jan 1987 - 25 Jul 1989 Henry Plumb, Baron Plumb (U.K.) (b. 1925)
25 Jul 1989 - 14 Jan 1992 Enrique Barón Crespo (Spain) (b. 1944)
14 Jan 1992 - 19 Jul 1994 Egon Klepsch (Germany) (b. 1930 - d. 2010)
19 Jul 1994 - 14 Jan 1997 Klaus Hänsch (Germany) (b. 1938)
14 Jan 1997 - 20 Jul 1999 José María Gil-Robles (Spain) (b. 1935)
20 Jul 1999 - 15 Jan 2002 Nicole Fontaine (f) (France) (b. 1942 - d. 2018)
15 Jan 2002 - 20 Jul 2004 Pat Cox (Ireland) (b. 1952)
20 Jul 2004 - 16 Jan 2007 Josep Borrell (Spain) (b. 1947)
16 Jan 2007 - 14 Jul 2009 Hans-Gert Pöttering (Germany) (b. 1945)
14 Jul 2009 - 17 Jan 2012 Jerzy Buzek (Poland) (b. 1940)
17 Jan 2012 - 18 Jun 2014 Martin Schulz (Germany) (1st time) (b. 1955)
18 Jun 2014 - 1 Jul 2014 Gianni Pittella (Italy) (acting) (b. 1958)
1 Jul 2014 - 17 Jan 2017 Martin Schulz (Germany) (2nd time) (s.a.)
17 Jan 2017 - 3 Jul 2019 Antonio Tajani (Italy) (b. 1953)
3 Jul 2019 - David-Maria Sassoli (Italy) (b. 1956)
Presidents of the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community
10 Aug 1952 - 1 Jun 1955 Jean Monnet (France) (b. 1888 - d. 1979)
1 Jun 1955 - 7 Jan 1958 René Mayer (France) (b. 1895 - d. 1972)
7 Jan 1958 - 11 Sep 1959 Paul Finet (Belgium) (b. 1897 - d. 1965)
11 Sep 1959 - 5 Nov 1963 Piero Malvestiti (Italy) (b. 1899 - d. 1964)
5 Nov 1963 - 1 Mar 1967 Dino Del Bo (Italy) (b. 1916 - d. 1991)
1 Mar 1967 - 30 Jun 1967 Albert Coppé (Belgium) (acting) (b. 1911 - d. 1999)
Presidents of the Commission of the European Atomic Energy Community
7 Jan 1958 - 2 Feb 1959 Louis Armand (France) (b. 1905 - d. 1971)
2 Feb 1959 - 10 Jan 1962 Étienne Hirsch (France) (b. 1901 - d. 1994)
10 Jan 1962 - 30 Jun 1967 Pierre Chatenet (France) (b. 1917 - d. 1997)
High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy
18 Oct 1999 - 1 Dec 2009 Javier Solana Madariaga (Spain) (b. 1942)
High Representatives for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy
1 Dec 2009 - 1 Nov 2014 Catherine Ashton, Baroness Ashton
of Upholland (f) (United Kingdom) (b. 1956)
1 Nov 2014 - 1 Dec 2019 Federica Mogherini (f) (Italy) (b. 1973)
1 Dec 2019 - Josep Borrell (Spain) (b. 1947)
Presidents of the European Monetary Institute
1 Jan 1994 - 30 Jun 1997 Alexandre Lamfalussy (Belgium) (b. 1929 - d. 2015)
1 Jul 1997 - 31 May 1998 Wim Duisenberg (Netherlands) (b. 1935 - d. 2005)
Presidents of the European Central Bank
1 Jun 1998 - 31 Oct 2003 Wim Duisenberg (Netherlands) (s.a.)
1 Nov 2003 - 31 Oct 2011 Jean-Claude Trichet (France) (b. 1942)
1 Nov 2011 - 31 Oct 2019 Mario Draghi (Italy) (b. 1947)
1 Nov 2019 - Christine Lagarde (f) (France) (b. 1956)
Presidents of the European Investment Bank
Feb 1958 - May 1959 Pietro Campilli (Italy) (b. 1891 - d. 1974)
Jun 1959 - Sep 1970 Paride Formentini (Italy) (b. 1899 - d. 1976)
Sep 1970 - Jul 1984 Yves Le Portz (France) (b. 1920 - d. 2013)
Aug 1984 - Mar 1993 Ernst-Günther Bröder (Germany) (b. 1927 - d. 2013)
Apr 1993 - 31 Dec 1999 Sir Brian Unwin (U.K.) (b. 1935)
1 Jan 2000 - 31 Dec 2011 Philippe Maystadt (Belgium) (b. 1948 - d. 2017)
1 Jan 2012 - Werner Hoyer (Germany) (b. 1951)
EU membership
| 1 Jan 1958 | Belgium, France, Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands |
| 1 Jan 1973 | Denmark1, Ireland, United Kingdom2 |
| 1 Jan 1981 | Greece |
| 1 Jan 1986 | Portugal, Spain |
| 1 Jan 1995 | Austria, Finland, Sweden |
| 1 May 2004 | Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia |
| 1 Jan 2007 | Bulgaria, Romania |
| 1 Jul 2013 | Croatia |
| 1Greenland, which joined as part of Denmark and was never recognized as a separate member, withdrew 1 Feb 1985. 2Intention of withdrawal notified 29 Mar 2017; withdrawal effective 31 Jan 2020. | |
Directors-general
Oct 1945 - 14 Apr 1948 Sir John Boyd Orr (U.K.) (b. 1880 - d. 1971)
14 Apr 1948 - 31 Dec 1953 Norris E. Dodd (U.S.) (b. 1879 - d. 1968)
1 Jan 1954 - Apr 1956 Philip V. Cardon (U.S.) (b. 1889 - d. 1965)
Apr 1956 - Nov 1956 Sir Herbert Broadley (U.K.) (b. 1892 - d. 1983)
(acting)
Nov 1956 - 31 Dec 1967 Binay Ranjan Sen (India) (b. 1898 - d. 1993)
1 Jan 1968 - 31 Dec 1975 Addeke Hendrik Boerma (Neth.) (b. 1912 - d. 1992)
1 Jan 1976 - 31 Dec 1993 Édouard Saouma (Lebanon) (b. 1926 - d. 2012)
1 Jan 1994 - 31 Dec 2011 Jacques Diouf (Senegal) (b. 1938 - d. 2019)
1 Jan 2012 - 31 Jul 2019 José Graziano da Silva (Brazil) (b. 1949)
1 Aug 2019 - Qu Dongyu (China) (b. 1963)
20 Mar 1970 Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation
1996 Agency for the Francophonie
1998 International Organization of the Francophonie
Secretaries-general
16 Nov 1997 - 31 Dec 2002 Boutros Boutros-Ghali (Egypt) (b. 1922 - d. 2016)
1 Jan 2003 - 31 Dec 2014 Abdou Diouf (Senegal) (b. 1935)
5 Jan 2015 - 31 Dec 2018 Michaëlle Jean (f) (Canada) (b. 1957)
3 Jan 2019 - Louise Mushikiwabo (f) (Rwanda) (b. 1961)
Francophonie membership
| 20 Mar 1970 | Belgium, Burundi, Canada, Chad, Dahomey1, France, Gabon, Haiti, Ivory Coast2, Luxembourg, Mali, Mauritius, Monaco, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Togo3, Tunisia, Upper Volta4, South Vietnam5 |
| Jun 1973 | Lebanon |
| Oct 1973 | Central African Republic |
| Jun 1976 | Seychelles |
| Dec 1977 | Comoros, Djibouti, Zaire6 |
| Dec 1979 | Dominica, Guinea-Bissau, New Hebrides7 |
| Mar 1980 | Mauritania |
| Dec 1981 | Congo (Brazzaville), Guinea, Morocco, Saint Lucia |
| Dec 1983 | Egypt |
| Dec 1989 | Equatorial Guinea, Madagascar |
| Dec 1991 | Cameroon, Laos |
| Dec 1993 | Bulgaria, Cambodia, Romania |
