PBDB

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Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Caniformia

Mammalia - Carnivora

Subtaxa

Amphicyonidae, Canoidea, Cynoidea, Lycophocyon, Palaearctonyx, Procynodictis (syn. Plesiomiacis)

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1943	Caniformia Kretzoi
1976	Caniformia Tedford p. 372
1982	Caniformia Flynn and Galiano p. 16
1985	Caniformia Berta and Morgan p. 810
1985	Caniformia Fay p. 1
1991	Caniformia Bryant p. 60
1992	Caniformia Wang and Tedford p. 225
1993	Caniformia Wolson p. 363
1994	Caniformia Tedford et al. p. 12
1994	Caniformia Wang p. 18
1995	Caniformia Kohno et al. p. 113
1999	Caniformia Wang et al. p. 21
2001	Caniformia Koretsky p. 85
2003	Caniformia Wesley and Flynn
2003	Caniformia Zhai et al. p. 294
2004	Caniformia Davis et al. p. 365
2005	Caniformia Wang et al. p. 6
2005	Caniformia Wilson and Reeder
2006	Caniformia Owen p. 1002
2006	Caniformia Peigné et al. p. 788
2006	Caniformia Polly et al. p. 1023
2007	Caniformia Labs Hochstein p. 532
2007	Caniformia Morlo et al. p. 149
2008	Caniformia Prevosti and Ferrero p. 1172
2009	Caniformia Tedford et al. p. 13
2010	Caniformia Robles et al. p. 550
2011	Caniformia Tomiya p. 2
2012	Caniformia Abella et al. p. 2
2016	Caniformia Tomiya and Tseng p. 5
2016	Caniformia Tseng and Geisler p. 1
2017	Caniformia de Bones et al. p. 414
2018	Caniformia Valenciano et al.
2020	Caniformia Paterson et al. p. 1322

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
—	Osteichthyes	()
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
—	Batrachosauria	()
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
subclass	Synapsida
suborder	Eupelycosauria

Rank	Name	Author
—	Therapsida	()
infraorder	Cynodontia	()
—	Epicynodontia
infraorder	Eucynodontia
—	Probainognathia
—	Mammaliamorpha
—	Mammaliaformes
class	Mammalia
subclass	Tribosphenida	()
infraclass	Eutheria	()
—	Placentalia
—	Laurasiatheria
—	Scrotifera
—	Ferae	()
—	Carnivoramorpha	Wyss and Flynn 1993
—	Carnivoraformes	Flynn et al.
order	Carnivora	Bowditch 1821
suborder	Caniformia	Kretzoi 1943
suborder	Caniformia	Kretzoi 1943

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Subor. Caniformia Kretzoi 1943

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Fm. †Amphicyonidae Haeckel 1886 [bear-dog]

G. †Afrocyon Arambourg 1961

†Afrocyon burolleti Arambourg 1961

†Afrocyon ginsburgi Morales et al. 1998

†Afrocyon macrodon Savage 1965

G. †Agnotherium Kaup 1833

†Agnotherium antiquum Kaup 1833

G. †Amphicyanis Springhorn 1977

Subfm. †Amphicyoninae Trouessart 1885

G. †Amphicyon Lartet 1836

Subg. †Amphicyon (Euroamphicyon) Ginsburg 1999

†Amphicyon argentinus Ameghino 1904

†Amphicyon castellanus Fraile 1997

†Amphicyon frendens Matthew 1924

†Amphicyon galushai Hunt, Jr. 2003

†Amphicyon giganteus Schinz 1825

†Amphicyon gracilis Pomel 1847

†Amphicyon ingens Matthew 1924

†Amphicyon intermedius White 1940

†Amphicyon longiramus White 1942

†Amphicyon major De Blainville 1841

†Amphicyon pontoni Simpson 1930

†Amphicyon reinheimeri Cook 1926

†Amphicyon riggsi McGrew 1939

G. †Cynelos Jourdan 1862

†Cynelos anubisi Morlo and Miller 2019

†Cynelos caroniavorus White 1942

Invalid names: Parictis bathygenus White 1947 [synonym]

