Index Lo-Ly

Loaiza (Mariaca), Armando (b. Dec. 8, 1943, La Paz, Bolivia - d. Jan. 18, 2016), foreign minister of Bolivia (2005-06). He was also ambassador to the Vatican (1994-97) and Uruguay (2003-05).

Loayza, José Jorge (b. April 23, 1827, Lima, Peru - d. 1904), foreign minister (1870-72) and prime minister (1871-72, 1878, 1898-99) of Peru. He was also finance minister (1865), justice and education minister (1878, 1898-99), and president of the Supreme Court (1893-95).

Loayza Barea, Javier, Bolivian diplomat. He was chargé d'affaires in the United Kingdom (1989-90) and at the United Nations (2006-07) and president of the UNICEF Executive Board (2007).

Lobanok, Vladimir (Yeliseyevich) (b. July 3 [June 20, O.S.], 1907, Ostrov, Russia [now in Minsk voblast, Belarus] - d. Nov. 4, 1984, Minsk, Belorussian S.S.R.), deputy chairman (1974-84) and joint acting chairman (1976-77) of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Belorussian S.S.R. He was also chairman of the Executive Committees of Polotsk (1944-46) and Gomel (1954-56) oblasti, first secretary of the party committees of Polesye (1948-53) and Vitebsk (1956-62) oblasti, and first deputy premier (1962-74).

Lobanov, Pavel (Pavlovich) (b. Jan. 15 [Jan. 2, O.S.], 1902, Staro, Moscow province, Russia - d. Aug. 13, 1984, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R.), Soviet politician. He was Russian people's commissar/minister of agriculture (1938, 1953-55) and food reserves (1953-55) and first deputy premier (1953-55) and Soviet people's commissar/minister of state farms (1938-46), a deputy premier (1955-56), chairman of the Soviet of the Union (1956-62), and president of the All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences (1956-61, 1965-78).

Lobanov-Rostovsky, Aleksey (Borisovich) (b. Dec. 30 [Dec. 18, O.S.], 1824, Voronezh province, Russia - d. Aug. 30 [Aug. 18, O.S.], 1896, Shepetovka, Russia), foreign minister of Russia (1895-96). He was also chargé d'affaires (1858-59), minister (1859-63), and ambassador (1878-79) to Turkey, ambassador to the United Kingdom (1879-82) and Austria-Hungary (1882-95), and governor of Oryol (1866-67).

Lobanov-Rostovsky, Knyaz (Prince) Dmitry (Ivanovich) (b. Sept. 20, 1758 - d. July 25, 1838, St. Petersburg, Russia), justice minister of Russia (1817-27). He was also governor-general of Arkhangelsk (1798), Saint Petersburg (1808-09), and Livonia and Courland (1810-12).

Lobanov-Rostovsky, Knyaz (Prince) Yakov (Ivanovich) (b. April 3 [March 23, O.S.], 1760 - d. Jan. 30 [Jan. 18, O.S.], 1831), governor-general of Malorossiya (1808-16); brother of Knyaz Dmitry Lobanov-Rostovsky.

Lobão

Lobão, Edison (b. Dec. 5, 1936, Mirador, Maranhão, Brazil), governor of Maranhão (1991-94). He later was first vice-president (2001-02) and acting president (2001) of the Senate and minister of mines and energy (2008-10, 2011-15) of Brazil.

N.d.R. Lobato

Lobato, Nicolau dos Reis (b. 1952, Bazartete, western Portuguese Timor [now Timor-Leste] - d. Dec. 31, 1978, near Dare Mulo, East Timor), East Timorese leader. In May 1974, one month after the Carnation Revolution in Lisbon, which triggered the decolonization process, he helped form a political party called the Timorese Social Democratic Association, which in September 1975 became the Revolutionary Front of Independent East Timor (Fretilin). In mid-1975 he went overseas on a diplomatic mission, and in August he played the leading role in the defeat of the Timorese Democratic Union (UDT) in the civil war. At this stage he was vice-president of Fretilin, but because of his leadership in the war he became the real leader of Fretilin, although its president, Francisco Xavier do Amaral, continued to be respected. During the period of Fretilin administration in East Timor (September-December 1975) he endeavoured to establish a farmers cooperative in his home region. When Fretilin formed the Democratic Republic of East Timor on Nov. 28, 1975, he became prime minister, with Amaral as president. His wife Isobel was shot on the Dili wharf on the first day (Dec. 7, 1975) of the Indonesian invasion. For the next three years he was the military and, for the most part, the political leader of the Timorese resistance in the mountains. His position as military commander was confirmed at the Fretilin congress at Soibada in May 1976, and later, after the arrest of Amaral in September 1978, he became the president. When Timorese fortunes were at their lowest after the Operation Encirclement, he was shot in the leg by Indonesian forces. Rather than being taken prisoner, he said "my last bullet is my victory" before shooting himself dead. For the Timorese, both his Fretilin followers and even those who had previously been UDT or Apodeti, he became a folk hero.

Lobato, Raymundo Felippe (b. 1798, Alcântara, Maranhão, Brazil - d. May 1851, São Luís, Maranhão), acting president of Maranhão (1834).

Lobo, António Leal da Costa (b. 1932), Portuguese diplomat. He was chargé d'affaires in Cuba (1961-63) and at the United Nations (1975, 1976-77) and ambassador to China (1982-85), the Soviet Union/Russia (1990-93), and the United Kingdom (1995-97).

Lobo, Aristides da Silveira (b. Feb. 12, 1838, Mamanguape, Paraíba, Brazil - d. March 27, 1896, Barbacena, Minas Gerais, Brazil), interior minister of Brazil (1889-90); son of Manuel Lobo de Miranda Henriques; brother of Francisco de Paula da Silveira Lobo.

Lobo, Arnaldo (Valente) (b. Oct. 2, 1889, Cametá, Pará, Brazil - d. May 17, 1975, Belém, Pará), governor of Pará (1951).

Lobo, Francisco de Paula da Silveira (b. 1826, Mamanguape, Paraíba, Brazil - d. April 24, 1886, Ponte Nova, Minas Gerais, Brazil), finance minister of Brazil (1866) and president of Pernambuco (1866-67) and Minas Gerais (1878-79); son of Manuel Lobo de Miranda Henriques. He was also navy minister (1865-66).

Lobo, Herculano de Souza (b. 18... - d. June 20, 1928, Formosa, Goiás, Brazil), acting president of Goiás (1912-13).

Lobo, José Carlos (b. Sept. 14, 1942, Quelimane, Mozambique), Mozambican politician. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1976-83) and minister of natural resources (1983-84).

Lobo, Manoel Telles da Silva (b. Bahia captaincy [now state], Brazil - d. Feb. 1, 1855, Coroatá, Maranhão, Brazil), president of Maranhão (1824-25).

P. Lobo

Lobo (Sosa), Porfirio, byname Pepe (b. Dec. 22, 1947, Trujillo, Colón department, Honduras), president of Honduras (2010-14). He was president of the National Congress in 2002-06 and an unsuccessful presidential candidate in 2005.

Lobo (Moreno), Ramón (Augusto) (b. April 24, 1967, La Azulita, Andrés Bello municipality, Mérida, Venezuela), finance minister of Venezuela (2017). He has also been president of the central bank (2017- ).

Lobos, Eleodoro (b. Oct. 15, 1862, San Luis province, Argentina - d. June 25, 1923, Buenos Aires, Argentina), finance minister of Argentina (1906-07). He was also minister of agriculture (1910-12).

Lobov, Oleg (Ivanovich) (b. Sept. 7, 1937, Kiev, Ukrainian S.S.R. - d. Sept. 6, 2018), Russian politician. He was chairman of the Executive Committee of Sverdlovsk oblast (1985-87), a deputy premier (1987-89), first deputy premier (1991), and acting premier (1991) of the Russian S.F.S.R., and a deputy prime minister (1993, 1996-97) and first deputy prime minister (1996), economy minister (1993), and secretary of the Security Council (1993-96) of Russia.

Loch, Henry Brougham Loch, (1st) Baron (b. May 23, 1827, Drylaw, Midlothian, Scotland - d. June 20, 1900, London, England), lieutenant governor of the Isle of Man (1863-82) and governor of Victoria (1884-89) and Cape Colony (1889-95). He was knighted in 1880 and created baron in 1895.

Loch, William (b. Nov. 8, 1846 - d. Aug. 8, 1901), British resident in Nepal (1899-1901).

Løchen, Einar (b. Nov. 2, 1850, Vang, Hedemarkens amt [now in Innlandet fylke], Norway - d. Nov. 27, 1908), justice minister of Norway (1899-1900). He was also chief justice of the Supreme Court (1900-08).

Løchen, Thorvald (b. Jan. 29, 1861, Vang, Hedemarkens amt [now in Innlandet fylke], Norway - d. Dec. 23, 1943), governor of Hedemarkens amt/Hedmark fylke (1916-26); brother of Einar Løchen.

Locher, Ralph S(idney) (b. July 24, 1915, Romania - d. June 18, 2004, Beachwood, Ohio), mayor of Cleveland (1962-67). He was the city's law director when he was thrust into the mayor's job after Pres. John F. Kennedy appointed Mayor Anthony J. Celebrezze to a federal cabinet post in 1962. Locher immediately faced a special election to remain mayor. Although he was thought to be a mild-mannered technician without political skills, he swamped his opposition so decisively that he was unopposed when he ran for a full term the next year. However, he was not prepared to deal with the heightened black consciousness of the 1960s. His administration became beleaguered before he was defeated by Carl B. Stokes in 1967. Locher was elected a probate judge in 1972 and an Ohio Supreme Court justice in 1976, retiring from the bench on Dec. 31, 1988.

Locke

Locke, Gary (Faye) (b. Jan. 21, 1950, Seattle, Wash.), governor of Washington (1997-2005). A son of Chinese immigrants, he seems to have cultivated a Chinese name, Luo Jiahui. He was elected to the state House in 1982 and rose to chair the Appropriations Committee; he supported an income tax and the 1993 tax increases that helped to make Democratic governor Mike Lowry unpopular. That same year, Locke was elected executive of the state's largest county, King, which includes Seattle. In February 1996 Lowry announced his retirement and Locke decided to run for governor. He supported gay and abortion rights and portrayed himself as tough on crime and fiscally moderate. It was a crowded field in an all-party primary. Locke won with 24% of the vote over his Democratic rivals, Seattle mayor Norm Rice (18%) and Jay Inslee (10%). The Republican field was more fragmented, and the nomination was won by former state Senate leader Ellen Craswell, who was an ardent foe of abortion, called homosexuality sinful, and vowed to fill government with "godly" people. She promised to cut state taxes 30% (later modified to 15%), slice government spending, and privatize state universities. Locke won 58%-42%. He became the first Chinese-American governor in the U.S. and the first Asian-American to be elected governor outside Hawaii. Washington's Asian population was less than 6%. His Republican opponent in 2000 was radio talk show host John Carlson, who called for lower taxes, a new bridge to Portland, and more teachers. But voters were in a pro-incumbent mood, and Locke won 58%-40%. In December 2002 he became chairman of the Democratic Governors Association and in January 2003 he delivered the Democratic response to George W. Bush's State of the Union address. On July 21, 2003, he announced he would not seek a third term. He was U.S. commerce secretary in 2009-11 and ambassador to China in 2011-14.

Locsin

Locsin, Teodoro, Jr., or Teodoro Lopez Locsin, byname Teddy Boy Locsin (b. Nov. 15, 1948, Manila, Philippines), foreign secretary of the Philippines (2018- ). He was also permanent representative to the United Nations (2017-18).

Lodden, Ebba, née Sjuve (b. Nov. 9, 1913, Tønsberg, Jarlsberg og Larvik amt [now in Vestfold og Telemark fylke], Norway - d. Jan. 14, 1997, Tønsberg), governor of Aust-Agder (1974-83). She was also chairman of the Norwegian Consumer Council (1960-77).

Lode, Johan Herman (b. Jan. 12, 1739, Vartsala, Finland - d. Feb. 27, 1817, Åbo [now Turku], Finland), governor of Kymmenegård (1793-1810).

Lodewijk I Napoleon, French Louis Napoléon Bonaparte, (from 1810) comte de Saint-Leu, original Italian Luigi Buonaparte (b. Sept. 2, 1778, Ajaccio, Corsica [now in France] - d. July 25, 1846, Livorno, Tuscany [now in Italy]), king of Holland (1806-10); brother of José I Napoleón, Napoléon I, and Lucien Bonaparte.