| Dec 1995 | Săo Tomé and Príncipe |
| Feb 1996 | Moldova, Switzerland |
| Dec 1996 | Cape Verde8 |
| Sep 2006 | Albania, Andorra, Greece, Macedonia9 |
| 1From 1975 Benin. 2From 1985 Côte d'Ivoire. 3Suspended 9 Feb - 8 Apr 2005. 4From 1984 Burkina Faso. 5From 1976 Vietnam. 6From 1997 Congo (Kinshasa). 7From 1980 Vanuatu. 8From 2013 Cabo Verde. 9From 2019 North Macedonia. | |
25 May 1981 Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf
(Gulf Cooperation Council) founded
Secretaries-general
26 May 1981 - Apr 1993 Abdullah Bishara (Kuwait) (b. 1936)
Apr 1993 - 31 Mar 1996 Fahim ibn Sultan al-Qasimi
(United Arab Emirates) (b. 1948)
1 Apr 1996 - 31 Mar 2002 Jamil ibn Ibrahim al-Hujailan
(Saudi Arabia) (b. 1925)
1 Apr 2002 - 31 Mar 2011 Abdul Rahman ibn Hamad al-Attiyah
(Qatar) (b. 1950)
1 Apr 2011 - 31 Jan 2020 Abdul Latif ibn Rashid al-Zayani
(Bahrain) (b. 1954)
1 Feb 2020 - Nayef al-Hajraf (Kuwait)
GCC membership
| 25 May 1981 | Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates |
Secretaries-general Oct 2005 - 1 Apr 2014 Enrique Iglesias (Uruguay) (b. 1930) 1 Apr 2014 - Rebeca Grynspan (f) (Costa Rica) (b. 1955)
SEGIB membership
| Oct 2005 | Andorra, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Spain, Uruguay, Venezuela |
Presidents 5 Feb 1960 - 28 Feb 1971 Felipe Herrera (Chile) (b. 1922 - d. 1996) 1 Mar 1971 - 31 Mar 1988 Antonio Ortiz Mena (Mexico) (b. 1908 - d. 2007) 1 Apr 1988 - 30 Sep 2005 Enrique Iglesias (Uruguay) (b. 1930) 1 Oct 2005 - 30 Sep 2020 Luis Alberto Moreno (Colombia) (b. 1953) 1 Oct 2020 - Mauricio Claver-Carone (U.S.) (b. 1975)
IADB membership
| 30 Dec 1959 | Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, United States |
| 12 Feb 1960 | Uruguay |
| 13 Feb 1960 | Venezuela |
| 10 Jul 1967 | Trinidad and Tobago |
| 19 Mar 1969 | Barbados |
| 30 Dec 1969 | Jamaica |
| 3 May 1972 | Canada |
| 9 Jul 1976 | Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Federal Republic of Germany, Israel, Japan, The Netherlands, Switzerland, United Kingdom, Yugoslavia1 |
| 9 Sep 1976 | Spain |
| 16 Nov 1976 | Guyana |
| 10 Jan 1977 | France |
| 26 May 1977 | Italy |
| 30 Jun 1977 | Finland |
| 19 Sep 1977 | Sweden |
| 15 Dec 1977 | The Bahamas |
| 25 Mar 1980 | Portugal |
| 12 Dec 1980 | Suriname |
| 7 Jul 1986 | Norway |
| 28 Sep 1992 | Belize |
| 1993 | Croatia, Slovenia |
| 16 Mar 2005 | South Korea |
| 1Ceased to be a member in 1993. | |
Directors-general
7 Oct 1957 - 6 Oct 1961 W. Sterling Cole (U.S.) (b. 1904 - d. 1987)
6 Oct 1961 - 30 Nov 1981 Sigvard Eklund (Sweden) (b. 1911 - d. 2000)
1 Dec 1981 - 30 Nov 1997 Hans Blix (Sweden) (b. 1928)
1 Dec 1997 - 30 Nov 2009 Mohamed al-Baradei (Egypt) (b. 1942)
1 Dec 2009 - 18 Jul 2019 Yukiya Amano (Japan) (b. 1947 - d. 2019)
22 Jul 2019 - 25 Jul 2019 Mary Alice Hayward (f) (U.S.) (b. 1963)
(acting)
25 Jul 2019 - 3 Dec 2019 Cornel Feruta (Romania) (acting) (b. 1975)
3 Dec 2019 - Rafael Grossi (Argentina) (b. 1961)
15 Aug 1945 Provisional International Civil Aviation Organization 4 Apr 1947 International Civil Aviation Organization Presidents of the Council 15 Aug 1945 - 18 Apr 1957 Edward Warner (U.S.) (b. 1894 - d. 1958) 18 Apr 1957 - 31 Jul 1976 Walter Binaghi (Argentina) (b. 1919 - d. 2006) 1 Aug 1976 - 31 Jul 2006 Assad Kotaite (Lebanon) (b. 1924 - d. 2014) 1 Aug 2006 - 31 Dec 2013 Roberto Kobeh González (Mexico) (b. 1943) 1 Jan 2014 - Olumuyiwa Benard Aliu (Nigeria) (b. 1960)
Secretaries-general 15 Aug 1945 - 31 Dec 1951 Albert Roper (France) (b. 1891 - d. 1969) 28 Mar 1952 - 31 Jul 1959 Carl Ljungberg (Sweden) (b. 1897 - d. 1982) 1 Aug 1959 - 31 Jul 1964 Ronald Macdonnell (Canada) (b. 1909 - d. 1973) 1 Aug 1964 - 31 Jul 1970 Bernardus Tieleman Twigt (Neth.) (b. 1912 - d. 1993) 1 Aug 1970 - 31 Jul 1976 Assad Kotaite (Lebanon) (s.a.) 1 Aug 1976 - 31 Jul 1988 Yves Lambert (France) (b. 1936) 1 Aug 1988 - 31 Jul 1991 Shivinder Singh Sidhu (India) (b. 1929 - d. 2018) 1 Aug 1991 - 31 Jul 1997 Philippe Rochat (Switzerland) (b. 1942) 1 Aug 1997 - 31 Jul 2003 Renato Cláudio Costa Pereira (Brazil) (b. 1936) 1 Aug 2003 - 31 Jul 2009 Taďeb Chérif (Algeria) (b. 1941) 1 Aug 2009 - 31 Jul 2015 Raymond Benjamin (France) (b. 1945) 1 Aug 2015 - Fang Liu (f) (China) (b. 1962)
1922 Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ)
Apr 1946 International Court of Justice (ICJ)
Presidents
Feb 1922 - 1924 Bernard C.J. Loder (Netherlands) (b. 1849 - d. 1935)
1925 - 1927 Max Huber (Switzerland) (b. 1874 - d. 1960)
1928 - 1930 Dionisio Anzilotti (Italy) (b. 1867 - d. 1950)
1931 - 1933 Mineichiro Adachi (Japan) (b. 1869 - d. 1934)
1934 - 1936 Cecil J.B. Hurst (U.K.) (b. 1870 - d. 1963)
1936 - 1949 José Gustavo Guerrero
(El Salvador) (b. 1876 - d. 1958)
1949 - 7 May 1952 Jules Basdevant (France) (b. 1877 - d. 1968)
7 May 1952 - 9 Feb 1955 Sir Arnold Duncan McNair (U.K.) (b. 1885 - d. 1975)
9 Feb 1955 - 5 Feb 1958 Green H. Hackworth (U.S.) (b. 1883 - d. 1973)
5 Feb 1958 - 5 Apr 1961 Helge Klćstad (Norway) (b. 1885 - d. 1965)
5 Apr 1961 - 9 Mar 1964 Bohdan Winiarski (Poland) (b. 1884 - d. 1969)
9 Mar 1964 - 9 Apr 1967 Sir Percy Claude Spender
(Australia) (b. 1897 - d. 1985)
9 Apr 1967 - 19 Feb 1970 José Luis Bustamante y Rivero
(Peru) (b. 1894 - d. 1989)
19 Feb 1970 - 8 Feb 1973 Sir Muhammad Zafrulla Khan
(Pakistan) (b. 1893 - d. 1985)
8 Feb 1973 - 12 Feb 1976 Manfred Lachs (Poland) (b. 1914 - d. 1993)
12 Feb 1976 - 23 Feb 1979 Eduardo Jiménez de Aréchaga
(Uruguay) (b. 1918 - d. 1994)