†Cynelos euryodon Savage 1965

†Cynelos idoneus Matthew 1924

†Cynelos lemanensis Pomel 1846

†Cynelos malasi Hunt, Jr. and Stepleton 2015

†Cynelos sinapius Matthew 1902

Invalid names: Amphicyon amnicola Matthew and Cook 1909 [synonym]

Invalid names: Absonodaphoenus Olsen 1958 [synonym], Hecubides Savage 1965 [synonym]

G. †Goupilictis Ginsburg 1969

†Goupilictis minor Dehm 1935

G. †Ischyrocyon Matthew and Gidley 1904

†Ischyrocyon gidleyi Matthew 1902

Invalid names: Hadrocyon mohavensis Stock and Furlong 1926 [synonym], Ischyrocyon hyaenodus Matthew and Gidley 1904 [synonym], Pliocyon walkerae Johnston and Christian 1941 [synonym]

Invalid names: Hadrocyon Stock and Furlong 1926 [synonym]

G. †Magericyon Peigné et al. 2008

†Magericyon anceps Peigné et al. 2008

G. †Pliocyon Matthew 1918

†Pliocyon medius Matthew 1918

†Pliocyon ossifragus Douglass 1903

†Pliocyon robustus Berta and Galiano 1984

G. †Pseudocyon Lartet 1851

†Pseudocyon sansaniensis Lartet 1851

†Pseudocyon steinheimensis Fraas 1885

Invalid names: Amphicyonopsis Viret 1929 [synonym]

G. †Ysengrinia Ginsburg 1965

†Ysengrinia americana Wortman 1901

†Ysengrinia depereti Mayet 1908

†Ysengrinia gerandiana Viret 1929

†Ysengrinia tolosana Noulet 1876

†Ysengrinia valentiana Belinchon and Morales 1989

Invalid names: Thaumastocyonini Ginsburg 1977 [empty]

G. †Angelarctocyon Tomiya and Tseng 2016

†Angelarctocyon australis Gustafson 1986

G. †Arctamphicyon Pilgrim 1932

G. †Bonisicyon Werdelin 2009

†Bonisicyon illacabo Werdelin 2009

G. †Brachycyon Filhol 1872

Subfm. †Daphoeninae Hunt, Jr. 1998

G. †Adilophontes Hunt, Jr. 2002

†Adilophontes brachykolos Hunt, Jr. 2002

G. †Brachyrhynchocyon Scott and Jepsen 1936

†Brachyrhynchocyon dodgei Scott 1898

Invalid names: Daphoenocyon minor Clark 1967 [synonym], Daphoenus canadensis Russell 1934 [synonym], Miacis matthewi Schlaikjer 1935 [synonym]

†Brachyrhynchocyon intermedius Loomis 1931

†Brachyrhynchocyon montanus Hunt, Jr. 1996

Invalid names: Brachicyon Loomis 1931 [replaced], Daphoenocyon Hough 1948 [synonym]

G. †Daphoenictis Hunt, Jr. 1974

†Daphoenictis tedfordi Hunt, Jr. 1974

G. †Daphoenodon Peterson 1909

Subg. †Daphoenodon (Borocyon) Peterson 1910

†Daphoenodon (Borocyon) neomexicanus Hunt, Jr. 2009

†Daphoenodon (Borocyon) niobrarensis Loomis 1936

†Daphoenodon (Borocyon) robustum Peterson 1910

†Daphoenodon falkenbachi Hunt, Jr. 2002

†Daphoenodon notionastes Frailey 1979

†Daphoenodon skinneri Hunt, Jr. 2002

†Daphoenodon superbus Peterson 1907

Invalid names: Daphoenodon periculosus Cook 1909 [synonym]

G. †Daphoenus Leidy 1853

†Daphoenus demilo Dawson 1980

†Daphoenus felinus Scott 1898

†Daphoenus hartshornianus Cope 1873

†Daphoenus lambei Russell 1934

†Daphoenus robustus Scott 1897

†Daphoenus ruber Stock 1932

†Daphoenus socialis Thorpe 1922

†Daphoenus transversus Wortman and Matthew 1899

†Daphoenus vetus Leidy 1853

Invalid names: Proamphicyon nebrascensis Hatcher 1902 [synonym]