H.C. Lodge

Lodge, Henry Cabot (b. May 12, 1850, Boston, Mass. - d. Nov. 9, 1924, Cambridge, Mass.), U.S. politician. A Republican, he began his political career in the Massachusetts House of Representatives (1880-81) and later was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1887-93) and of the U.S. Senate (1893-1924). He became an implacable foe of Woodrow Wilson, the Democratic president of 1913-21. After the U.S. entered World War I (1917), he called for united support of the war effort. After the armistice, however, his opposition flamed up anew. Though he initially endorsed an international peacekeeping mechanism, he opposed the idea of a world organization with compulsory arbitration as advocated by Wilson. He maintained that there were matters, as touching the Monroe Doctrine, the Panama Canal tolls, or Asiatic immigration, which the U.S. could never consent to submit to arbitration. In the 1918 elections the Republicans gained control of the Senate, and he became chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee. It was largely his leadership and tenacity which prevented the U.S. adoption of the Treaty of Versailles, including the League of Nations covenant. On the one hand, he used delaying tactics to allow enthusiasm for the League to wane; on the other, he introduced a series of amendments (the Lodge reservations) that would require the approval of Congress before the U.S. would be bound by certain League decisions. Wilson refused to accept the reservations, and the treaty was defeated in the Senate. The landslide victory of Republican Warren G. Harding in the 1920 presidential election was considered a vindication of Lodge's position. He went on to serve as one of four U.S. delegates to the Washington Conference on the Limitation of Armaments (1921).

H.C. Lodge

Lodge, Henry Cabot (b. July 5, 1902, Nahant, Mass. - d. Feb. 27, 1985, Beverly, Mass.), U.S. politician; grandson of Henry Cabot Lodge (1850-1924); great-great-grandson of John Davis. In 1932 he was elected to the Massachusetts legislature, and four years later to the U.S. Senate, defeating Boston Mayor James M. Curley. He resigned in February 1944 to go on active duty with the U.S. Army, and saw combat in North Africa and Italy. Reelected to the Senate in 1946, he lost his seat in 1952 to Rep. John F. Kennedy. In that year he had been active in promoting the presidential candidacy of Dwight D. Eisenhower, who subsequently appointed Lodge permanent representative to the United Nations (1953-60). His principal tasks in the UN during 1953 and 1954 were to counter Soviet propaganda and attempts to split the Western powers and to combat the continued efforts of the Soviet bloc to secure admission of Communist China to the UN. Much of his time during 1955-56 was spent on efforts to secure release of 11 U.S. airmen imprisoned by China as "spies," to persuade the U.S.S.R. to participate in a world atomic energy pool for peaceful purposes, and to present the U.S. view before the UN subcommittee on disarmament. In 1957 he turned his attention to UN debates over administration of the Suez Canal and to the proposed censure of the U.S.S.R. for its suppression of the Hungarian revolt of 1956. He became something of a television idol and in July 1960 he was nominated vice presidential candidate on the unsuccessful Republican ticket headed by Richard M. Nixon. He served as U.S. ambassador to South Vietnam (1963-64, 1965-67), ambassador at large (1967-68), ambassador to West Germany (1968-69), chief negotiator at the Vietnam peace talks in Paris (1969), and special envoy to the Vatican (1970-77).

Lodge, John Davis (b. Oct. 20, 1903, Washington, D.C. - d. Oct. 29, 1985, New York City), governor of Connecticut (1951-55); brother of Henry Cabot Lodge (1902-85); grandson of Henry Cabot Lodge (1850-1924). An actor before entering politics, he was also a member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1947-51) and ambassador to Spain (1955-61), Argentina (1969-73), and Switzerland (1983-85).

Lodhi, Maleeha (b. 1952, Lahore, Pakistan), Pakistani diplomat. She was ambassador to the United States (1994-97, 1999-2002), high commissioner to the United Kingdom (2003-08), and permanent representative to the United Nations (2015-19).

Lodi, Sardar F(arooq) S(haukat Khan) (b. June 17, 1931, Baghdad, Iraq - d. Sept. 14, 2004, Karachi, Pakistan), governor of Balochistan (1984).

Lodkin, Yury (Yevgenyevich) (b. March 26, 1938), head of the administration of Bryansk oblast (1993, 1996-2004).

Loeak

Loeak, Christopher (Jorebon) (b. Nov. 11, 1952, Ailinglaplap, Marshall Islands), president of the Marshall Islands (2012-16). He was also minister of justice (1988-92), social services (1992-96), education (1996-97), and the Ralik island chain (1997-99).

Loeb, John Langeloth, Jr. (b. May 2, 1930, New York City), U.S. diplomat; grandnephew of Herbert H. Lehman. He was ambassador to Denmark (1981-83).

Loemban Tobing-Klein, Irma (Eugenie) (b. 1935), Surinamese diplomat. She was permanent representative to the United Nations (2002-03).

Löfberg, Bertil (Albert Fredrik) (b. Aug. 6, 1923, Gävle Staffan, Gävleborg, Sweden - d. July 6, 1997), governor of Västernorrland (1975-89).

Löfgren, (Jonas) Eliel (b. March 15, 1872, Piteå, Norrbotten, Sweden - d. April 8, 1940, Stockholm, Sweden), foreign minister of Sweden (1926-28). He was also justice minister (1917-20) and leader of the Liberal Party (1923-30).

Löfgren, Torsten (Einar) (b. Aug. 21, 1886, Prästbol, Värmland, Sweden - d. Feb. 22, 1966), governor of Jämtland (1938-53).

Loftus, Sir Augustus William Frederick Spencer, also known by the courtesy title Lord Augustus William Frederick Spencer Loftus (b. Oct. 4, 1817, Clifton, Bristol, England - d. March 7, 1904, Englemere Wood Lodge, near Ascot, England), governor of New South Wales (1879-85); knighted 1866. He was also British minister to Austria (1858-60), Prussia (1860-62), and Bavaria (1862-66) and ambassador to Prussia (1866-68), the North German Confederation (1868-71), and Russia (1871-79).

Löfven

Löfven, (Kjell) Stefan (b. July 21, 1957, Stockholm, Sweden), prime minister of Sweden (2014- ). He became leader of the Social Democrats in 2012.

Löfvenskjöld, Salomon friherre (b. Dec. 26, 1764, Öströ, Halland, Sweden - d. Feb. 25, 1850, Stockholm, Sweden), governor of Örebro (1801-16). He was made friherre (baron) in 1810.

Logan, James (b. Oct. 20, 1674, Lurgan, County Armagh, Ireland [now in Northern Ireland] - d. Oct. 31, 1751, Stenton plantation, near Germantown, Pennsylvania), mayor of Philadelphia (1722-23) and president of the Council of Pennsylvania (1736-38); father of daughter-in-law of Isaac Norris.

Logar, Andrej (b. Jan. 28, 1951, Maribor, Slovenia), Slovenian diplomat. He was ambassador to Denmark (1999-2003), Norway (2000-03), Iceland (2000-03), and Lithuania (2000-03) and permanent representative to the United Nations (2013-17).

Anze Logar

Logar, Anze (b. May 15, 1976, Ljubljana, Slovenia), foreign minister of Slovenia (2020- ).

Löger, Hartwig (b. July 15, 1965, Selzthal, Steiermark, Austria), finance minister (2017-19), vice chancellor (2019), and acting chancellor (2019) of Austria.

Logeswaran, K(anapathipillai) C(athiravelpillai), governor of Western province (2015-18) and North Western province (2018-19), Sri Lanka. He was also ambassador to South Korea (1999-2003).

Logiest, Guy, byname of Guillaume Logiest (b. 1912, Ghent, Belgium), special military resident (1959-62) and high representative (1962) of Ruanda.

Loginov, Vladimir (Aleksandrovich) (b. Nov. 18, 1954, Onega, Arkhangelsk oblast, Russian S.F.S.R. - d. Oct. 17, 2016), governor of Koryakia autonomous okrug (2000-05).

Logoido, Yury (Mikhailovich) (b. Aug. 31, 1938), acting head of the administration of Samara oblast (2000).

Lohani, Prakash Chandra (b. April 21, 1944, Kathmandu, Nepal), finance minister (1983-87, 2003-04) and foreign minister (1995-97, 1997) of Nepal. He was also minister of communications (1983-85), housing and physical planning (1988-90), housing and commerce (1997), and agriculture (1997-98).

Lohia, Renagi (Renagi) (b. Oct. 15, 1945, Tubesereia, Papua and New Guinea [now Papua New Guinea]), Papua New Guinean diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1983-85, 1988-94) and ambassador to the United States (1984-86, 1987-89).

Lohman, Maurits Adriaan de Savornin (b. Jan. 9, 1832, Groningen, Netherlands - d. July 12, 1899, The Hague, Netherlands), governor of Dutch Guiana (1889-91).

Lohse

Loizaga

Lohse, Hinrich (b. Sept. 2, 1896, Mühlenbarbek, Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia, Germany - d. Feb. 25, 1964, Mühlenbarbek), Oberpräsident of Schleswig-Holstein (1933-45) and Reichskommissar of Ostland (1941-44). He was arrested in 1945 and sentenced to 10 years of hard labour in 1948. He was released in 1951 due to health problems.

Loita, Habib Mohamed (b. 1942, Dikhil, French Somaliland [now Djibouti]), defense minister of Djibouti (1978-85).

Loizaga (Lezcano), Eladio (Ramón), also called Eladio Loizaga Caballero (b. March 17, 1949), foreign minister of Paraguay (2013-18). He was permanent representative to the United Nations in 2001-09.

Løj, Ellen Margrethe (b. Oct. 17, 1948, Gedesby, Denmark), Danish diplomat. She was ambassador to Israel (1989-92) and the Czech Republic (2007), permanent representative to the United Nations (2001-07), and UN special representative for Liberia (2008-12) and South Sudan (2014-16).

Løken, Håkon (b. Nov. 9, 1859, Sundnes [now part of Inderøy municipality], Nordre Trondhjems amt [now in Trøndelag fylke], Norway - d. Sept. 10, 1923, Kristiania [now Oslo], Norway), acting governor of Kristiania (1918-23).

Lokna (Vi-Dina), Fakadi (d. May 18, 2005, N'Djamena, Chad), foreign minister of Chad (1993-94).

Lokoloko

Lokoloko, Sir Tore (b. Sept. 21, 1930, Iokea village, Papua [now in Gulf province, Papua New Guinea] - d. March 13, 2013, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea), governor-general of Papua New Guinea (1977-83); knighted 1977. He was also minister of health (1968-72).

Lokubandara, W(ijesinghe) J(ayaweera) M(udiyanselage) (b. Aug. 5, 1941, Haputale, Ceylon [now Sri Lanka] - d. Feb. 14, 2021, Angoda, Sri Lanka), governor of Sabaragamuwa (2010-15). He was also Sri Lankan minister of education (1989-94) and justice (2001-04) and speaker of parliament (2004-10).

Lola Kisanga, Jean-Pierre (b. June 6, 1969, Watsa, Orientale [now in Haut-Uélé], Congo [Kinshasa] - d. Dec. 1, 2020, Kinshasa, Congo [Kinshasa]), governor of Orientale (2005-07) and Haut-Uélé (2016-19). He was also minister of labour and social affairs (2004-05) and higher and university education (2005) of Congo (Kinshasa).

Lolua, Raul (Valeryevich) (b. Feb. 20, 1976, Sukhumi, Abkhaz A.S.S.R., Georgian S.S.R.), interior minister of Abkhazia (2014-15).

Lomaia, Aleksandre, byname Kakha Lomaia (b. July 23, 1963, Tbilisi, Georgian S.S.R.), Georgian diplomat/politician. He was ambassador to Russia (1991), minister of education and science (2004-07), and permanent representative to the United Nations (2009-13).

Lomakin, Viktor (Pavlovich) (b. April 22, 1926 - d. March 20, 2012, Moscow, Russia), Soviet politician. He was first secretary of the party committees of Komsomolsk-na-Amure city (1958-61) and Primorsky kray (1969-84) and ambassador to Czechoslovakia (1984-90).

Lomako, Pyotr (Fadeyevich) (b. July 12 [June 29, O.S.], 1904, Temryuk, Kuban oblast [now in Krasnodar kray], Russia - d. May 27, 1990, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R.), Soviet politician. He was people's commissar/minister of nonferrous metallurgy (1940-48, 1950-53, 1954-57, 1965-86) and chairman of the State Planning Committee and a deputy premier (1962-65).

Lomanto

Lomanto, Antônio, Júnior (b. Nov. 29, 1924, Jequié, Bahia, Brazil - d. Nov. 23, 2015, Salvador, Bahia), governor of Bahia (1963-67).

Lombana Barreneche, José María (b. Feb. 10, 1854, Santa Marta, Colombia - d. Nov. 20, 1928, Bogotá, Colombia), Colombian presidential candidate (1918).

Lombardi, Hernán (Santiago) (b. May 4, 1960, Buenos Aires), minister of tourism, culture, and sports of Argentina (2001).

Lombardo, Héctor (José) (b. 1937, La Boca district, Buenos Aires), health minister of Argentina (1999-2001).

Lombardo, Raffaele (b. Oct. 29, 1950, Catania, Sicilia, Italy), president of Sicilia (2008-12). He was also president of Catania province (2003-08).