23 Feb 1979 - 15 Aug 1981 Sir Humphrey Waldock (U.K.) (b. 1904 - d. 1981)
15 Aug 1981 - 14 Feb 1985 Taslim Olawale Elias (Nigeria) (b. 1914 - d. 1991)
(acting to 25 Feb 1982)
14 Feb 1985 - 24 Feb 1988 Nagendra Singh (India) (b. 1914 - d. 1988)
24 Feb 1988 - 7 Feb 1991 José María Ruda (Argentina) (b. 1924 - d. 1994)
7 Feb 1991 - 7 Feb 1994 Sir Robert Y. Jennings (U.K.) (b. 1913 - d. 2004)
7 Feb 1994 - 6 Feb 1997 Mohammed Bedjaoui (Algeria) (b. 1929)
6 Feb 1997 - 7 Feb 2000 Stephen M. Schwebel (U.S.) (b. 1929)
7 Feb 2000 - 6 Feb 2003 Gilbert Guillaume (France) (b. 1930)
6 Feb 2003 - 6 Feb 2006 Shi Jiuyong (China) (b. 1926)
6 Feb 2006 - 6 Feb 2009 Dame Rosalyn Higgins (f) (U.K.) (b. 1937)
6 Feb 2009 - 6 Feb 2012 Hisashi Owada (Japan) (b. 1932)
6 Feb 2012 - 6 Feb 2015 Peter Tomka (Slovakia) (b. 1956)
6 Feb 2015 - 6 Feb 2018 Ronny Abraham (France) (b. 1951)
6 Feb 2018 - Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf (Somalia) (b. 1948)
1 Jul 2002 International Criminal Court established
Presidents
11 Mar 2003 - 11 Mar 2009 Philippe Kirsch (Canada) (b. 1947)
11 Mar 2009 - 11 Mar 2015 Sang-Hyun Song (South Korea) (b. 1941)
11 Mar 2015 - 11 Mar 2018 Silvia Fernández de Gurmendi (f)
(Argentina) (b. 1954)
11 Mar 2018 - Chile Eboe-Osuji (Nigeria) (b. 1962)
1923 International Criminal Police Commission
13 Jun 1956 International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol)
Secretaries-general
1923 - 1946 Oskar Dressler
(Austria [1938-45 Germany])
(secretary to 1932)
1946 - 1951 Louis Ducloux (France)
1951 - 1963 Marcel Sicot (France)
1963 - 1978 Jean Népote (France)
1978 - 1985 André Bossard (France) (b. 1926 - d. 2012)
1985 - 2000 Raymond E. Kendall (U.K.) (b. 1933)
2 Nov 2000 - 7 Nov 2014 Ronald K. Noble (U.S.) (b. 1956)
7 Nov 2014 - Jürgen Stock (Germany) (b. 1959)
Presidents
1923 - 1932 Johann Schober (Austria) (b. 1874 - d. 1932)
1932 - 1934 Franz Brandl (Austria) (b. 1875 - d. 1953)
1934 - 1935 Eugen Seydel (Austria) (b. 1879 - d. 1958)
1935 - Mar 1938 Michael Skubl (Austria) (b. 1877 - d. 1964)
Mar 1938 - 1940 Otto Steinhäusl (Germany) (b. 1879 - d. 1940)
1940 - 1942 Reinhard Heydrich (Germany) (b. 1904 - d. 1942)
1942 - 1943 Arthur Nebe (Germany) (b. 1894 - d. 1945)
1943 - 1945 Ernst Kaltenbrunner (Germany) (b. 1903 - d. 1946)
1946 - 1956 Florent Louwage (Belgium) (b. 1888 - d. 1967)
1956 - 1960 Agostinho Lourenço (Portugal) (b. 1886 - d. 1964)
1960 - 1963 Richard Jackson (U.K.) (b. 1902 - d. 1975)
1963 - 1964 Fjalar Jarva (Finland) (b. 1910 - d. 1978)
1964 - 1968 Firmin Franssen (Belgium)
1968 - 1972 Paul Dickopf (W. Germany) (b. 1910 - d. 1973)
1972 - 1976 William Leonard Higgitt (Canada) (b. 1917 - d. 1989)
1976 - 1980 Carl Persson (Sweden) (b. 1919 - d. 2014)
1980 - 1984 Jolly Bugarin (Philippines) (b. 1916? - d. 2002)
1984 - 1988 John R. Simpson (U.S.) (b. 1932 - d. 2017)
1988 - 1992 Ivan Barbot (France) (b. 1937)
1992 - 1994 Norman Inkster (Canada) (b. 1938)
4 Oct 1994 - 1996 Björn Eriksson (Sweden) (b. 1945)
1996 - 2000 Toshinori Kanemoto (Japan) (b. 1945)
3 Nov 2000 - 8 Oct 2004 Jesús Espigares Mira (Spain) (b. 1946)
8 Oct 2004 - 13 Feb 2008 Jackie Selebi (South Africa) (b. 1950 - d. 2015)
13 Feb 2008 - 10 Oct 2008 Arturo Herrera Verdugo (Chile) (b. 1951)
(acting)
10 Oct 2008 - 8 Nov 2012 Khoo Boon Hui (Singapore) (b. 1954)
8 Nov 2012 - 10 Nov 2016 Mireille Ballestrazzi (f) (France) (b. 1954)
10 Nov 2016 - 7 Oct 2018 Meng Hongwei (China) (b. 1953)
7 Oct 2018 - Kim Jong Yang (South Korea) (b. 1961)
(acting to 21 Nov 2018)
Directors-general
1919 - 7 May 1932 Albert Thomas (France) (b. 1878 - d. 1932)
1932 - 1939 Harold B. Butler (U.K.) (b. 1883 - d. 1951)
1939 - Feb 1941 John G. Winant (U.S.) (b. 1889 - d. 1947)
Feb 1941 - 1948 Edward J. Phelan (Ireland) (b. 1888 - d. 1967)
(acting to 16 Sep 1946)
1948 - 1970 David A. Morse (U.S.) (b. 1907 - d. 1990)
1 Jun 1970 - 9 Oct 1973 Wilfred Jenks (U.K.) (b. 1909 - d. 1973)
26 Feb 1974 - 27 Feb 1989 Francis Blanchard (France) (b. 1916 - d. 2009)
27 Feb 1989 - 4 Mar 1999 Michel Hansenne (Belgium) (b. 1940)
4 Mar 1999 - 1 Oct 2012 Juan Somavia (Chile) (b. 1941)
1 Oct 2012 - Guy Ryder (U.K.) (b. 1956)
6 Jan 1959 Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization
22 May 1982 International Maritime Organization
Secretaries-general
13 Jan 1959 - 20 Nov 1961 Ove Nielsen (Denmark) (b. 1893? - d. 1961)
20 Nov 1961 - 10 Jan 1963 William Graham (U.K.) (acting) (b. 1894 - d. 1981)
10 Jan 1963 - 31 Dec 1967 Jean Roullier (France) (b. 1898 - d. 1974)
1 Jan 1968 - 31 Dec 1973 Colin Goad (U.K.) (b. 1914 - d. 1998)
1 Jan 1974 - 31 Dec 1989 Chandrika Prasad Srivastava
(India) (b. 1920 - d. 2013)
1 Jan 1990 - 31 Dec 2003 William A. O'Neil (Canada) (b. 1927)
1 Jan 2004 - 31 Dec 2011 Efthimios E. Mitropoulos (Greece) (b. 1939)
1 Jan 2012 - 31 Dec 2015 Koji Sekimizu (Japan) (b. 1952)
1 Jan 2016 - Kitack Lim (South Korea)
27 Dec 1945 Articles of Agreement (adopted by the Bretton Woods
Conference 22 Jul 1944) become effective
1 Mar 1947 International Monetary Fund begins operations
Managing directors
6 May 1946 - 6 May 1951 Camille Gutt (Belgium) (b. 1884 - d. 1971)
6 May 1951 - 3 Aug 1951 Andrew N. Overby (U.S.) (acting) (b. 1909 - d. 1984)
3 Aug 1951 - 3 Oct 1956 Ivar Rooth (Sweden) (b. 1888 - d. 1972)
3 Oct 1956 - 21 Nov 1956 H. Merle Cochran (U.S.) (acting) (b. 1892 - d. 1973)
21 Nov 1956 - 5 May 1963 Per Jacobsson (Sweden) (b. 1894 - d. 1963)
5 May 1963 - 1 Sep 1963 Frank A. Southard, Jr. (U.S.) (b. 1907 - d. 1989)
(acting)