Invalid names: Canis lippincottianus Cope 1873 [nomen dubium], Pericyon Thorpe 1922 [synonym], Proamphicyon Hatcher 1902 [synonym]

G. †Guangxicyon Zhai et al. 2003

†Guangxicyon sinoamericanus Zhai et al. 2003

G. †Gustafsonia Tomiya and Tseng 2016

†Gustafsonia cognita Gustafson 1986

G. †Haplocyon Schlosser 1901

G. †Haplocyonoides Hürzeler 1940

†Haplocyonoides mordax Hürzeler 1940

G. †Haplocyonopsis de Bonis 1973

G. †Harpagophagus De Bonis 1971

†Harpagophagus sanguinensis De Bonis 1971

G. †Ictiocyon Crusafont Pairo et al. 1955

G. †Myacyon Sudre and Hartenberger 1992

†Myacyon kiptalami Morales and Pickford 2005

G. †Notoamphicyon Ameghino 1904

†Notoamphicyon paranensis Ameghino 1904

G. †Paradaphoenus Wortman and Matthew 1899

†Paradaphoenus cuspigerus Cope 1878

Invalid names: Amphicyon entoptychi Cope 1879 [synonym]

†Paradaphoenus minimus Hough 1948

†Paradaphoenus tooheyi Hunt, Jr. 2001

G. †Protemnocyon Hatcher 1901

†Protemnocyon inflatus Hatcher 1902

G. †Pseudamphicyon Schlosser 1887

G. †Pseudarctos Schlosser 1899

G. †Pseudocyonopsis Kuss 1965

G. †Sarcocyon Ginsburg 1966

G. †Symplectocyon Springhorn 1979

Subfm. †Temnocyoninae Hunt, Jr. 1998

G. †Delotrochanter Hunt, Jr. 2011

†Delotrochanter major Hunt, Jr. 2011

†Delotrochanter oryktes Hunt, Jr. 2011

†Delotrochanter petersoni Hunt, Jr. 2011

G. †Mammacyon Loomis 1936

†Mammacyon ferocior Hunt, Jr. 2011

†Mammacyon obtusidens Loomis 1936

G. †Rudiocyon Hunt, Jr. 2011

†Rudiocyon amplidens Hunt, Jr. 2011

G. †Temnocyon Cope 1878

†Temnocyon altigenis Cope 1878

†Temnocyon ferox Eyermann 1896

†Temnocyon fingeruti Hunt, Jr. 2011

†Temnocyon macrogenys Hunt, Jr. 2011

†Temnocyon percussor Cook 1909

†Temnocyon subferox Hunt, Jr. 2011

†Temnocyon typicus Loomis 1936

G. †Vishnucyon Pilgrim 1932

Invalid names: Aphicyoninae Trouessart 1885 [empty], Haplocyoninae [empty], Thaumastocyoninae Hurzeller 1940 [empty]

Superfm. Canoidea Simpson 1931

Fm. Canidae Fischer 1817 [canid]

G. Alopex Kaup 1829 [Arctic fox]

Alopex lagopus Linnaeus 1758 [Arctic fox]

G. Atelocynus Cabrera 1940

Atelocynus microtis Sclater 1883 [short-eared dog]

Subfm. †Borophaginae Simpson 1945 [bone-crushing dog]

G. †Archaeocyon Wang et al. 1999

†Archaeocyon falkenbachi Wang et al. 1999

†Archaeocyon leptodus Schlaikjer 1935

†Archaeocyon pavidus Stock 1933

Tr. †Borophagini Simpson 1945

Subtr. †Aelurodontina Wang et al. 1999

Subtr. †Borophagina Wang et al. 1999

G. †Cormocyon Wang and Tedford 1992

Subtr. †Cynarctina Wang et al. 1999

G. †Desmocyon Wang et al. 1999

G. †Euoplocyon Matthew 1924

G. †Metatomarctus Wang et al. 1999

G. †Microtomarctus Wang et al. 1999

G. †Protomarctus Wang et al. 1999

G. †Psalidocyon Wang et al. 1999

G. †Tephrocyon Merriam 1906

G. †Otarocyon Wang et al. 1999

†Otarocyon cooki Macdonald 1963

†Otarocyon macdonaldi Wang et al. 1999

G. †Oxetocyon Green 1954

†Oxetocyon cuspidatus Green 1954

Tr. †Phlaocyonini Wang et al. 1999

G. †Cynarctoides McGrew 1938

G. †Phlaocyon Matthew 1899

Invalid names: Aletocyon Romer and Sutton 1927 [synonym], Bassariscops Peterson 1928 [synonym]