Lombardo Toledano, Vicente (b. July 16, 1894, Teziutlán, Puebla, Mexico - d. Nov. 16, 1968, Mexico City, Mexico), governor of Puebla (1923). He was also secretary-general of the Confederation of Mexican Workers (1936-41), president of the Popular Socialist Party (1948-68; until 1960 Popular Party), and a minor presidential candidate (1952).

Lomboto (Lombonge), Cyprien (b. July 12, 1952, Coquilhatville, Belgian Congo [now Mbandaka, Congo (Kinshasa)]), special commissioner (2015-16) and governor (2016, 2017) of Tshuapa.

Lomidze, Boris (Yermolayevich) (b. 1909, Kutaisi, Russia [now in Georgia] - d. ...), Soviet politician. He was mayor of Kutaisi (1941-...) and chairman of the Executive Committee of Kutaisi oblast (1951-52).

Lomidze, Luka (Mikhailovich) (b. 1901, Khoni, Kutaisi province, Russia [now in Georgia] - d. [executed] April 30, 1938, Tbilisi, Georgian S.S.R.), executive secretary of the Communist Party committee of South Ossetia (1930-31). He was also executive secretary of the party committee of Tbilisi city (1926-27, 1929-30).

Lominadze, Vissarion (Vissarionovich) (b. June 6 [May 25, O.S.], 1897, Kutaisi, Russia [now in Georgia] - d. [suicide] Jan. 19, 1935, between Magnitogorsk and Chelyabinsk, Russian S.F.S.R.), executive secretary of the Communist Party of the Georgian S.S.R. (1922-24) and first secretary of the Communist Party of the Transcaucasian S.F.S.R. (1930).

Lomuro

Lomuro, Martin Elia, acting foreign minister of South Sudan (2018). He has been minister of animal resources and fisheries (2011-13) and cabinet affairs (2013- ).

Lon Nol

Lon Nol (b. Nov. 13, 1913, Kampong Leon, Prey Vêng province, Cambodia - d. Nov. 17, 1985, Fullerton, Calif., U.S.), president (1972-75) of the Khmer Republic (Cambodia). He entered the French colonial service (1937), becoming a magistrate, then governor of Kratie province (1945), head of the national police (1945, 1951), and governor of Battambang province (1947, 1954). He joined the army as lieutenant colonel (1952) and led a successful campaign against the insurgent Viet Minh as an area commander. He became army chief of staff (1955) and commander in chief (1960) and rose to the rank of lieutenant general in 1961. He was defense minister (1956, 1958, 1959-66), deputy premier (1963-66), and premier (1966-67), resigning after a serious car accident left him hospitalized for several months. He returned to the cabinet as defense minister in 1968 and one year later regained the premiership, also keeping the defense portfolio until 1971. He was a prime architect of the March 1970 coup that overthrew Norodom Sihanouk as head of state. Abandoning Sihanouk's policy of neutrality in the Indochina war, he established close ties with the United States and South Vietnam, permitting their forces to operate on Cambodian territory. The U.S. bombing raids against Vietcong bases in Cambodia resulted in growing alienation of the peasants, and the Communist Khmer Rouge grew from about 3,000 guerrillas to 30,000. After a heart attack in 1971 he resigned (and was raised to the rank of marshal), but it was decided that he should remain titular premier, and he soon took full power again. In March 1972, he installed himself as president. On April 1, 1975, with Khmer Rouge insurgents only a few miles from the capital, he left the country. He lived first in Hawaii but moved to California in 1979.

Lonardi

Lonardi (Doucet), Eduardo (Ernesto) (b. Sept. 15, 1896, Buenos Aires - d. March 22, 1956, Buenos Aires), provisional president of Argentina (1955). He entered the Argentine Military College in 1914 and was commissioned in the Horse Artillery. In 1938 he was sent to Chile as military attaché. In 1947 he went to Washington with the rank of colonel to serve as military attaché and representative on the Inter-American Defense Board. He remained in the U.S. for nine months, returning to Argentina to command the Third Army, a post he held until he was forced to retire in September 1951. He spent much of the next four years in cautious conspiracy to overthrow the regime of Juan Perón. In December 1951 he was jailed for eight months in connection with the abortive effort of a disgruntled general to topple the government. In 1952 he was accused of complicity in a plot to assassinate Perón but escaped imprisonment. A year later he was again confronted in another roundup but escaped arrest. An attempt to seize the government in June 1955 failed because of lack of coordination between the Navy and Army organizations. But General Lonardi continued preparations, and on September 16, he broadcast a proclamation from Córdoba identifying himself as "chief of the forces of liberation." A week later he arrived in Buenos Aires to take over as provisional president. He often referred to the moral and material collapse of Argentina under Perón's dictatorship and said that his government's aim was to restore "the sentiment of decency in the country." After two months he was overthrown in a palace coup, being accused by the ruling military junta of having favoured right-wing "undemocratic" politicians.

Loncar, Budimir (b. April 1, 1924, Preko, Yugoslavia [now in Croatia]), foreign minister of Yugoslavia (1987-91). He was also ambassador to Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore (1965-69), West Germany (1973-77), and the United States (1979-83).

London, Orville (Delano) (b. Nov. 6, 1945, Parlatuvier, Tobago), chief secretary of the Tobago House of Assembly (2001-17).

Londonderry, Charles Stewart Henry Vane-Tempest-Stewart, (7th) Marquess of (b. May 13, 1878, London, England - d. Feb. 11, 1949, Mount Stewart, County Down, Northern Ireland), British politician; son of Charles Stewart Vane-Tempest-Stewart, Marquess of Londonderry. He was secretary of state for air (1931-35) and lord privy seal (1935). He succeeded as marquess in 1915.

Londonderry, Charles Stewart Vane-Tempest-Stewart, (6th) Marquess of (b. July 16, 1852, London, England - d. Feb. 8, 1915, Wynyard Park, County Durham, Ireland), lord lieutenant of Ireland (1886-89); grandson of Charles William Vane, Marquess of Londonderry. He was also postmaster general (1900-02), president of the Board of Education (1902-05), and lord president of the council (1903-05). He succeeded as marquess in 1884 and changed the family name from Vane-Tempest to Vane-Tempest-Stewart in 1885.

Londonderry, Charles William Vane, (3rd) Marquess of, original name Charles William Stewart (b. May 18, 1778, Dublin, Ireland - d. March 6, 1854, London, England), British diplomat; half-brother of Robert Stewart, Marquess of Londonderry. He was minister to Prussia (1813-14) and ambassador to Austria (1814-22). He was created Baron Stewart of Stewart's Court in 1814, changed his surname to Vane on marriage in 1819, succeeded as Marquess of Londonderry in 1822, and was created Viscount Seaham and Earl Vane in 1823.

Londonderry, Robert Stewart, (2nd) Marquess of, courtesy title (1796-1821) Viscount Castlereagh (b. June 18, 1769, Dublin, Ireland - d. [suicide] Aug. 12, 1822, North Cray Place, Kent, England), British secretary of state for war and colonies (1805-06, 1807-09) and foreign affairs (1812-22). He was also chief secretary for Ireland (1798-1801) and president of the Board of Control (1802-06). He succeeded as marquess in 1821.

Londoño Hoyos, Fernando (b. Dec. 27, 1944, Manizales, Colombia), interior and justice minister of Colombia (2002-03); son of Fernando Londoño Londoño.

Londoño (y) Londoño, Fernando (b. Dec. 4, 1910, Manizales, Colombia - d. Nov. 3, 1994, Bogotá, Colombia), foreign minister (1945-46), war minister (1948), and interior minister (1961-62) of Colombia. He was also ambassador to France (1947-48) and Brazil (1967-71), mayor of Manizales (1950-52, 1962-64), and governor of Caldas (1953).

Londoño Palacio, Arcesio (b. April 25, 1907, Manizales, Colombia - d. April 23, 1967, Manizales), finance minister of Colombia (1943). He was also minister of labour, hygiene, and social security (1942-43).

Londoño Paredes, Julio (b. June 10, 1938, Bogotá, Colombia), foreign minister of Colombia (1986-90). He was also ambassador to Panama (1983-86) and Cuba (1999-2010) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1994-98).

Londoño Ulloa, Jorge Eduardo (b. Nov. 25, 1960, Puerto Boyacá, Colombia), Colombian politician. He was governor of Boyacá (2004-07) and justice minister (2016-17).

Giovanni Lonfernini

L. Lonfernini

T. Lonfernini

Lonfernini, Giovanni (b. Oct. 2, 1976, San Marino, San Marino), captain-regent of San Marino (2003-04).

Lonfernini, Giuseppe (b. 1937? - d. Sept. 18, 2018), captain-regent (1970-71) and interior minister (1973-75) of San Marino.

Lonfernini, Luigi (b. Aug. 31, 1938), interior minister (1969), captain-regent (1971, 2001), and finance minister (1972-73) of San Marino.

Lonfernini, Teodoro (b. May 12, 1976, San Marino, San Marino), captain-regent of San Marino (2012-13). He has also been minister of tourism (2013-16) and labour, economic planning, sport, and information (2020- ).

Long, Athelstan (Charles Ethelwulf) (b. Jan. 2, 1919 - d. July 31, 2019), administrator (1968-71) and governor (1971) of the Cayman Islands.

Long, Earl K(emp) (b. Aug. 26, 1895, Winnfield, Winn parish, La. - d. Sept. 5, 1960, Alexandria, Rapides parish, La.), governor of Louisiana (1939-40, 1948-52, 1956-60); brother of Huey P. Long.

G. Long

Long, Guillaume (Jean Sebastien) (b. Feb. 22, 1977, Paris, France), foreign minister of Ecuador (2016-17). He was also coordinating minister of knowledge and human talent (2013-15) and minister of culture and heritage (2015-16).

Long, Huey P(ierce), byname The Kingfish (b. Aug. 30, 1893, Winnfield, Winn parish, La. - d. Sept. 10, 1935, Baton Rouge, La.), governor of Louisiana (1928-32). Methodically planning a political career by way of a secondary state office, he won election to the state railroad commission in 1918. Styling himself as an advocate for the poor and rural folk of Louisiana, he ran for governor in 1924 and lost, but won in 1928 and proceeded to build one of the most effective political machines in U.S. history. He became legendary for his political rhetoric. He was popular with poor white voters for his programme of social and economic reform, which reduced the impact of the Depression upon the state. He was elected Democratic senator for Louisiana in 1930, but, in order to prevent the lieutenant governor Paul Cyr from succeeding him, he only left the governor's post for the Senate in 1932. At first a supporter of the New Deal and Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt, he became a significant critic of the president. Long's "Share Our Wealth" scheme called for a massive redistribution of wealth through high inheritance taxes and confiscatory taxes on high incomes. His own extravagance - including the state capitol building at Baton Rouge, built of bronze and marble - was widely criticized. Although he became a virtual dictator in the state, his slogan was "Every man a king, but no man wears a crown." He was fatally shot at the capitol in Baton Rouge on Sept. 8, 1935, one month after announcing his intention to run for the presidency. His brother Earl K. Long went on to serve several times as governor, while his son Russell B. Long served in the Senate from 1948 to 1987.

Long, John D(avis) (b. Oct. 27, 1838, Buckfield, Maine - d. Aug. 28, 1915, Hingham, Mass.), governor of Massachusetts (1880-83) and U.S. secretary of the Navy (1897-1902).

Long, Maurice (b. March 15, 1866, Crest, Drôme, France - d. Jan. 15, 1923, Colombo, Ceylon [now Sri Lanka]), governor-general of French Indochina (1920-22).

O. Long

Long, Olivier (Daniel) (b. Oct. 11, 1915, Petit-Veyrier, near Geneva, Switzerland - d. March 19, 2003, Geneva), director-general of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (1968-80).

Long Boret (b. Jan. 3, 1933, Khum Chbar Ampou, Kandal province, Cambodia - d. [executed] April 17, 1975, Phnom Penh, Cambodia), foreign minister (1972-73) and prime minister (1973-75) of Cambodia. In 1971-72 he was information minister.

Long Jiguang (b. 1867, Mengzi, Yunnan, China - d. March 12, 1925, Beijing, China), military governor (1913-16) and civil governor (1913, 1915-16) of Guangdong. He was the brother of Long Jinguang and son of a tribal chief in Yunnan. He was a brigade commander in the Qing dynasty. During the "Second Revolution" (1913) against Yuan Shikai, he followed Yuan's orders and occupied the city of Guangzhou, which contributed to the failure of the revolutionaries, who basically stayed in the south. For a long time he was Yuan's strong supporter in the revolutionary-minded south. He gained the trust of Duan Qirui after Yuan's death and offered to stay on Hainan island. In 1917, he tried to launch an attack on the southern government led by Sun Yat-sen, but failed. He then left politics.