1 Sep 1963 - 1 Sep 1973 Pierre-Paul Schweitzer (France) (b. 1912 - d. 1994)
1 Sep 1973 - 17 Jun 1978 Johannes Witteveen (Netherlands) (b. 1921 - d. 2019)
17 Jun 1978 - 16 Jan 1987 Jacques de Larosičre (France) (b. 1929)
16 Jan 1987 - 14 Feb 2000 Michel Camdessus (France) (b. 1933)
14 Feb 2000 - 1 May 2000 Stanley Fischer (U.S.) (acting) (b. 1943)
1 May 2000 - 4 Mar 2004 Horst Köhler (Germany) (b. 1943)
4 Mar 2004 - 4 May 2004 Anne Krueger (f) (U.S.) (acting) (b. 1934)
4 May 2004 - 1 Nov 2007 Rodrigo Rato (Spain) (b. 1949)
1 Nov 2007 - 18 May 2011 Dominique Strauss-Kahn (France) (b. 1949)
15 May 2011 - 5 Jul 2011 John Lipsky (U.S.) (b. 1946?)
(acting [for Strauss-Kahn to 18 May 2011])
5 Jul 2011 - 12 Sep 2019 Christine Lagarde (f) (France) (b. 1956)
2 Jul 2019 - 1 Oct 2019 David Lipton (U.S.) (b. 1953)
(acting [for Lagarde to 12 Sep 2019])
1 Oct 2019 - Kristalina Georgieva (f)
(Bulgaria) (b. 1953)
IMF membership
| 27 Dec 1945 | Belgium, Bolivia, Canada, China1, Colombia, Czechoslovakia2, Egypt, Ethiopia, France, Greece, Honduras, Iceland, India, Iraq, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Norway, Philippines, Poland3, South Africa, United Kingdom, United States, Yugoslavia4 |
| 28 Dec 1945 | Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Paraguay |
| 29 Dec 1945 | Iran |
| 31 Dec 1945 | Chile, Mexico, Peru |
| 8 Jan 1946 | Costa Rica |
| 14 Jan 1946 | Brazil |
| 11 Mar 1946 | Uruguay |
| 14 Mar 1946 | Cuba5, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Panama |
| 30 Mar 1946 | Denmark |
| 30 Dec 1946 | Venezuela |
| 11 Mar 1947 | Turkey |
| 27 Mar 1947 | Italy |
| 10 Apr 1947 | Syria |
| 14 Apr 1947 | Lebanon |
| 5 Aug 1947 | Australia |
| 14 Jan 1948 | Finland |
| 27 Aug 1948 | Austria |
| 3 May 1949 | Thailand |
| 11 Jul 1950 | Pakistan |
| 29 Aug 1950 | Ceylon6 |
| 31 Aug 1951 | Sweden |
| 3 Jan 1952 | Burma7 |
| 13 Aug 1952 | Japan |
| 14 Aug 1952 | Federal Republic of Germany |
| 29 Aug 1952 | Jordan |
| 8 Sep 1953 | Haiti |
| 12 Jul 1954 | Israel |
| 14 Jul 1955 | Afghanistan |
| 26 Aug 1955 | South Korea |
| 20 Sep 1956 | Argentina |
| 21 Sep 1956 | Vietnam |
| 8 Aug 1957 | Ireland |
| 26 Aug 1957 | Saudi Arabia |
| 5 Sep 1957 | The Sudan |
| 20 Sep 1957 | Ghana |
| 7 Mar 1958 | Malaysia |
| 14 Apr 1958 | Tunisia |
| 25 Apr 1958 | Morocco |
| 15 Sep 1958 | Spain |
| 17 Sep 1958 | Libya |
| 29 Mar 1961 | Portugal |
| 30 Mar 1961 | Nigeria |
| 5 Jul 1961 | Laos |
| 31 Aug 1961 | New Zealand |
| 6 Sep 1961 | Nepal |
| 21 Dec 1961 | Cyprus |
| 28 Mar 1962 | Liberia |
| 1 Aug 1962 | Togo |
| 31 Aug 1962 | Senegal, Somalia |
| 10 Sep 1962 | Sierra Leone, Tanzania |
| 13 Sep 1962 | Kuwait |
| 21 Feb 1963 | Jamaica |
| 11 Mar 1963 | Ivory Coast8 |
| 24 Apr 1963 | Niger |
| 2 May 1963 | Upper Volta9 |
| 10 Jul 1963 | Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (Brazzaville), Dahomey10 |
| 10 Sep 1963 | Gabon, Mauritania |
| 16 Sep 1963 | Trinidad and Tobago |
| 25 Sep 1963 | Madagascar |
| 26 Sep 1963 | Algeria |
| 27 Sep 1963 | Mali, Uganda |
| 28 Sep 1963 | Burundi, Congo (Kinshasa), Guinea |
| 30 Sep 1963 | Rwanda |
| 3 Feb 1964 | Kenya |
| 19 Jul 1965 | Malawi |
| 23 Sep 1965 | Zambia |
| 3 Aug 1966 | Singapore |
| 26 Sep 1966 | Guyana |
| 21 Feb 1967 | Indonesia |
| 21 Sep 1967 | The Gambia |
| 24 Jul 1968 | Botswana |
| 25 Jul 1968 | Lesotho |
| 11 Sep 1968 | Malta |
| 23 Sep 1968 | Mauritius |
| 22 Sep 1969 | Swaziland11 |
| 29 Sep 1969 | Yemen (Aden)12 |
| 22 Dec 1969 | Equatorial Guinea |
| 31 Dec 1969 | Cambodia |
| 22 May 1970 | Yemen (Sana)12 |
| 29 Dec 1970 | Barbados |
| 28 May 1971 | Fiji |
| 23 Dec 1971 | Oman |
| 28 Dec 1971 | Western Samoa13 |
| 17 Aug 1972 | Bangladesh |