G. †Rhizocyon Wang et al. 1999

†Rhizocyon oregonensis Merriam 1906

G. †Tomarctus Cope 1873

†Tomarctus brevirostris Cope 1873

Invalid names: Aelurodon francisi Hay 1924 [synonym], Aelurodon simulans Hay 1924 [synonym]

†Tomarctus hippophaga Matthew and Cook 1909

Subfm. Caninae Gill 1872 [canine]

Tr. †Canini Fischer de Waldheim 1817

Subtr. Canina Gray 1825

Subtr. †Cerdocyonina Tedford et al. 2009

G. Lycalopex Burmeister 1854

G. †Eucyon Tedford and Qiu 1996

†Eucyon davisi Merriam 1911

Invalid names: Canis condoni Shotwell 1956 [synonym], Leptocyon shermanensis Hibbard 1937 [synonym]

†Eucyon skinneri Tedford et al. 2009

G. †Leptocyon Matthew 1918

†Leptocyon delicatus Loomis 1932

†Leptocyon douglassi Tedford et al. 2009

†Leptocyon gregorii Matthew 1907

†Leptocyon leidyi Tedford et al. 2009

†Leptocyon matthewi Tedford et al. 2009

†Leptocyon mollis Merriam 1906

†Leptocyon tejonensis Tedford et al. 2009

†Leptocyon vafer Leidy 1858

†Leptocyon vulpinus Matthew 1907

Invalid names: Neocynodesmus Macdonald 1963 [synonym]

Tr. Vulpini Hemprich and Ehrenberg 1832

G. †Ferrucyon Ruiz-Ramoni et al. 2020

G. †Metalopex Tedford and Wang 2008

G. Urocyon Baird 1857 [gray fox]

G. †Chailicyon Chow 1975

†Chailicyon crassidens Chow 1975

G. †Cubacyon Arredondo and Varona 1974

†Cubacyon transversidens Arredondo and Varona 1974

G. †Cynodictis Bravard and Pomel 1850

†Cynodictis cayluxensis Filhol 1876

†Cynodictis crassus Teilard de Chardin 1915

†Cynodictis exilis Teilard de Chardin 1915

†Cynodictis ferox Filhol 1876

†Cynodictis lacustris Gervais 1852

†Cynodictis lacustris neboulensis de Bonis 1978

Invalid names: Cynodictis intermedius Filhol 1876 [synonym]

†Cynodictis longirostris Filhol 1872

†Cynodictis parisiensis Pomel 1853

†Cynodictis peignei Le Verger et al. 2020

G. †Cynotherium Studiati 1857

†Cynotherium sardous Studiati 1857

G. †Dusicyon Hamilton Smith 1839 [Falkland Island wolf]

†Dusicyon avus Burmeister 1866

Invalid names: Canis platensis Mercerat 1891 [synonym]

†Dusicyon culpaeus Molina 1782

†Dusicyon cultridens Gervais and Ameghino 1880

†Dusicyon gymnocercus Fischer 1814

†Dusicyon sechurae Thomas 1900

G. Dysodus Cope 1879

Dysodus pravus Cope 1879 [Japanese sleeve dog]

G. †Gobicyon Colbert 1839

Subfm. †Hesperocyoninae Tedford 1978

G. †Caedocyon Wang 1994

†Caedocyon tedfordi Wang 1994

G. †Cynodesmus Scott 1893

†Cynodesmus martini Wang 1994

†Cynodesmus thooides Scott 1893

Invalid names: Brachyrhynchocyon douglasi Macdonald 1970 [synonym], Mesocyon drummondanus Douglass 1903 [synonym], Sunkahetanka sheffleri Macdonald 1967 [synonym]