Long Jinguang (b. 1863, Mengzi, Yunnan, China - d. Aug. 7, 1917, Beijing, China), civil governor of Yunnan (1916). He was the younger brother of Long Jiguang and the son of a tribal chief in southern Yunnan. He served in both the Yunnan Army and the Guangxi Army during his early days. He became commander of the 1st Division of the Guangdong Army, which was controlled by the Yunnan Army after the latter made its way to Guangdong. His forces, as well as those of his elder brother, supported Yuan Shikai's imperial reign, and exchanged fire with Cai E's anti-Yuan "Salvation Army" in Yunnan in 1916. He was subsequently detained by Guangxi governor Lu Rongting and went to Beijing after being freed.

Long Yun

Long Yun (b. Nov. 19, 1884, Zhaotong, Yunnan, China - d. June 27, 1962, Beijing, China), chairman of the government of Yunnan (1927-45). He served in Tang Jiyao's Yunnan Army for years until 1927, when he, together with Hu Ruoyu, launched a coup and expelled Tang from office. Soon after that he became the 38th Army commander within the National Revolutionary Army, at the same time continuing as Yunnan chairman for more than a decade. During World War II, he was nominated as commander-in-chief of the 1st Army Group, fighting against the Japanese in his province. Nicknamed "King of Yunnan," Long enjoyed significant prestige in his province, and Chiang Kai-shek became suspicious that Yunnan might slip out of his control. In 1945, Long was sacked by Chiang as Yunnan chairman and recalled to the capital. Chiang gave him a powerless post of deputy director of the "Committee of Strategic Advisers," thus putting him under "house arrest." Long fled to Hong Kong at the end of 1948 and joined the Kuomintang Revolutionary Committee (KMT-RC, a KMT anti-Chiang organization which became the largest "democratic party" under the Communist Party's leadership after the founding of the People's Republic). In August 1949, he declared his revolt against Chiang together with Huang Shaohong in Hong Kong. After the Communist victory he became vice-chairman of the National Defense Committee and vice-chairman of the Administrative Council of Southwestern China. He was also vice-chairman of the KMT-RC. He was determined a "rightist" by the government in 1957 (posthumously rehabilitated in 1980).

Longaric

Longaric (Rodríguez), Karen (b. Sucre, Bolivia), foreign minister of Bolivia (2019-20); widow of Franklin Anaya.

Longchamp

Longchamp, (Emmanuel) Fritz (b. Oct. 31, 1948, Port-de-Paix, Haiti), foreign minister of Haiti (1995-2001). He was also permanent representative to the United Nations (1991-95).

Longden, Sir James Robert (b. 1827 - d. Oct. 4, 1891, Longhope, near Watford, England), president of the British Virgin Islands (1861-64), lieutenant governor of Dominica (1864-67) and British Honduras (1867-70), and governor of Trinidad (1870-74), British Guiana (1874-77), and Ceylon (1877-83); knighted 1876.

Longequeue, Louis (b. Nov. 30, 1914, Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat, Haute-Vienne, France - d. Aug. 11, 1990, Limoges, Haute-Vienne), president of the Regional Council of Limousin (1981-86).

Longerstaey, Edouard (Frederic Theodoor) (b. Dec. 14, 1919, Rupelmonde, Kruibeke municipality, East Flanders province, Belgium - d. March 28, 1986, Kruibeke), secretary-general of the Western European Union (1977-85). He was also Belgian chief of mission (1961) and chargé d'affaires (1961-62) in Congo (Léopoldville), ambassador to Algeria (1962-64) and Italy (1968-69), and permanent representative to the United Nations (1970-76).

Longford

Longford, Frank Pakenham, (7th) Earl of, (6th) Baron Silchester, (1st) Baron Pakenham, Baron Pakenham of Cowley, original name Francis Aungier Pakenham (b. Dec. 5, 1905, London, England - d. Aug. 3, 2001, London), British politician. He was the second son of the 5th Earl of Longford and great-great-grandson of Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel. He was created 1st Baron Pakenham in 1945 and succeeded to the Irish earldom (and the barony of Silchester) in 1961, when his elder brother died. He was a passionate social reformer and champion of society's outcasts. Born and brought up a Protestant aristocrat and Conservative, he ended up a Socialist, a Roman Catholic, and an Irish Nationalist. His persistent crusades overshadowed his political career, and in later years it was largely forgotten that he had served as leader of the House of Lords (1964-68) and had held other ministerial posts, among them undersecretary at the War Office (1946-47), chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (1947-48), minister of civil aviation (1948-51), first lord of the admiralty (1951), lord privy seal (1964-65, 1966-68), and colonial secretary (1965-66). He opposed the appeasement of Adolf Hitler before World War II and worked on social reforms that led to the creation of Britain's welfare state. He chaired a committee that in 1963 proposed state compensation for victims of violent crime. He was most noted, however, for his prison reform campaign, and particularly for arguing that one of Britain's most notorious modern criminals, child killer Myra Hindley, should be paroled. Lord Longford was made a Knight of the Garter in 1972. In 1999 he was created a life peer as Baron Pakenham of Cowley, allowing him to continue to sit in the House of Lords when hereditary peers lost their right to do so.

Longo

Longo, Luigi (b. March 15, 1900, Fubine Monferrato, Piedmont, Italy - d. Oct. 16, 1980, Rome, Italy), Italian politician. In 1919 he joined the Italian Socialist Party but in 1921 he was one of those who broke away to found the Italian Communist Party (PCI). He struggled against Italian Fascism - being arrested for the first time in 1923 for his political activity in Turin and being assaulted and badly beaten by Fascists at Reggio Emilia in 1924 - until Benito Mussolini's ban on political parties forced him into exile. He continued the struggle among Italian refugees in France, Switzerland, and at Moscow, where he represented the PCI in the executive committee of the Communist International in 1932-34. In 1936 he became a political inspector of the international brigades in the Spanish Civil War. He was arrested in France in 1939 and sent back to Italy, where he was interned. Released in 1943, he became deputy commander of the Italian partisan military organization, winning the U.S. Bronze Star for his contribution to the Allied war effort. After the war, he became deputy secretary of the PCI. Knowing his loyalty to the Soviet Union, many were surprised when he was chosen in 1964 to succeed Palmiro Togliatti as secretary-general of the most independent of the European Communist parties. But he proved to be a firm supporter of the "Italian road to socialism" and denounced the Soviet intervention in Czechoslovakia in 1968. After his retirement in 1972, he became party president, an honorary post. He continued to support the diversity of roads to socialism (as in an article he was allowed to contribute to Pravda in 1977), but he expressed misgivings about the "historic compromise" with non-Communist political parties, a policy pursued by his successor, Enrico Berlinguer.

Longrigg

Longrigg, Tony, byname of Anthony James Longrigg (b. April 21, 1944), governor of Montserrat (2001-04).

Longuet, Gérard (Edmond Jacques) (b. Feb. 24, 1946, Neuilly-sur-Seine, Seine [now in Hauts-de-Seine], France), president of the Regional Council of Lorraine (1992-2004) and defense minister of France (2011-12). He was also president of the Republican Party (1990-95) and minister of industry, posts and telecommunications, and external commerce (1993-94).

Lønningdal, Kristin (Kverneland) (b. Jan. 1, 1923, Stavanger, Rogaland, Norway - d. Feb. 23, 2010), governor of Rogaland (1982-91).

Lönnqvist, Ulf (Roland) (b. June 26, 1936, Malmö, Sweden), governor of Blekinge (1992-2001).

Lonsdale

Loodus

Lonsdale, (Womtelo) Baldwin (Jacobson) (b. Aug. 5, 1948, Nereningman village, Mota Lava, Banks Islands, New Hebrides [now Vanuatu] - d. June 17, 2017, Port Vila, Vanuatu), president of Vanuatu (2014-17). (Womtelo is a title of high rank from Mota Lava island.)

Lónyay de Nagylónya et Vásárosnamény, Menyhért gróf (b. Jan. 6, 1822, Nagylónya [now part of Lónya], Hungary - d. Nov. 3, 1884, Budapest, Hungary), finance minister (1867-70) and prime minister and defense minister (1871-72) of Hungary and finance minister of Austria-Hungary (1870-71). He was also president of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (1871-84). He became gróf (count) in 1871.

Loodus, Tarmo (b. Feb. 18, 1958, Lihula borough, Lääne county, Estonian S.S.R.), interior minister of Estonia (1999-2002). Loodus, who was mayor of Viljandi in 1996-99, is a member of the Pro Patria Union.

Loomis, Francis B(utler) (b. July 27, 1861, Marietta, Ohio - d. Aug. 4, 1948, Burlingame, Calif.), acting U.S. secretary of state (1905). He was also minister to Venezuela (1897-1901) and Portugal (1901-02).

Lopati, Kitiseni, finance minister of Tuvalu (1987-89). He was also high commissioner to Fiji and Papua New Guinea (1983-85) and minister of commerce and natural resources (1985-87).

Lopes, Amílcar (Fernandes) Spencer (b. Sept. 8, 1948, Vila da Ribeira Brava, São Nicolau island, Cape Verde), foreign minister of Cape Verde (1996-98). He was elected to the National Assembly in 1991 and was its president in 1991-96. He was ambassador to the U.S. (1998-2001) and to Canada (1999-2001).

Lopes, Cristiano Dias, Filho (b. Dec. 26, 1927, Bom Jesus do Norte, Espírito Santo, Brazil - d. Sept. 9, 2007, Vitória, Espírito Santo), governor of Espírito Santo (1967-71).

Lopes, Ernesto Pereira (b. March 29, 1905, São Paulo, Brazil - d. July 31, 1993, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil), Brazilian politician. He was president of the Chamber of Deputies (1971-73).

Lopes, Francisco António Duarte (b. August 1963, Castelo Branco, Portugal), Portuguese diplomat. He has been permanent representative to the United Nations (2017- ).

F.H.C. Lopes

Lopès

Lopes, Francisco Higino Craveiro (b. April 12, 1894, Lisbon - d. Sept. 2, 1964, Lisbon), governor-general of Portuguese India (1936-38) and president of Portugal (1951-58).

Lopès, Henri (Marie Joseph) (b. Sept. 12, 1937, Léopoldville, Belgian Congo [now Kinshasa, Congo (Kinshasa)]), prime minister of Congo (Brazzaville) (1973-75). Known as a writer, he was also minister of national education (1969-71), foreign minister (1971-73), finance minister (1977-80), and ambassador to France (1998-2016) and the Vatican (2000-16).

Lopes, Lucas (b. June 25, 1911, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil - d. Jan. 29, 1994, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), finance minister of Brazil (1958-59). He was also minister of transport and public works (1954-55, 1955-56).

P.S. Lopes

Lopes, Pedro (Miguel de) Santana (b. June 29, 1956, Lisbon, Portugal), prime minister of Portugal (2004-05). He joined the centre-right Social Democrats in 1976, and was elected senior vice president of the party in February 2002, and president on July 1, 2004. He was elected to the Portuguese parliament in 1980 for the first of two four-year terms and later to the European Parliament. In 1991, he became secretary of state for culture. After his party's defeat in the 1995 general election he became president of the soccer club Sporting Lisbon. In 1997, he was elected mayor of Figueira da Foz, a small town north of Lisbon. Four years later he won the race for Lisbon's mayor, a post he held until he was appointed prime minister in July 2004, replacing José Manuel Durão Barroso who resigned to become European Commission president. His first five months in office were marked by delays in the start of the school year, accusations of government interference in the media, a downgrading of the credit outlook given by ratings agency Standard & Poor's, and the angry resignation of a minister. Then in December Pres. Jorge Sampaio called early elections for February 2005, and Lopes resigned, remaining in a caretaker capacity until the elections, which were won by the Socialist Party. Lopes then resigned as party president and briefly returned as mayor of Lisbon (March-September 2005).

Lopes, Tarquinio (Brazileiro) (b. June 30, 1848, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil - d. Nov. 4, 1911), acting president of Maranhão (1891).

López (Benítez), Benigno (María) (b. July 6, 1961, Asunción, Paraguay), finance minister of Paraguay (2018- ).

López (Ynsfrán), Carlos Antonio (b. Nov. 4, 1790, Asunción, Río de la Plata [now in Paraguay] - d. Sept. 10, 1862, Asunción), joint consul of the republic (1841-44) and president (1844-62) of Paraguay. He left Asunción after falling out of favour with the regime of José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia, but soon after the dictator's death, López was chosen by the Congress to rule alongside Mariano Roque Alonzo. In 1844, he had himself elected president and ruled with dictatorial powers for the next 18 years. He devoted his regime to modernizing Paraguay, as well as to building his own private fortune. As the national economy grew, so too did López's landholdings and profits from regulated industries. Despite his personal corruption, he did oversee some notable achievements in Paraguay, such as the construction of roads and the first telegraph lines. He also devoted considerable resources to improving the education system and equipping the national military. He eased the trade and diplomatic restrictions that had been in place under Francia, and Paraguay gradually became embroiled in the thorny foreign affairs that had long plagued Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay; disputes with Brazil, Britain, and the United States nearly resulted in war, but each time he succeeded in extricating himself by skillful evasions. Like his predecessor, he achieved progress at the expense of personal liberties. He officially abolished slavery and torture, though both were still prevalent at his death. He oversaw the drafting of a constitution in 1844 that gave the executive extraordinary powers and allowed him to name his successor. He died in office and was succeeded by his son Francisco Solano López.