| 7 Sep 1972 | Bahrain |
| 8 Sep 1972 | Qatar |
| 22 Sep 1972 | United Arab Emirates |
| 15 Dec 1972 | Romania |
| 21 Aug 1973 | The Bahamas |
| 27 Aug 1975 | Grenada |
| 9 Oct 1975 | Papua New Guinea |
| 21 Sep 1976 | Comoros |
| 24 Mar 1977 | Guinea-Bissau |
| 30 Jun 1977 | Seychelles |
| 30 Sep 1977 | Săo Tomé and Príncipe |
| 13 Jan 1978 | Maldives |
| 27 Apr 1978 | Suriname |
| 22 Sep 1978 | Solomon Islands |
| 20 Nov 1978 | Cape Verde14 |
| 12 Dec 1978 | Dominica |
| 29 Dec 1978 | Djibouti |
| 15 Nov 1979 | Saint Lucia |
| 28 Dec 1979 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |
| 29 Sep 1980 | Zimbabwe |
| 28 Sep 1981 | Bhutan, Vanuatu |
| 25 Feb 1982 | Antigua and Barbuda |
| 16 Mar 1982 | Belize |
| 6 May 1982 | Hungary |
| 15 Aug 1984 | Saint Kitts and Nevis |
| 24 Sep 1984 | Mozambique |
| 13 Sep 1985 | Tonga |
| 3 Jun 1986 | Kiribati |
| 19 Sep 1989 | Angola |
| 25 Sep 1990 | Bulgaria, Namibia |
| 14 Feb 1991 | Mongolia |
| 15 Oct 1991 | Albania |
| 29 Apr 1992 | Lithuania |
| 5 May 1992 | Georgia |
| 8 May 1992 | Kyrgyzstan |
| 19 May 1992 | Latvia |
| 21 May 1992 | Marshall Islands |
| 26 May 1992 | Estonia |
| 28 May 1992 | Armenia |
| 29 May 1992 | Switzerland |
| 1 Jun 1992 | Russia |
| 10 Jul 1992 | Belarus |
| 15 Jul 1992 | Kazakhstan |
| 12 Aug 1992 | Moldova |
| 3 Sep 1992 | Ukraine |
| 18 Sep 1992 | Azerbaijan |
| 21 Sep 1992 | Uzbekistan |
| 22 Sep 1992 | Turkmenistan |
| 23 Sep 1992 | San Marino |
| 15 Jan 1993 | Croatia, Slovenia |
| 21 Apr 1993 | Macedonia15 |
| 27 Apr 1993 | Tajikistan |
| 24 Jun 1993 | Federated States of Micronesia |
| 6 Jul 1994 | Eritrea |
| 10 Oct 1995 | Brunei |
| 20 Dec 1995 | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| 17 Dec 1997 | Palau |
| 18 Jan 2007 | Montenegro |
| 29 Jun 2009 | Kosovo |
| 24 Jun 2010 | Tuvalu |
| 18 Apr 2012 | South Sudan |
| 12 Apr 2016 | Nauru |
| 1Republic of China (Taiwan) until 17 Apr 1980. 2Withdrew 31 Dec 1954; rejoined 20 Sep 1990; from 1 Jan 1993 Czech Republic and Slovakia. 3Withdrew 14 Mar 1950; rejoined 12 Jun 1986. 4Expelled 14 Dec 1992; readmitted 20 Dec 2000; from 4 Feb 2003 called Serbia and Montenegro; on 5 Jun 2006 succeeded by Serbia. 5Withdrew 2 Apr 1964. 6From 1972 Sri Lanka. 7From 1989 Myanmar. 8From 1985 Côte d'Ivoire. 9From 1984 Burkina Faso. 10From 1975 Benin. 11From 2018 Eswatini. 12Yemen (Aden) and Yemen (Sana) united 22 May 1990. 13From 1997 Samoa. 14From 2013 Cabo Verde. 15From 2019 North Macedonia. | |
Presidents
23 Jun 1894 - 8 Apr 1896 Dimitrios Vikelas (Greece) (b. 1835 - d. 1908)
8 Apr 1896 - 1916 Pierre, baron de Coubertin
(France) (1st time) (b. 1863 - d. 1937)
1916 - 1919 Godefroy de Blonay (Switzerland) (b. 1869 - d. 1937)
(interim)
1919 - 1 Sep 1925 Pierre, baron de Coubertin
(France) (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Sep 1925 - 6 Jan 1942 Henri, comte de Baillet-Latour
(Belgium) (b. 1876 - d. 1942)
6 Jan 1942 - 14 Aug 1952 J. Sigfrid Edström (Sweden) (b. 1870 - d. 1964)
(acting to 4 Sep 1946)
14 Aug 1952 - 12 Sep 1972 Avery Brundage (U.S.) (b. 1887 - d. 1975)
12 Sep 1972 - 4 Aug 1980 Michael Morris, Baron Killanin
(Ireland) (b. 1914 - d. 1999)
4 Aug 1980 - 20 Jul 2001 Juan Antonio Samaranch (Spain) (b. 1920 - d. 2010)
20 Jul 2001 - 17 Sep 2013 Jacques Rogge (from 21 Oct 2003,
Jacques, graaf Rogge) (Belgium) (b. 1942)
17 Sep 2013 - Thomas Bach (Germany) (b. 1953)
17 May 1865 International Telegraph Union
1 Jan 1934 International Telecommunication Union
Directors
1 Jan 1869 - 24 May 1872 Louis Curchod (Switzerland)
(1st time) (b. 1826 - d. 1889)
24 May 1872 - 12 Jan 1873 Karl Lendi (Switzerland) (b. 1825 - d. 1873)
23 Feb 1873 - 18 Oct 1889 Louis Curchod (Switzerland)
(2nd time) (s.a.)