G. †Ectopocynus Wang 1994

†Ectopocynus antiquus Wang 1994

†Ectopocynus intermedius Wang 1994

†Ectopocynus simplicidens Wang 1994

G. †Enhydrocyon Cope 1879

†Enhydrocyon basilatus Cope 1879

†Enhydrocyon crassidens Matthew 1907

†Enhydrocyon pahinsintewakpa Macdonald 1963

†Enhydrocyon stenocephalus Cope 1879

Invalid names: Enhydrocyon oregonensis Thorpe 1922 [synonym]

Invalid names: Hyaenocyon Cope 1879 [synonym], Hyaenocyon sectorius Cope 1883 [nomen vanum]

G. †Hesperocyon Scott 1890

†Hesperocyon coloradensis Wang 1994

†Hesperocyon gregarius Cope 1873

Invalid names: Amphicyon gracilis Leidy 1856 [replaced], Cynodictis hylactor Hay 1899 [synonym], Cynodictis paterculus Matthew 1903 [synonym], Nanodelphys mcgrewi Russell 1972 [synonym]

Invalid names: Alloeodectes Russell 1984 [synonym], Pseudocynodictis Schlosser 1902 [synonym]

G. †Mesocyon Scott 1890

†Mesocyon brachyops Merriam 1906

Invalid names: Mesocyon baileyi Stock 1933 [synonym]

†Mesocyon coryphaeus Cope 1879

†Mesocyon temnodon Wortman and Matthew 1899

Invalid names: Hypotemnodon Eyerman 1894 [synonym]

G. †Osbornodon Wang 1994

†Osbornodon brachypus Cope 1881

†Osbornodon fricki Wang 1994

†Osbornodon iamonensis Sellards 1916

Invalid names: Cynodesmus nobilis Simpson 1932 [synonym], Paradaphoenus tropicalis White 1942 [synonym]

†Osbornodon renjiei Wang 1994

†Osbornodon sesnoni Macdonald 1967

†Osbornodon wangi Hayes 2000

G. †Paraenhydrocyon Wang 1994

†Paraenhydrocyon josephi Cope 1881

Invalid names: Mesocyon hortulirosae Schlaikjer 1935 [synonym]

†Paraenhydrocyon robustus Matthew 1907

†Paraenhydrocyon wallovianus Cope 1881

Invalid names: Temnocyon venator Cook 1909 [synonym]

G. †Philotrox Merriam 1906

†Philotrox condoni Merriam 1906

G. †Sunkahetanka Macdonald 1963

†Sunkahetanka geringensis Barbour and Schultz 1935

G. Lycaon Brookes 1827

Lycaon pictus Temminck 1820 [African wild dog]

G. †Neovulpavus Wortman 1901

†Neovulpavus washakius Wortman 1901

G. Nyctereutes Temminck 1839 [raccoon dog]

†Nyctereutes abdeslami Geraads 1997

†Nyctereutes megamastoides Pomel 1842

Nyctereutes procyonoides Gray 1834 [raccoon dog]

G. Otocyon Müller 1835 [bat-eared fox]

Otocyon megalotis Desmarest 1822 [bat-eared fox]

Otocyon megalotis megalotis Desmarest 1822

Invalid names: Agriodus auritus Smith 1840 [objective synonym], Canis lalandii Desmoulins 1823 [objective synonym], Otocyon caffer Müller 1836 [objective synonym], Otocyon steinhardti Zukowsky 1924 [synonym]

Otocyon megalotis virgatus Miller 1909

Invalid names: Otocyon canescens Cabrera 1910 [synonym]

Invalid names: Agriodus Smith 1840 [objective synonym]

G. Plesiocyon Schlosser 1887

G. †Protocyon Giebel 1855

†Protocyon orcesi Hoffstetter 1952

†Protocyon tarijensis Ameghino 1902

†Protocyon troglodytes Lund 1838

G. †Prototocyon Pohle 1928

G. Speothos Lund 1839 [bush dog]

Speothos venaticus Lund 1842 [bush dog]

G. †Synagodus Cope 1879