F.S. López

López (Carrillo), Francisco Solano (b. July 24, 1827, Asunción, Paraguay - d. March 1, 1870, Cerro Corá [now in Amambay department]), president of Paraguay (1862-69). The eldest son of the dictator Carlos Antonio López, he was made a brigadier general at the age of 18. Upon his father's death (Sept. 10, 1862) he seized power and quickly fortified it with the help of the army. His Irish mistress, Elisa Alicia Lynch, became a person of enormous influence in Paraguay. Vastly overrating Paraguay's military potential and underestimating its two giant neighbours, Brazil and Argentina, he in 1863 allowed himself to be drawn into boundary disputes with both countries and into a civil war raging in Uruguay in which Brazil and Argentina were involved. He may have hoped to play the role of arbitrator in the dispute and thereby take centre stage in Latin American politics, but as a result of complicated diplomatic intrigues, he found himself at war with Brazil in December 1864. By demanding the right to place troops in the Argentine province of Corrientes, violating Argentina's desire to remain neutral, he provoked the Triple Alliance of Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay against Paraguay on May 1, 1865. Although he had successfully invaded Brazil's Mato Grosso province in late 1864, his invasion of Uruguay in 1865 was a disaster. The allies defeated him at Tuyutí in May 1866 and captured the fortress of Humaitá in July 1867. In January 1869 he was forced to withdraw into northern Paraguay, where he held out for another fourteen months until he was routed and, after refusing to surrender, was killed. While some saw him as a paranoid megalomaniac who wanted to become South America's Napoléon, he was later also regarded as a hero who resisted Argentine and Brazilian designs on Paraguay.

López, Germán (Osvaldo) (b. Nov. 30, 1918, Buenos Aires, Argentina - d. Sept. 13, 1989, Buenos Aires), defense minister of Argentina (1986).

López, Hermógenes (b. April 19, 1830, Naguanagua, Carabobo, Venezuela - d. Dec. 17, 1898, Valencia, Carabobo), governor of Carabobo (1867, 1867-68, 1880-81, 1882-84, 1888-89) and acting president of Venezuela (1887-88).

López (y López), Joaquín María (b. Aug. 15, 1798, Villena [now in Alicante province], Spain - d. Nov. 14, 1855, Madrid, Spain), prime minister of Spain (1843, 1843). He was also minister of interior (1836-37) and justice (1843, 1843).

López (Valdés), José Hilario (b. Feb. 18, 1798, Popayán, New Granada [now in Colombia] - d. Nov. 27, 1869, Neiva, Colombia), president of New Granada (1849-53) and foreign minister of Colombia (1863). He was also governor of Cundinamarca (1833-34) and Cartagena (1834-35), war and navy minister (1837-38, 1840), ambassador to the Papal State (1838-40), and president of Tolima (1864-65).

López (Requena), José Venancio (b. 1791 - d. Sept. 28, 1863), president of Guatemala (1842).

López (Rodas), Leonel (Eliseo), Guatemalan politician. He was energy minister (1996-99), president of Congress (1999-2000), and a presidential candidate (2003).

López (Jiménez), María Clemencia, Venezuelan diplomat. She was chargé d'affaires at the United Nations (1977-79) and ambassador to Trinidad and Tobago (1984?-89) and Cuba (1989-92).

P. López

López, Patxi, byname of Francisco Javier López Álvarez (b. Oct. 4, 1959, Portugalete, Vizcaya province, Spain), president of the government of País Vasco/Euskadi (2009-12). In 2016 he was president of the Spanish Congress of Deputies.

Lopez, Salvador P(once Sinang) (b. May 27, 1911, Currimao, Ilocos Norte province, Philippines - d. Oct. 18, 1993), foreign secretary of the Philippines (1963-64). He was ambassador to France (1955-62) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1964-68, 1986-87).

López Agràs, Pere (b. Oct. 13, 1971), economy and finance minister (2009-11) and acting head of government (2011) of Andorra.

López Aliaga (Cazorla), Rafael (Bernardo) (b. Feb. 11, 1961, Lima, Peru), Peruvian presidential candidate (2021). He has been secretary-general of National Solidarity (2019-20) and president of Popular Renewal (2020- ).

López Arellano

López Arellano, Oswaldo (Enrique) (b. June 30, 1921, Danli, Honduras - d. May 16, 2010, Tegucigalpa, Honduras), head of state of Honduras (1963-71, 1972-75). He became defense minister and head of the armed forces in 1956, was a member of the ruling Military Government Council in 1957, and was promoted to colonel in 1958. He ousted Pres. Ramón Villeda Morales in a violent coup in 1963 and two years later held a constitutional assembly that formalized his position as president of Honduras, then a banana-producing country under the sway of Washington. He reversed some of Villeda's liberal economic policies, but faced workers' unrest and agitation for agrarian reform. His decision to repatriate Salvadoran immigrants, in an effort to reduce population pressure, precipitated a short but bloody war with El Salvador in 1969; known as the "Soccer War," it broke out after teams from the two nations played World Cup qualifying matches that saw opposing supporters beaten or killed. He remained in power until 1971, when he was constitutionally debarred from standing for reelection. He then backed Ramón Ernesto Cruz Uclés, like himself of the National Party, who won the election. Remaining head of the armed forces, in 1972 he toppled Cruz in another military coup. He was himself ousted by the armed forces in 1975 after dissident officers accused him of receiving a $2.5 million bribe they said U.S. banana company United Brands offered to reduce a banana export tax.

López Arias, Fernando (b. Aug. 8, 1905, Suchilapan, Veracruz, Mexico - d. July 3, 1978, Mexico City, Mexico), governor of Veracruz (1962-68). He was also Mexican attorney general (1958-62).

López Bravo (y Castro), Gregorio (b. Dec. 19, 1923, Madrid, Spain - d. Feb. 19, 1985, near Bilbao, Spain), Spanish politician. In 1959 he was appointed director general of the Department of Trade within the Ministry of Commerce. In line with the policy adopted by Francisco Franco in the 1950s, he opposed doctrinaire Falangist economic nationalism and advocated contemporary European and American management and industrial methods. In 1960 he became head of the Institute of Foreign Currency in the Ministry of Finance. As minister of industry (1962-69) he encouraged private investment and laid the foundations for the rapid economic growth of that period. As foreign minister (1969-73) he continued the policies of his predecessor, José María Castiella. He travelled widely (becoming known as "Señor Barajas" after Madrid's airport) in an attempt to develop Spain's diplomatic and trade links with Western and Eastern Europe, Latin America, and the Arab states. An early success was the establishment of relations with the Soviet Union at permanent trade mission level. His eventual removal from office was attributed to his failure to extract from Britain any promises regarding the future status of Gibraltar. He was severely criticized for his decision to withdraw the Gibraltar issue from the agenda of the United Nations General Assembly, in order to save Britain embarrassment, and when he nevertheless returned empty-handed from his fourth meeting with British foreign secretary Sir Alec Douglas-Home (May 1973). After Franco's death (1975) he was a member (1977-79) of the Cortes (parliament) elected under the Political Reform Law. He was killed in an air crash.

López Caballero, Alfonso (b. Aug. 17, 1944, Bogotá, Colombia), Colombian politician; son of Alfonso López Michelsen. He served as agriculture minister in 1991-93 but was forced to quit in a scandal over oil rights on land he owned in Casanare province. López and other landowners sought government compensation for the exploitation of oil reserves under their property, despite provisions in the constitution placing oil and mineral rights in state hands. He stepped down after accusations that he had tried to gain personal benefit from his ministerial position and from his status as son of a former president. He served as interior minister from January to August 1998 and has also been ambassador to France (1990-91), Canada (1994-98), the United Kingdom (2002-06), and Russia (2016- ).

López Callejas, Ricardo, interior minister (1926-28) and finance minister (1928-29) of Nicaragua.

López Chávarri

López Chávarri, Mario (Juvenal) (b. March 7, 1962), foreign minister of Peru (2020). He was also ambassador to Venezuela (2014-17) and Panama (2017-19).

C. López Contreras

López Contreras, Carlos (b. Jan. 31, 1942, Márcala, La Paz department, Honduras), foreign minister of Honduras (1986-90, 2009-10). He was also ambassador to the Vatican (1971-76) and the United Kingdom (1973-76).

López Contreras, (José) Eleazar (b. May 5, 1883, Queniquea, Táchira, Venezuela - d. Jan. 2, 1973, Caracas, Venezuela), president of Venezuela (1935-36, 1936-41). He was also war and navy minister (1931-35).

López de la Torre Ayllón (y Kirsmacker), Luis (b. March 29, 1799, Hamburg [Germany] - d. Dec. 2, 1876, Madrid, Spain), foreign minister of Spain (1853). He was also minister to Switzerland (1843-46), Portugal (1847-48, 1857-58), Austria (1852-57), and Bavaria (1853-57).

López de Mesa (Gómez), Luis (Eduardo Gregorio) (b. Oct. 12, 1884, Donmatías, Antioquia, Colombia - d. Oct. 18, 1967, Medellín, Colombia), foreign minister of Colombia (1938-42). He was also minister of education (1934-35).

López de Romaña (Alvizuri), Alejandro (b. 1846 - d. 1917), prime minister and interior minister of Peru (1897).

López de Romaña (Alvizuri), (José Gabriel) Eduardo (Octavio) (b. March 18 or 19, 1847, Arequipa, Peru - d. May 26, 1912, Yura, Peru), president of Peru (1899-1903); brother of Alejandro López de Romaña. He was also minister of development (1896).

López Domínguez, José (b. Nov. 29, 1829, Marbella, Málaga province, Spain - d. Oct. 17, 1911, Madrid, Spain), war minister (1883-84, 1892-95, 1906) and prime minister (1906) of Spain. He was also captain-general of Catalonia (1874).

López Gómez, Edmundo (b. May 5, 1924, San Andrés de Sotavento, Córdoba, Colombia - d. July 7, 2015, Bogotá, Colombia), justice minister of Colombia (1987). He was also president of the Senate (1976-77), ambassador to the Soviet Union (1983-85), Yugoslavia (1988-92), and the Dominican Republic (1994-96), and minister of communications (1986-87).

López Guevara, Carlos Alfredo (b. Jan. 7, 1929, Pocrí, Coclé province, Panama - d. March 3, 2008), foreign minister of Panama (1968-69). He was also ambassador to the U.S. and Canada (1978-80).

López Gutiérrez, Rafael (b. Oct. 28, 1855, Tegucigalpa, Honduras - d. March 10, 1924, Tegucigalpa), president of Honduras (1920-24). He was also war and navy minister (1909-11) and governor of Tegucigalpa (1914?-18).

López Leyton, Raúl, interior and justice minister of Bolivia (1978-79). He was also army commander (1984-85) and commander-in-chief of the armed forces (1985-87).

López Mateos

López Mateos, Adolfo (b. May 26, 1910, Atizapán de Zaragoza [now Ciudad López Mateos], México state, Mexico - d. Sept. 22, 1969, Mexico City, Mexico), president of Mexico (1958-64). He entered politics in 1929, first as a socialist, then as a member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). He was elected senator for the state of México in 1946. He became campaign manager for Adolfo Ruiz Cortines in the presidential campaign of 1951-52. Ruiz Cortines named him secretary-general of the PRI and later included him in his cabinet as minister of labour and social security. He showed conciliatory talents - there were no serious strikes during his term of office - and helped draft the U.S.-Mexico migrant-labour treaty. He was chosen as the PRI candidate for the presidency in November 1957 and was elected president on July 6, 1958, by an approximate margin of 10 to 1 over his opponent, Luis H. Álvarez. The presidential election was the first in which women could vote. His election had been a certainty, since no presidential candidate of the PRI had been defeated in decades. Leading the country during the time Fidel Castro came to power in Cuba and when many Mexicans asked whether their own revolution of the 1910s had not been betrayed, he needed to walk a tightrope between the vociferous left wing with Communist sympathies and the right who were determined to cling to their fortunes. Some of his left-wing declarations, clearly intended for home consumption, aroused near-panic reaction in the U.S., leading to large-scale flights of capital, but he later conciliated the businessmen, though he refused to modify his policies of continued agrarian reforms and resisted pressure from the U.S. to take an actively hostile attitude to Castro's government.