25 Feb 1890 - 28 Jun 1890 August Frey (Switzerland) (b. 1831 - d. 1890)
25 Nov 1890 - 11 Feb 1897 Timotheus Rothen (Switzerland) (b. 1830 - d. 1897)
11 Mar 1897 - 1 Aug 1921 Emil Frey (Switzerland) (b. 1838 - d. 1922)
2 Aug 1921 - 16 Dec 1927 Henri Étienne (Switzerland) (b. 1862 - d. 1927)
1 Feb 1928 - 30 Oct 1934 Joseph Räber (Switzerland) (b. 1872 - d. 1934)
1 Jan 1935 - 31 Dec 1949 Franz von Ernst (Switzerland) (b. 1879 - d. 1957)
Secretaries-general
1 Jan 1950 - 31 Dec 1953 Léon Mulatier (France) (b. 1887 - d. 1981)
1 Jan 1954 - 18 Jun 1958 Marco Aurelio Andrada (Argentina) (b. 1904 - d. 1958)
18 Jun 1958 - 29 Oct 1965 Gerald C. Gross (U.S.) (b. 1903 - d. 1971)
(acting to 1 Jan 1960)
30 Oct 1965 - 19 Feb 1967 Manohar Balaji Sarwate (India) (b. 1910 - d. 1967)
20 Feb 1967 - 31 Dec 1982 Mohamed Ezzedine Mili (Tunisia) (b. 1917 - d. 2013)
1 Jan 1983 - 31 Oct 1989 Richard E. Butler (Australia) (b. 1926 - d. 2012)
1 Nov 1989 - 31 Jan 1999 Pekka Tarjanne (Finland) (b. 1937 - d. 2010)
1 Feb 1999 - 31 Dec 2006 Yoshio Utsumi (Japan) (b. 1942)
1 Jan 2007 - 31 Dec 2014 Hamadoun Touré (Mali) (b. 1953)
1 Jan 2015 - Zhao Houlin (China) (b. 1950)
18 Apr 1946 League of Nations dissolved Secretaries-general 10 Jan 1920 - 3 Jul 1933 Sir James Eric Drummond (U.K.) (b. 1876 - d. 1951) 3 Jul 1933 - 31 Aug 1940 Joseph Avenol (France) (b. 1879 - d. 1952) 31 Aug 1940 - 18 Apr 1946 Seán Lester (Ireland) (b. 1888 - d. 1959)
League of Nations membership
| 10 Jan 1920 | Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil1, Canada, Chile2, China, Colombia, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, El Salvador3, France4, Greece, Guatemala5, Haiti6, Honduras7, India, Iran, Italy8, Japan9, Liberia, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua10, Norway, Panama, Paraguay11, Peru12, Poland, Portugal, Romania13, Siam14, South Africa, Spain15, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, Uruguay, Venezuela16, Yugoslavia |
| 15 Dec 1920 | Austria17 |
| 16 Dec 1920 | Bulgaria, Costa Rica18, Finland, Luxembourg |
| 17 Dec 1920 | Albania19 |
| 22 Sep 1921 | Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania |
| 18 Sep 1922 | Hungary20 |
| 10 Sep 1923 | Ireland |
| 28 Sep 1923 | Ethiopia |
| 29 Sep 1924 | Dominican Republic |
| 8 Sep 1926 | Germany21 |
| 23 Sep 1931 | Mexico |
| 18 Jul 1932 | Turkey |
| 3 Oct 1932 | Iraq |
| 18 Sep 1934 | Soviet Union22 |
| 27 Sep 1934 | Afghanistan |
| 28 Sep 1934 | Ecuador |
| 26 May 1937 | Egypt |
| 1Withdrew 14 Jun 1926. 2Withdrew 14 May 1938. 3Withdrew 11 Aug 1937. 4Vichy France withdrew 19 Apr 1941. 5Withdrew 26 May 1936. 6Withdrew 8 Apr 1942. 7Withdrew 10 Jul 1936. 8Withdrew 11 Dec 1937. 9Withdrew 27 Mar 1933. 10Withdrew 27 Jun 1936. 11Withdrew 23 Feb 1935. 12Withdrew 8 Apr 1939. 13Withdrew 11 Jul 1940. 14From 1939 Thailand. 15Withdrew 9 May 1939. 16Withdrew 12 Jul 1938. 17Annexed by Germany 13 Mar 1938. 18Withdrew 22 Jan 1925. 19Withdrew 14 Apr 1939. 20Withdrew 11 Apr 1939. 21Withdrew 21 Oct 1933. 22Expelled 14 Dec 1939. Note: The Covenant of the League of Nations provided that "Any Member of the League may, after two years' notice of its intention so to do, withdraw from the League"; the withdrawal dates given here are the dates such notice was given, though formally the withdrawals became effective only two years later. | |
12 Feb 1953 Nordic Council inaugurated
Secretaries-general
Jul 1971 - Jun 1973 Emil Vindsetmo (Norway) (b. 1916 - d. 1983)
Dec 1973 - Aug 1977 Helge Seip (Norway) (b. 1919 - d. 2004)
Aug 1977 - Aug 1982 Gudmund Saxrud (Norway) (b. 1920)
Sep 1982 - Jan 1987 Ilkka-Christian Björklund
(Finland) (b. 1947)
Feb 1987 - Dec 1989 Gerhard af Schultén (Finland)
Jan 1990 - Aug 1994 Jostein Osnes (Norway)
Sep 1994 - Jul 1996 Anders Wenström (Sweden) (b. 1946)
Aug 1996 - Apr 1999 Berglind Ásgeirsdóttir (f)
(Iceland) (b. 1955)
Sep 1999 - Jul 2007 Frida Nokken (f) (Norway) (b. 1948)
Aug 2007 - 31 Dec 2013 Jan-Erik Enestam (Finland) (b. 1947)
1 Jan 2014 - Britt Bohlin (f) (Sweden) (b. 1956)
Presidents
12 Feb 1953 - 31 Dec 1953 Hans Hedtoft (Denmark) (b. 1903 - d. 1955)
1 Jan 1954 - 31 Dec 1954 Einar Henry Gerhardsen (Norway) (b. 1897 - d. 1987)
1 Jan 1955 - 31 Dec 1955 Nils Herlitz (Sweden) (b. 1888 - d. 1978)
1 Jan 1956 - 31 Dec 1956 Erik Eriksen (Denmark) (1st time) (b. 1902 - d. 1972)
1 Jan 1957 - 31 Dec 1957 Lennart Heljas (Finland) (b. 1896 - d. 1972)
1 Jan 1958 - 31 Dec 1958 Nils Hřnsvald (Norway) (1st time) (b. 1899 - d. 1971)