López Michelsen

López Michelsen, Alfonso (Antonio Lázaro) (b. June 30, 1913, Bogotá, Colombia - d. July 11, 2007, Bogotá), president of Colombia (1974-78); son of Alfonso López Pumarejo. Returning to Colombia from voluntary exile in Mexico in 1958, he organized a new party of dissident Liberals, the Liberal Revolutionary Movement (MRL), to oppose the National Front, the coalition of the two major established parties, the Liberals and Conservatives. Established in 1957 to end a decade of violent civil strife, the National Front pact had guaranteed the peaceful alternation of presidential terms between the two parties, thereby, in López' opinion, stifling any real political competition and leadership. He ran unsuccessfully for president in 1962 but gained a seat in the Senate, to which he was reelected in 1966. In 1967 he made peace with the orthodox Liberal Party leadership and, returning to the fold, was appointed governor of the new department of César by Pres. Carlos Lleras Restrepo. In August 1968 he became foreign minister, serving until 1970; he formed closer ties with the Soviet Union and worked for better relations with other Latin American countries. In 1974 the termination of the National Front agreement restored competitive presidential elections, and he soundly defeated Conservative Álvaro Gómez Hurtado. A provisional extension of the pact, however, required the president to form a cabinet made up of equal numbers of Liberals and Conservatives. He took steps to curb inflation, raised taxes on high incomes, and eliminated price subsidies. But there was a rise in unemployment, leading to a surge in labour unrest, land seizures by peasants, and guerrilla activity, moving him to declare a state of siege in 1975. He lost the 1982 presidential election to Conservative Belisario Betancur Cuartas.

López Montaño, Cecilia (Matilde) (b. April 18, 1943, Barranquilla, Colombia), Colombian politician. She was ambassador to the Netherlands (1985-88), minister of environment (1994-95) and agriculture and rural development (1995-97), and director of the National Planning Department (1997-98).

López Muñoz, Antonio López Muñoz, conde de (b. April 1, 1849, Huelva, Spain - d. March 15, 1929, Madrid, Spain), foreign minister of Spain (1913). He was also minister of education and fine arts (1912-13) and justice (1923) and minister to Portugal (1915-17). He was created count in 1920.

López Murphy, Ricardo (Hipólito) (b. Aug. 10, 1951, Buenos Aires), defense minister of Argentina (1999-2001). He was also economy minister (2001) and a presidential candidate (2003).

López Nogales, Armando (b. Sept. 1, 1950, Cananea, Sonora, Mexico), governor of Sonora (1997-2003).

López Obrador

López Obrador, Andrés Manuel ("AMLO") (b. Nov. 13, 1953, Tepetitán, Macuspana municipality, Tabasco state, Mexico), president of Mexico (2018- ). In the 1960s he joined the ruling Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), but by 1988 he and other dissenters were accusing the party of betraying the poor and soon formed the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD). He became the PRD leader in Tabasco and ran for governor in 1994. Losing to the PRI candidate, he claimed fraud and launched a protest campaign which helped propel him to national prominence. In 2000, he won election as chief of government of the Distrito Federal (mayor of Mexico City). Hundreds of thousands of his supporters protested weekly after the Mexican Congress voted on April 7, 2005, to strip him of his immunity from prosecution. Mexico's attorney general's office filed contempt of court charges against López Obrador on April 20, on allegations he disobeyed a court order to halt the construction of a road in 2001. López Obrador said the case against him was politically motivated, to prevent him from running for president. A court later sent back the charges, and Pres. Vicente Fox retreated by replacing the attorney general and ordering a review; the new attorney general dropped the case on May 4. On July 29 López Obrador resigned to run for the PRD presidential nomination, which he obtained in September. In the presidential election of July 2006, he was defeated by less than a percentage point by Felipe Calderón of the governing National Action Party. He claimed he was the victim of fraud, and his supporters engaged in massive protests, blocking the central boulevard of Mexico City with a tent camp from July 31 to September 15. On November 20 he was "sworn in" as "legitimate president" in an alternative inauguration ceremony, saying he was launching a "parallel government." This had no effect, and he lost again as the PRD candidate in 2012; he then left the PRD to help create the grassroots leftist Movement for National Regeneration (MORENA). As its candidate he won a landslide victory in the 2018 presidential election.

López Obregón, Clara (Eugenia) (b. April 12, 1950, Bogotá, Colombia), Colombian presidential candidate (2014). She was also acting mayor of Bogotá (2011) and minister of labour (2016-17).

López Padilla, Benecio (b. Aug. 23, 1888, Zaragoza, Coahuila, Mexico - d. Sept. 9, 1969, Mexico City, Mexico), governor of Tamaulipas (1923-24) and Coahuila (1941-45).

López Pelegrín (y Martínez), Ramón (b. Aug. 30, 1767, Molina de Aragón [now in Guadalajara province, Castilla-La Mancha], Spain - d. July 21, 1841, Madrid, Spain), acting first secretary of state of Spain (1822, 1822).

López Portillo

López Portillo (y Pacheco), José (Guillermo Abel) (b. June 16, 1920, Mexico City, Mexico - d. Feb. 17, 2004, Mexico City), president of Mexico (1976-82); grandson of José López Portillo y Rojas. He held various administrative positions under presidents Gustavo Díaz Ordaz and Luis Echeverría Álvarez before becoming minister of finance in 1971. As president he followed a more conservative approach than that of his predecessor, deemphasizing land redistribution and favouring the creation of nonagricultural jobs, exploitation of oil and natural gas, tax concessions to stimulate industrial development, and attraction of foreign investment. His most significant political reform was to increase the size of the Chamber of Deputies to 400, with a minimum of 100 seats reserved for opposition parties. This measure was designed to permit more minority participation in Mexican politics, which had been dominated by the Institutional Revolutionary Party since 1929. On the international front, he adopted a somewhat conciliatory approach toward supplying the United States with oil and gas while exerting pressure for the easing of U.S. trade and immigration restrictions. His ambitious program for the exploitation of huge, newly discovered petroleum reserves by Petróleos Mexicanos (PEMEX), the state-owned Mexican oil agency, resulted in the rapid expansion of Mexico's oil exports, but by the end of his term in 1982, the bottom had fallen out of the world crude oil market, rampant government corruption and unrestrained government borrowing had resulted in a huge foreign debt, and the economy was in shambles. For many years after the boom went bust, he was reviled. In 1983 Pres. Miguel de la Madrid dissociated himself from López's administration, accusing it of aggravating the "grotesque" maldistribution of wealth and defrauding PEMEX.

López Portillo y Rojas, José (b. May 26, 1850, Guadalajara, Mexico - d. May 22, 1923, Mexico City, Mexico), governor of Jalisco (1912-14) and foreign minister of Mexico (1914).

López Puigcerver, Joaquín (María) (b. Nov. 18, 1841, Valencia, Spain - d. June 28, 1906, Madrid, Spain), finance minister (1886-88, 1897-99) and interior minister (1893-94) of Spain. He was also minister of justice (1890, 1902, 1905) and development (1894-95).

López Pumarejo

López Pumarejo, Alfonso (b. Jan. 31, 1886, Honda, Tolima department, Colombia - d. Nov. 20, 1959, London, England), president of Colombia (1934-38, 1942-45). He first entered politics in 1915 when he was elected to the Chamber of Representatives as a Liberal. In 1921-22 he was treasury minister. In 1930 he helped to elect as president Enrique Olaya Herrera, bringing the Liberal Party to power for the first time in 45 years. López was then named minister to Britain. In 1934 he was elected president himself, being opposed only by a Communist candidate, Estiquio Timote. A friendship he had formed in Britain with Óscar R. Benavides, who became president of Peru in 1933, averted a threatened war between the two countries over the ownership of Leticia on the upper Amazon and led to the signing of a protocol of peace and friendship. He formally tendered his resignation in 1937 because he was dissatisfied with the action of parties in Congress, but it was refused. The constitution prohibited a president from serving two consecutive terms, but after an interval of four years he was elected a second time in 1942, defeating Carlos Arango Vélez. He was on leave of absence from November 1943 to May 1944, to take his wife to the United States for medical treatment, and thereafter again attempted to resign, but rescinding the resignation after the Senate rejected it. In an abortive coup by an army faction in July 1944, he was kidnapped and held for a short time. He finally resigned in July 1945. López has been hailed as a great reformer and one of Colombia's best presidents in the 20th century. He was also permanent representative to the United Nations (1946-48) and ambassador to the United Kingdom (from June 1959).

López Rodó, Laureano (b. Nov. 18, 1920, Barcelona, Spain - d. March 11, 2000, Madrid, Spain), foreign minister of Spain (1973-74). He was also ambassador to Austria (1974-76).

López Sánchez, Raúl (b. Dec. 28, 1904, Torreón, Coahuila, Mexico - d. Jan. 11, 1957, Mexico City, Mexico), governor of Coahuila (1948-51). He was also Mexican minister of marine (1952).

López Urzúa, Francisco (b. May 14, 1924), Guatemalan diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1968-69).

López Valdez, Mario (b. Jan. 18, 1957, Cubiri de la Loma, Sinaloa, Mexico), governor of Sinaloa (2011-16). He was also mayor of Ahome municipality (Los Mochis) (2002-04).

López Villamil, Humberto (b. March 20, 1916, Santa Rosa de Copán, Honduras - d. June 7, 2007, Tegucigalpa, Honduras), Honduran diplomat. He was ambassador to the Netherlands (1957-59) and Spain (1986-89) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1965-69).

Lopukhin, Aleksey (Aleksandrovich) (b. 1864 - d. March 1, 1928, Paris, France), governor of Estonia (1905). He was also director of the Russian Department of Police (1902-05).

Lopukhin, Pyotr (Vasilyevich) (b. 1753 - d. April 18 [April 6, O.S.], 1827, St. Petersburg, Russia), justice minister of Russia (1803-10). He was also governor of Moscow (1784-93), governor-general of Yaroslavl and Vologda (1793-96), prosecutor-general (1798-99), and chairman of the Imperial State Council and the Committee of Ministers (1816-27).

Lopukhin, Viktor (Aleksandrovich) (b. Nov. 14 [Nov. 2, O.S.], 1868 - d. 1933), governor of Perm (1910-11), Novgorod (1911-13), Tula (1913-14), and Vologda (1914-15); brother of Aleksey Lopukhin.

Lorak, Nidel L. (b. 1943?), Marshall Islands politician. In 2000 the third-term senator from Arno Atoll became minister of internal affairs; in 2002 he was shifted to public works and in 2008-12 he was education minister.

Lorca Pellross, Arturo (b. Nov. 15, 1877, Valparaíso, Chile - d. 1951), finance minister of Chile (1931). He was also minister to Ecuador (1930-31).

B. Lord

Lord, Bernard (b. Sept. 27, 1965, Moncton, N.B.), premier of New Brunswick (1999-2006).

Lord, William P(aine) (b. July 20, 1838, Dover, Del. - d. Feb. 17, 1911, San Francisco, Calif.), governor of Oregon (1895-99). He was also U.S. minister to Argentina (1900-03).

Lordkipanidze, Zekeriya (Dursunovich) (b. 1892 - d. [executed] 1937), chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (1929-30) and chairman of the Central Executive Committee (1930-37) of Adzharistan.

Lorena, Estevão Ribeiro de Rezende, barão de (b. 1813, São Paulo, Brazil - d. June 7, 1878, São Paulo), president of Mato Grosso (1838-40); son of Estevão Ribeiro de Rezende, barão, conde e marquês de Valença. He was made baron in 1853.

Loret de Mola Mediz, Carlos (b. July 30, 1921, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico - d. [officially in car accident, but believed assassinated] between Feb. 5 and 7, 1986), governor of Yucatán (1970-76).

Loreto, Franklin Americo de Menezes Doria, barão de (b. July 12, 1836, Ilha dos Frades, Bahia, Brazil - d. Oct. 28, 1906, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), foreign minister of Brazil (1881-82); son-in-law of João Lustoza da Cunha Paranaguá, visconde e marquês de Paranaguá. He was also president of Piauí (1864-66), Maranhão (1867), and Pernambuco (1880-81), minister of war (1881-82) and interior (1889), and president of the Chamber of Deputies (1885). He was made baron in 1888.

Loreto, Sérgio Teixeira Lins de Barros (b. Sept. 9, 1870, Águas Belas municipality, Pernambuco, Brazil - d. March 6, 1937), governor of Pernambuco (1922-26).

Lorichs, Pehr Daniel (b. Aug. 20, 1785, Stockholm, Sweden - d. Oct. 25, 1853, Rottneby mansion, near Falun, Kopparberg [now Dalarna], Sweden), governor of Kopparberg (1822-53).

Loridan, Walter (b. Feb. 22, 1909, Menin, Belgium - d. 1997), Belgian diplomat. He was chargé d'affaires in Spain (1937-39) and Mexico (1940-42), ambassador to Mexico (1951-55), the Soviet Union (1955-59), West Germany (1965-69), and the United States (1969-74), and permanent representative to the United Nations (1959-65).

Loris-Melikov, Graf (Count) Mikhail (Tariyelovich) (b. November 1825, Tiflis, Russia [now Tbilisi, Georgia] - d. Dec. 24, 1888, Nice, France), interior minister of Russia (1880-81). He was also governor of Terek oblast (1863-75), governor-general of Astrakhan, Samara, and Saratov (1879) and Kharkov (1879-80), and chief of the Supreme Administrative Commission (1880). He became a count in 1878.

Lorkovic, Mladen (b. March 1, 1909, Zagreb, Austria-Hungary [now in Croatia] - d. [killed in prison] April 25?, 1945, Lepoglava, Croatia), foreign minister (1941-43) and interior minister (1943-44) of Croatia.

Lortkipanidze

Losonczi

Lortkipanidze, Vazha (b. Nov. 29, 1949, Tbilisi, Georgian S.S.R.), minister of state of Georgia (1998-2000). He was also ambassador to Russia (1995-98).

Los, Sir Kubulan (b. Dec. 5, 1942 - d. Aug. 7, 2012, Boroko, National Capital District, Papua New Guinea), Papua New Guinean diplomat; knighted 1996. He was permanent representative to the United Nations and ambassador to the United States (1980-83).

Losco, Andrea (b. March 31, 1951, Cardito, Campania, Italy), president of Campania (1999-2000).

Losembe Batwanyele, original name (until 1972) Mario (Philippe) Cardoso (b. Sept. 29, 1933, Stanleyville, Belgian Congo [now Kisangani, Congo (Kinshasa)]), foreign minister of Congo (Kinshasa)/Zaire (1970-72). He was also permanent representative to the United Nations (1960-62), chargé d'affaires in the United States (1962, 1962-65), ambassador to the United Kingdom (1966-68) and Morocco (1968-69), and minister of national education (1969-70).

Losonczi, Pál (b. Sept. 18, 1919, Bolhó, Somogy county, Hungary - d. March 28, 2005, Kaposvár, Somogy county), chairman of the Presidential Council of Hungary (1967-87). He joined the Communist Party in 1945 and became a member of parliament in 1953. He was agriculture minister in 1960-67.

Lothigius, (Lars) Wilhelm (Samuel) (b. May 8, 1836, Jönköping, Sweden - d. April 21, 1913), governor of Älvsborg (1886-1905).

Lott, Henrique (Batista Duffles) Teixeira (b. Nov. 16, 1894, Sítio, Mato Grosso, Brazil - d. May 19, 1984, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), war minister of Brazil (1954-60). He was also a presidential candidate (1960).

T. Lott

Lott, (Chester) Trent (b. Oct. 9, 1941, Grenada, Miss.), U.S. politician. He worked as an administrative assistant (1968-72) in the U.S. House of Representatives. Elected to the House in 1972, he became Republican whip in 1981. He won election to the U.S. Senate in 1988, where he was active on the armed services, budget, and other committees. He was reelected in 1994 and was chosen majority whip. He was chosen majority leader of the Senate on June 12, 1996. He replaced Sen. Robert Dole, who had resigned from the Senate to devote himself full-time to his presidential campaign. Called an ardent conservative, Lott was considered to be a close ally of Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich. Lott lost his place as majority leader on June 6, 2001, when Jim Jeffords' defection from the Republican Party placed the Senate in Democratic hands. He then served as minority leader until Jan. 3, 2003.

Loua

Loua, Alexandre Cécé (b. 1956, Nzérékoré, Guinea), foreign minister of Guinea (2009-10). He has been ambassador to Yugoslavia, Macedonia, and Bulgaria (1996-98), South Africa and the other countries of the Southern African Development Community (2001-07), Germany (2007-09), India (2012-17), and the United Kingdom (2017- ).

Loubère, Jean-Louis (b. Aug. 18, 1820, Riguepeu, Gers, France - d. ...), governor of French Guiana (1870-77).

É. Loubet

Loubet, Émile (François) (b. Dec. 30, 1838, Marsanne, Drôme, France - d. Dec. 20, 1929, Montélimar, Drôme), president of France (1899-1906). He was elected mayor of Montélimar in 1870 and held that office until he became president. He entered the Chamber of Deputies in 1876 as a moderate republican and worked for free, obligatory, and secular primary education. He entered the Senate in 1885 and was minister of public works in 1887-88. He became prime minister and minister of the interior in February 1892, but his tenure as premier ended in December on the question of the Panama scandal (the collapse of the French Panama Canal company, the Compagnie Universelle du Canal Interocéanique), though he continued to serve as interior minister until January 1893. In 1896-99 he was president of the Senate, and then was elected president of the republic following the death of Félix Faure. Favouring settlement of the case of Alfred Dreyfus, the Jewish army officer convicted for treason on questionable evidence in 1894, he summoned René Waldeck-Rousseau to form a ministry to resolve the affair and appealed to all republicans to rally behind it. Dreyfus, brought back from the Devil's Island penal colony, was again convicted by a court-martial, but Loubet pardoned him, signaling the victory of republican forces against those of the royalists, the Roman Catholic clergy, and the army. In 1905, amid violent controversy, any relationship of the Roman Catholic Church, as well as of the Protestant and Jewish faiths, to the state was dissolved. In foreign affairs, Loubet smoothed relations with Britain in April 1904 by signing the Entente Cordiale, and also exchanged visits with the Russian emperor and other European leaders. He survived an assassination attempt in 1905.

Loubet, Lucien Vincent (b. March 1, 1905, Paris, France - d. Nov. 1, 1985, Le Grau-du-Roi, Gard, France), acting commissioner of Cambodia (1948-49).

Loucheur, Louis (b. Aug. 12, 1872, Roubaix, Nord, France - d. Nov. 22, 1931, Paris, France), finance minister of France (1925). He was also minister of armaments and war manufacturing (1917-18), industrial reconstitution (1918-20), liberated regions (1921-22), posts and telegraphs (1924), commerce and industry (1924, 1926, 1930-31), labour, hygiene, welfare work, and social security provisions (1928-30), and national economy (1930-31).

Loudon, James (b. June 8, 1824, The Hague, Netherlands - d. May 31, 1900, The Hague), king's commissioner of Zuid-Holland (1862-71) and governor-general of the Netherlands East Indies (1872-75). He was also Dutch minister of colonies (1861-62).

Loudon, John (b. March 18, 1866, The Hague, Netherlands - d. Nov. 11, 1955, Wassenaar, Netherlands), foreign minister of the Netherlands (1913-18); son of James Loudon. He was also minister to Japan (1906-08), the United States and Mexico (1908-13), and France (1919-40).

Louekoski, Matti (Kalevi) (b. April 14, 1941, Oulu, Finland), finance minister of Finland (1990-91). He was also minister of education (1971-72) and justice (1972-75, 1987-90).

J.A. Lougheed

Lougheed, Sir James Alexander (b. Sept. 1, 1854, Brampton, Ont. - d. Nov. 2, 1925, Ottawa), Canadian minister without portfolio (1911-18), minister of soldiers' civil re-establishment (1918-21), and minister of interior and mines (1920-21); knighted 1916.

P. Lougheed

Lougheed, (Edgar) Peter (b. July 26, 1928, Calgary, Alberta - d. Sept. 13, 2012, Calgary), premier of Alberta (1971-85); grandson of Sir James Alexander Lougheed. In 1965 he became leader of the Alberta Progressive Conservative Party. At that time his party did not have a single seat in the Alberta legislature, but he quickly reversed the party's fortunes. He was first elected in 1967 to represent Calgary West in the legislature. In the 1971 provincial election the Progressive Conservative Party gained a majority of seats, and Lougheed became premier of Alberta. His goal as premier was to convert the money earned from oil revenues into permanent capital to yield a self-sustaining economy once the nonrenewable resource base was exhausted. To this purpose his government established with oil revenues the Alberta Heritage Fund, a financial base from which to finance future industrialization and development in the province. Lougheed, a former football player with the Edmonton Eskimos, became the man to fight for Alberta in the conflict with the federal government over the pricing and sharing of the oil and gas reserves. The battle began in 1973 when the federal government put an export tax on crude oil. Finally, after years of wrangling, haggling, and political maneuvering, the province and the federal government reached an agreement on oil pricing on Sept. 2, 1981. By the terms of this pact the federal government would receive 25% of the oil revenue and Alberta 75%. Lougheed disclaimed any ambition in federal politics. In 1975 he was his party's first choice for national leader, but he declined the offer, preferring to stay in Alberta to work for the province. He won reelection with huge majorities until he retired in 1985.

Loughman

Louis II

Loughman, Bob (b. March 8, 1961), prime minister of Vanuatu (2020- ). He was also minister of education (2013-15) and deputy prime minister and minister of tourism, commerce, trades, and ni-Vanuatu business (2018-19).

Lougnon, Jean Baptiste Antoine (b. July 21, 1843, Ainay-le-Château, Allier, France - d. ...), governor of French Guiana (1884-85) and Réunion (1886, 1887-88).

Louis II, in full Louis Honoré Charles Antoine (b. July 12, 1870, Baden-Baden, Germany - d. May 9, 1949, Monaco), prince of Monaco (1922-49).

Louis XIV

Louis XIV, byname Louis the Great, Louis the Grand Monarch, or the Sun King, French Louis le Grand, Louis le Grand Monarque, or le Roi Soleil, original name Louis-Dieudonné (b. Sept. 5, 1638, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France - d. Sept. 1, 1715, Versailles, France), king of France (1643-1715). He was the son of Louis XIII and his Spanish queen, Anne of Austria. He succeeded his father at the age of four years and eight months. In 1660 he married Marie-Thérèse of Austria, daughter of the king of Spain. After the chief minister Cardinal Jules Mazarin died in 1661, Louis told his astonished ministers that he intended to assume all responsibility for ruling the kingdom, something that had not occurred since the reign of Henry IV. In 1667 he invaded the Spanish Netherlands, which he regarded as his wife's inheritance, thus beginning a series of wars that lasted for a good part of his reign. He had to retreat (1668) in the face of English and especially Dutch pressure. He swore to destroy the Dutch republic; allying himself with his cousin Charles II of England, he invaded the Netherlands in 1672, emerging triumphant in 1678. He extended the frontier of France in the north and east by annexing part of Flanders as well as Lorraine and the Franche-Comté. He devoted himself to building new residences, including Versailles, to which the seat of government was transferred in 1682. The queen died in 1683, and he secretly married Mme de Maintenon. His revocation (1685) of the Edict of Nantes, which had guaranteed the Protestants' freedom of worship, drove many artisans from France and caused great misfortune. The War of the Grand Alliance (1688-97) forced him to give up part of his territorial acquisitions, and the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-14) further strained French resources.

Louis XV

Louis XV, byname Louis the Well-Beloved, French Louis le Bien-Aimé (b. Feb. 15, 1710, Versailles, France - d. May 10, 1774, Versailles), king of France (1715-74). He was the great-grandson of King Louis XIV and the son of Louis, duc de Bourgogne, and Marie-Adélaïde of Savoy. Because his parents and his only surviving brother all died in 1712, he became king on the death of Louis XIV. Until he attained his legal majority in February 1723, France was governed by a regent, Philippe II, duc d'Orléans, who in 1721 betrothed Louis to the infanta Mariana, daughter of King Felipe V of Spain. Orléans died in December 1723, and his successor as chief minister, Louis-Henri, duc de Bourbon-Condé, cancelled the Spanish betrothal and married the king to Marie Leszczynska, daughter of the dethroned king Stanislaw I of Poland. The Polish connection led to French involvement against Austria and Russia in the War of the Polish Succession (1733-38). André-Hercule de Fleury, who had replaced Bourbon-Condé in 1726, died in 1744, and Louis thereafter ruled without a chief minister. He occupied himself with a succession of mistresses some of whom exercised considerable political influence. Pauline-Félicité de Mailly-Nesle, marquise de Vintimille, his mistress from 1739 to 1741, had sponsored the war party that brought France into the inconclusive War of the Austrian Succession (1740-48) against Austria and Britain. In September 1745 he took as his official mistress (maîtresse en titre) Jeanne-Antoinette Poisson, marquise de Pompadour, whose influence lasted until her death in 1764. In the Seven Years' War (1756-63), France lost to the British almost all her colonial possessions in North America and India. Generally, Louis' long reign was marked by a decline in the crown's moral and political authority.

Louis XVI

Louis XVI, also called (until 1774) Louis-Auguste, duc (duke) de Berry (b. Aug. 23, 1754, Versailles, France - d. Jan. 21, 1793, Paris, France), king of France (1774-92). He was the third son of the dauphin Louis and his consort Maria Josepha of Saxony. He became the heir to the throne on his father's death in 1765. In 1770 he married the Austrian archduchess Marie-Antoinette, daughter of Maria Theresa and the Holy Roman emperor Franz I. He became king on the death of his grandfather Louis XV. It was aristocratic opposition to the fiscal, economic, and administrative reforms of the controller-general of finance, Charles Alexandre de Calonne, in 1787 that forced the king, in July 1788, to summon the States General, the representatives of the clergy, nobility, and commoners, for the following year and thus set in motion the French Revolution. Louis's resistance to popular demands was one of the causes of the forcible transfer of the royal family from Versailles to the Tuileries Palace in Paris on Oct. 6, 1789. Yet he made still more mistakes, acquiescing in the disastrous attempt to escape from the capital to the eastern frontier on June 21, 1791. Caught at Varennes and brought back to Paris, his powers were temporarily suspended by the Legislative Assembly. The republic was proclaimed on Sept. 21, 1792. In November proof of his counterrevolutionary intrigues with foreigners was found in a secret cupboard in the Tuileries. On December 3, it was decided that Louis, who together with his family had been imprisoned since August, should be brought to trial for treason. Citizen Capet, as he was then called, was condemned to death on Jan. 18, 1793. He was guillotined in the Place de la Révolution in Paris three days later.