1 Jan 1959 - 31 Dec 1959 Bertil Ohlin (Sweden) (1st time) (b. 1899 - d. 1979)
1 Jan 1960 - 31 Dec 1960 Gísli Jónsson (Iceland) (b. 1889 - d. 1970)
1 Jan 1961 - 31 Dec 1961 Erik Eriksen (Denmark) (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1962 - 31 Dec 1962 Karl August Fagerholm (Finland) (b. 1901 - d. 1984)
1 Jan 1963 - 31 Dec 1963 Nils Hřnsvald (Norway) (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1964 - 31 Dec 1964 Bertil Ohlin (Sweden) (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1965 - 31 Dec 1965 Sigurdur Bjarnason (Iceland) (b. 1915 - d. 2012)
1 Jan 1966 - 31 Dec 1966 Harald Nielsen (Denmark) (b. 1896 - d. 1976)
1 Jan 1967 - 31 Dec 1967 Eino Sirén (Finland) (b. 1909 - d. 1981)
1 Jan 1968 - 31 Dec 1968 Svenn Stray (Norway) (b. 1922 - d. 2012)
1 Jan 1969 - 31 Dec 1969 Leif Cassel (Sweden) (b. 1906 - d. 1988)
1 Jan 1970 - 31 Dec 1970 Matthías Á. Mathiesen (Iceland)
(1st time) (b. 1931 - d. 2011)
1 Jan 1971 - 31 Dec 1971 Jens Otto Krag (Denmark) (b. 1914 - d. 1978)
1 Jan 1972 - 31 Dec 1972 Vieno Johannes Sukselainen
(Finland) (1st time) (b. 1906 - d. 1995)
1 Jan 1973 - 31 Dec 1973 Kĺre Willoch (Norway) (b. 1928)
1 Jan 1974 - 31 Dec 1974 Johannes Antonsson (Sweden) (b. 1921 - d. 1995)
1 Jan 1975 - 31 Dec 1975 Ragnhildur Helgadóttir (f)
(Iceland) (b. 1930)
1 Jan 1976 - 31 Dec 1976 Knud Enggaard (Denmark) (1st time) (b. 1929)
1 Jan 1977 - 31 Dec 1977 Vieno Johannes Sukselainen
(Finland) (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1978 - 31 Dec 1978 Trygve Bratteli (Norway) (b. 1910 - d. 1984)
1 Jan 1979 - 31 Dec 1979 Olof Palme (Sweden) (b. 1927 - d. 1986)
1 Jan 1980 - 31 Dec 1980 Matthías Á. Mathiesen (Iceland)
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1981 - 31 Dec 1981 Knud Enggaard (Denmark) (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1982 - 31 Dec 1982 Elsi Hetemäki-Olander (f)
(Finland) (1st time) (b. 1927)
1 Jan 1983 - 31 Dec 1983 Jo Benkow (Norway) (b. 1924 - d. 2013)
1 Jan 1984 - 31 Dec 1984 Karin Söder (f) (Sweden)
(1st time) (b. 1928 - d. 2015)
1 Jan 1985 - 31 Dec 1985 Páll Pétursson (Iceland)
(1st time) (b. 1937)
1 Jan 1986 - 31 Dec 1986 Anker Jřrgensen (Denmark)
(1st time) (b. 1922 - d. 2016)
1 Jan 1987 - 31 Dec 1987 Elsi Hetemäki-Olander (f)
(Finland) (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1988 - 31 Dec 1988 Jan Peder Syse (Norway) (1st time) (b. 1930 - d. 1997)
1 Jan 1989 - 31 Dec 1989 Karin Söder (f) (Sweden)
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1990 - 31 Dec 1990 Páll Pétursson (Iceland)
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1991 - 31 Dec 1991 Anker Jřrgensen (Denmark)
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1992 - 31 Dec 1992 Ilkka Suominen (Finland) (b. 1939)
1 Jan 1993 - 31 Dec 1993 Jan Peder Syse (Norway) (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1994 - Sep 1994 Sten Andersson (Sweden) (b. 1923 - d. 2006)
Sep 1994 - 31 Dec 1994 Per Olof Hĺkansson (Sweden) (b. 1941 - d. 2000)
1 Jan 1995 - 31 Dec 1995 Geir H. Haarde (Iceland) (b. 1951)
1 Jan 1996 - 31 Dec 1996 Knud Enggaard (Denmark) (3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1997 - 31 Dec 1997 Olof Salmén (Finland) (b. 1927)
1 Jan 1998 - 31 Dec 1998 Berit Brřrby Larsen (f) (Norway) (b. 1950)
1 Jan 1999 - 31 Dec 1999 Gun Hellsvik (f) (Sweden) (b. 1942 - d. 2016)
1 Jan 2000 - 31 Dec 2000 Sigridur Anna Thórdardóttir (f)
(Iceland) (b. 1946)
1 Jan 2001 - 31 Dec 2001 Svend Erik Hovmand (Denmark) (b. 1945)
1 Jan 2002 - 31 Dec 2002 Outi Ojala (f) (Finland) (b. 1946 - d. 2017)
1 Jan 2003 - 31 Dec 2003 Inge Lřnning (Norway) (b. 1938 - d. 2013)
1 Jan 2004 - 31 Dec 2004 Gabriel Romanus (Sweden) (b. 1939)
1 Jan 2005 - 31 Dec 2005 Rannveig Gudmundsdóttir (f)
(Iceland) (b. 1940)
1 Jan 2006 - 31 Dec 2006 Ole Stavad (Denmark) (b. 1949)
1 Jan 2007 - 31 Dec 2007 Dagfinn Hřybrĺten (Norway) (b. 1957)
1 Jan 2008 - 31 Dec 2008 Erkki Tuomioja (Finland) (b. 1946)
1 Jan 2009 - 31 Dec 2009 Sinikka Bohlin (f) (Sweden) (b. 1947)
1 Jan 2010 - 31 Dec 2010 Helgi Hjörvar (Iceland) (b. 1967)
1 Jan 2011 - 21 Oct 2011 Henrik Dam Kristensen (Denmark)
(1st time) (b. 1957)
21 Oct 2011 - 31 Dec 2011 Bertel Haarder (Denmark) (b. 1944)
1 Jan 2012 - 31 Dec 2012 Kimmo Sasi (Finland) (b. 1952)
1 Jan 2013 - 31 Dec 2013 Marit Nybakk (f) (Norway) (b. 1947)
1 Jan 2014 - 30 Sep 2014 Karin Ĺström (f) (Sweden) (b. 1953)
22 Oct 2014 - 31 Dec 2014 Hans Wallmark (Sweden) (1st time) (b. 1965)
1 Jan 2015 - 31 Dec 2015 Höskuldur Thórhallsson (Iceland) (b. 1973)
1 Jan 2016 - 31 Dec 2016 Henrik Dam Kristensen (Denmark)
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 2017 - 31 Dec 2017 Britt Lundberg (f) (Finland) (b. 1963)
1 Jan 2018 - 31 Dec 2018 Michael Tetzschner (Norway) (b. 1954)
1 Jan 2019 - 26 Jun 2019 Jessica Polfjärd (f) (Sweden) (b. 1971)
26 Jun 2019 - 31 Dec 2019 Hans Wallmark (Sweden) (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 2020 - Silja Dögg Gunnarsdóttir (f)
(Iceland) (b. 1973)
Nordic Council membership
| 12 Feb 1953 | Denmark, Iceland, Norway, Sweden |
| 27 Jan 1956 | Finland |
24 Aug 1949 North Atlantic Treaty Organization established
Secretaries-general
4 Apr 1952 - 16 May 1957 Hastings Ismay, Baron Ismay (U.K.) (b. 1887 - d. 1965)
16 May 1957 - 4 Mar 1961 Paul-Henri Spaak (Belgium) (b. 1899 - d. 1972)
4 Mar 1961 - 21 Apr 1961 Alberico Casardi (Italy) (acting) (b. 1903 - d. 1979)
21 Apr 1961 - 1 Aug 1964 Dirk Uipko Stikker (Neth.) (b. 1897 - d. 1979)
1 Aug 1964 - 1 Oct 1971 Manlio Brosio (Italy) (b. 1897 - d. 1980)
1 Oct 1971 - 25 Jun 1984 Joseph Luns (Neth.) (b. 1911 - d. 2002)
25 Jun 1984 - 1 Jul 1988 Peter Alexander Rupert Carington,
Baron Carrington (U.K.) (b. 1919 - d. 2018)
1 Jul 1988 - 13 Aug 1994 Manfred Wörner ([W.] Germany) (b. 1934 - d. 1994)
13 Aug 1994 - 17 Oct 1994 Sergio Balanzino (Italy)
(1st time) (acting) (b. 1934 - d. 2018)
17 Oct 1994 - 20 Oct 1995 Willy Claes (Belgium) (b. 1938)
20 Oct 1995 - 5 Dec 1995 Sergio Balanzino (Italy)
(2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
5 Dec 1995 - 6 Oct 1999 Javier Solana Madariaga (Spain) (b. 1942)
14 Oct 1999 - 17 Dec 2003 George Robertson, Baron Robertson
of Port Ellen (U.K.) (b. 1946)
17 Dec 2003 - 5 Jan 2004 Alessandro Minuto Rizzo (Italy) (b. 1940)
(acting)
5 Jan 2004 - 1 Aug 2009 Jaap de Hoop Scheffer (Neth.) (b. 1948)
1 Aug 2009 - 1 Oct 2014 Anders Fogh Rasmussen (Denmark) (b. 1953)
1 Oct 2014 - Jens Stoltenberg (Norway) (b. 1959)
Supreme Allied Commanders Europe (SACEUR) (all from U.S.)
2 Apr 1951 - 30 May 1952 Dwight D. Eisenhower (b. 1890 - d. 1969)
30 May 1952 - 11 Jul 1953 Matthew B. Ridgway (b. 1895 - d. 1993)
11 Jul 1953 - 20 Nov 1956 Alfred M. Gruenther (b. 1899 - d. 1983)
20 Nov 1956 - 1 Jan 1963 Lauris Norstad (b. 1907 - d. 1988)
1 Jan 1963 - 1 Jul 1969 Lyman L. Lemnitzer (b. 1899 - d. 1988)
1 Jul 1969 - 15 Dec 1974 Andrew J. Goodpaster (b. 1915 - d. 2005)
15 Dec 1974 - 1 Jul 1979 Alexander Haig (b. 1924 - d. 2010)
1 Jul 1979 - 26 Jun 1987 Bernard W. Rogers (b. 1921 - d. 2008)
26 Jun 1987 - 23 Jun 1992 John Galvin (b. 1929 - d. 2015)
23 Jun 1992 - 22 Oct 1993 John Shalikashvili (b. 1936 - d. 2011)
22 Oct 1993 - 11 Jul 1997 George A. Joulwan (b. 1939)
11 Jul 1997 - 3 May 2000 Wesley K. Clark (b. 1944)
3 May 2000 - 17 Jan 2003 Joseph W. Ralston (b. 1943)
17 Jan 2003 - 7 Dec 2006 James L. Jones (b. 1943)
7 Dec 2006 - 2 Jul 2009 Bantz J. Craddock (b. 1949)
2 Jul 2009 - 13 May 2013 James G. Stavridis (b. 1955)
13 May 2013 - 4 May 2016 Philip M. Breedlove (b. 1955)
4 May 2016 - 3 May 2019 Curtis M. Scaparrotti (b. 1956)
3 May 2019 - Tod D. Wolters (b. 1960)
NATO membership
| 24 Aug 1949 | Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France1, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, United Kingdom, United States |
| 18 Feb 1952 | Greece2, Turkey |
| 9 May 1955 | Federal Republic of Germany |
| 30 May 1982 | Spain3 |
| 12 Mar 1999 | Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland |
| 29 Mar 2004 | Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia |
| 1 Apr 2009 | Albania, Croatia |
| 5 Jun 2017 | Montenegro |
| 27 Mar 2020 | North Macedonia |
| 1Withdrew from integrated military structure 1 Jul 1966; rejoined 3 Apr 2009. 2Withdrew from integrated military structure 14 Aug 1974; rejoined 20 Oct 1980. 3Outside integrated military structure until 1 Jan 1999. | |
1955 NATO Parliamentarians' Conference
1966 North Atlantic Assembly
1 Jun 1999 NATO Parliamentary Assembly
Executive secretary
1955 - 1960 Douglas Robinson (U.K.) (b. 1929?)
Secretaries-general
1960 - 31 Dec 1967 Otto van Hinloopen Labberton
(Netherlands) (b. 1913 - d. 1982)
1 Jan 1968 - Dec 1986 Philippe Deshormes (Belgium) (b. 1921 - d. 1993)
Jan 1987 - May 1997 Peter Corterier ([W.] Germany) (b. 1936 - d. 2017)
May 1997 - Dec 2007 Simon Lunn (U.K.) (b. 1941)
Jan 2008 - David Hobbs (U.K.) (b. 1956)