Louis XVIII, also called (until 1795) Louis Stanislas Xavier, comte (count) de Provence (b. Nov. 17, 1755, Versailles, France - d. Sept. 16, 1824, Paris, France), king of France (1814-15, 1815-24); brother of Louis XVI.

Louis, Joseph Dominique, baron (b. Nov. 13, 1755, Toul [now in Meurthe-et-Moselle département], France - d. Aug. 26, 1837, Bry-sur-Marne, Seine [now in Val-de-Marne], France), finance minister of France (1814-15, 1815, 1818-19, 1830, 1831-32). He was made baron in 1809.

Louis-Philippe

Louis-Philippe I, also called Louis-Philippe, duc (duke) d'Orléans, byname Roi Citoyen ("Citizen King") (b. Oct. 6, 1773, Paris, France - d. Aug. 26, 1850, Claremont, Surrey, England), king of France (1830-48). He was the eldest son of Louis Philippe Joseph de Bourbon-Orléans, duc de Chartres, and Adélaïde de Bourbon-Penthièvre. At first styled duc de Valois, he became duc de Chartres when his father inherited the title duc d'Orléans in 1785. On the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789, he joined the group of progressive nobles who supported the revolutionary government. When France went to war with Austria in April 1792, he joined the Army of the North, but in April 1793 he joined his commander in deserting to the Austrians, thereafter living in exile in various countries. He became duc d'Orléans on the execution of his father by the Jacobin government in November 1793. Later he reconciled the house of Orléans with the elder branch of the Bourbon family, headed by Louis XVIII, the exiled titular king of France. He returned to France on the first restoration of Louis XVIII (1814) and recovered part of the Orléans estates. After the second restoration of Louis XVIII (1815), Louis-Philippe was a consistent adherent of the liberal opposition. In 1830 Charles X's repressive measures touched off a rebellion that gave Louis-Philippe his opportunity to gain power. He was elected lieutenant-general of the kingdom by the legislature on July 31, two days before Charles abdicated. On August 9 Louis-Philippe accepted the crown as "king of the French." His so-called July Monarchy relied on the bourgeoisie. Faced with an insurrectionary movement of proletarian and middle-class elements, he abdicated in 1848 and, disguised as "Mr. Smith," fled to England.

Louisa-Godett

Louisa-Godett, Mirna (Altagracia) (b. Jan. 29, 1954, Willemstad, Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles), prime minister of the Netherlands Antilles (2003-04).

A. Louisy

Louisy, Sir Allan (Fitzgerald Laurent) (b. Sept. 5, 1916, Laborie village, Saint Lucia - d. March 2, 2011, Laborie), prime minister of Saint Lucia (1979-81). He served as registrar of the Supreme Court and additional magistrate (1946-50), senior magistrate in Antigua (1951-54), and crown attorney and legal draftsman in Montserrat (1954-55) and then in Dominica (1956-58). His career then took him to Jamaica, where he was resident magistrate, then registrar of the Supreme Court and Court of Appeal until 1964, when he took up a post on the bench of the Associated States Appeal Court. His political career began in October 1973 (shortly after he retired as a judge of the Appeal Court) with the then opposition St. Lucia Labour Party (SLP). The party was split over the question of leadership at the time, and Louisy came on the scene as a mediator. He negotiated the admission of new blood into the party and brought to it a measure of respectability that it had not known for many years. In the elections of May 1974, he made his first attempt at a House of Assembly seat, running in his home village of Laborie. The SLP lost by seven seats to ten for the United Workers Party (UWP), but Louisy won his contest by a margin of over 1,000 votes and was selected by the party as leader of the opposition in the new parliament. Two years later the SLP's leadership problem, which had remained unresolved, was settled at a national party convention, and Louisy emerged triumphant in a three-way contest. On July 2, 1979, he became prime minister following the resounding defeat, in the first post-independence election, of the UWP, which had held power for 16 years under the leadership of John Compton. Louisy resigned as prime minister in 1981, but was appointed a minister without portfolio (1981-82) and attorney general (1982). He did not seek reelection in 1982 and retired from the political arena soon thereafter. He was knighted in 2005.

P. Louisy

Louisy, Dame (Calliopa) Pearlette (b. June 8, 1946, Laborie village, Saint Lucia), governor-general of Saint Lucia (1997-2017); knighted 1999.

Loukal, Mohamed (b. July 19, 1950), finance minister of Algeria (2019-20). He was also governor of the central bank (2016-19).

Loulé, Nuno José Severo de Mendoça Rolim de Moura Barreto, (1º) duque e (2º) marquês de, (9º) conde de Vale de Reis (b. Nov. 6, 1804, Lisbon, Portugal - d. May 22, 1875), prime minister of Portugal (1856-59, 1860-65, 1869-70). He was also minister of foreign affairs (1833, 1835-36, 1856-59, 1862-65), marine and colonies (1833, 1835, 1851), public works (1856-57, 1862-64), and interior (1857-59, 1860-62, 1864-65, 1869-70).

Loulichki, Mohamed (b. July 1952, Fès, Morocco), Moroccan diplomat. He was ambassador to Hungary, Croatia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina (1995-99) and permanent representative to the United Nations (2008-14).

Louly, Mohamed Mahmoud Ould (Ahmed), Arabic Muhammad Mahmud walad Ahmad Luli (b. Jan. 1, 1943, Tidjikja, central Mauritania - d. March 16, 2019), head of state of Mauritania (1979-80). He joined the Army in November 1960. He was trained in French military academies and subsequently held various administrative posts on the Mauritanian general staff. He was a member of the Military Committee for National Recovery (CMRN), which in July 1978 ousted Pres. Moktar Ould Daddah, and its successor, the Military Committee for National Salvation, formed on April 6, 1979. In Mustafa Ould Salek's government (1978-79) Louly was successively minister in charge of inquiries and investigations, minister in charge of the CMRN permanent committee, and minister of cadre training and the civil service. On June 3, 1979, he became head of state. The change in leadership followed Salek's progressive loss of authority as a result of Mauritania's worsening situation. Considered to be an able administrator and a man of integrity, Louly had some experience as an economist in addition to his military training. In his first message to the nation, he reaffirmed Mauritania's determination to find a solution to the conflict in Western Sahara which had increasingly sapped its resources during the past three years. Louly's first act was to announce the formation of a new government, whose composition reflected the need to find solutions to the country's two most pressing problems: the disastrous state of the national finances; and the mounting tension between the Moors and the black African tribes of the south. The number of black ministers in the new 14-member government was increased from 4 to 5. Louly was deposed in January 1980 by the prime minister, Mohamed Khouna Ould Haidalla.

Loum

Loum, Mamadou Lamine (b. Feb. 3, 1952, Mboss, Senegal), prime minister of Senegal (1998-2000). He was delegate minister in charge of the budget (1993-98) until he took over as minister of economy, finance, and planning on the resignation of Pate Ousmane Sackho in April 1998. Loum, who had no political affiliation, became prime minister when Habib Thiam resigned in July 1998, following general elections in May.

Lounsbury, George E(dward) (b. May 7, 1838, Pound Ridge, N.Y. - d. Aug. 16, 1904, Ridgefield, Conn.), governor of Connecticut (1899-1901).

Lounsbury, Phineas C(hapman) (b. Jan. 10, 1844, Ridgefield, Conn. - d. June 22, 1925, Ridgefield), governor of Connecticut (1887-89); brother of George E. Lounsbury.

Lourenço, Ana Afonso Dias (b. April 13, 1957), Angolan politician; wife of João Lourenço. She was minister of planning (1999-2012).

J. Lourenço

Lourenço, João (Manuel Gonçalves) (b. March 5, 1954, Lobito, Angola), defense minister (2014-17) and president (2017- ) of Angola. He was also provincial commissioner of Moxico (1983-86) and Benguela (1986-89).

Loustau-Lalanne, Bernard Michel (b. June 20, 1938, Mahé, Seychelles), Seychellois diplomat; son of Michel Loustau-Lalanne. He was attorney-general (1976-78), permanent representative to the United Nations (1978-79), and high commissioner to the United Kingdom and ambassador to the United States (1978-80).

Loustau-Lalanne, Maurice (Jean Leonard) (b. 1955?), finance minister of Seychelles (2018-20). He was also minister of tourism, civil aviation, ports, and marine (2016-18) and trade, investment, and economic planning (2018-20).

Loustau-Lalanne, (Joseph Antoine) Michel (b. 1907 - d. ...), Seychellois politician. He was speaker of the Legislative Assembly (1970-74), the House of Assembly (1975-76), and the National Assembly (1976-77).

Lousteau, Martín (b. Dec. 8, 1970, Buenos Aires, Argentina), economy minister of Argentina (2007-08). He was also ambassador to the United States (2016-17).

Loutsch, Hubert (b. Nov. 18, 1878, Monnerich, Luxembourg - d. Oct. 24, 1946, Brussels, Belgium), prime minister and foreign minister of Luxembourg (1915-16).

Louveau

Louvin

Louveau, Edmond (Jean) (b. Aug. 4, 1895, Mamers, Sarthe, France - d. June 17, 1973, Suresnes, Hauts-de-Seine, France), governor of French Sudan (1946-52).

Louvin, Roberto (b. Oct. 31, 1960, Aosta), president of Valle d'Aosta (2002-03).

Louw, Eli (van der Merwe) (b. Sept. 27, 1927, Loeriesfontein, Cape province [now in Northern Cape], South Africa - d. March 19, 2016, Worcester, Western Cape, South Africa), South African politician. He was minister of transport (1986-89) and manpower (1989-91) and speaker of the House of Assembly (1991-94).

Louw, Eric (Hendrik) (b. Nov. 21, 1890, Jacobsdal, Orange Free State [now Free State, South Africa] - d. June 24, 1968, Cape Town, South Africa), finance minister (1954-56) and foreign minister (1955-64) of South Africa. He was also high commissioner to the United Kingdom (1929), minister to the United States (1929-33), Italy (1933), and France and Portugal (1934-37), and minister of economic affairs (1948-54) and mines (1948-49).

Louw, Gene, byname of Eugene Louw (b. July 15, 1931, Cape Town, South Africa - d. Oct. 12, 2015, Durbanville, Western Cape, South Africa), administrator of Cape province (1979-89) and home affairs minister (1989-92) and defense minister (1992-93) of South Africa. He was also minister of constitutional development and planning (1989), education (1989-90), and public works (1992-93).

Løvald, Johan Ludvik (b. May 14, 1943), Norwegian diplomat. He was ambassador to Canada (1996-2000) and permanent representative to the United Nations (2003-08).

Lovászy, Márton (b. Nov. 6, 1864, Zenta, Hungary [now Senta, Vojvodina, Serbia] - d. Aug. 21, 1927, Budapest, Hungary), foreign minister of Hungary (1919). He was also minister of religion and education (1918).

Lövdén, Lars-Erik (b. Jan. 11, 1950, Malmö, Sweden), interior minister of Sweden (1998) and governor of Halland (2004-14). He was also minister of local government and housing (1998-2004).

Love, Sir James (Frederick) (b. 1789 - d. 1866), lieutenant governor of Jersey (1852-57).

J.A. Love

Love, John A(rthur) (b. Nov. 29, 1916, Gibson City, Ill. - d. Jan. 21, 2002, Aurora, Colo.), governor of Colorado (1963-73). A Republican, he became governor by beating Democratic incumbent Stephen L.R. McNichols in 1962. Regarded as a political moderate during his first term, Love was reelected in 1966 and 1970. Until Love, no Colorado governor served more than six years. In his early gubernatorial career, many legislative veterans of Love's party considered him a political novice and tried to bypass him. Once, he sided with Democrats in a successful drive for a higher state budget. In his last term, opposition within his own party faded, but Republicans criticized him for failing to exert enough leadership. In 1973, he resigned to become Pres. Richard Nixon's first energy czar. Less than a year into the job, he resigned, citing frustration with the Nixon administration over the growing Watergate scandal.

Lovell

Lovell, Harold (Earl Edmund) (b. Sept. 27, 1955, St. John's, Antigua), foreign minister (2004-05) and finance and economy minister (2009-14) of Antigua and Barbuda. He was also minister of tourism (2004-09), international transportation and trade (2004-05), civil aviation (2005-09), and culture and environment (2007-09).

Loveridge, Sir John (Henry) (b. Aug. 2, 1912 - d. Nov. 7, 1994), bailiff of Guernsey (1973-82); knighted 1975. He was earlier attorney general (1960-69) and deputy bailiff (1969-73).

Lovett, Robert (Abercrombie) (b. Sept. 14, 1895, Huntsville, Texas - d. May 7, 1986, Locust Valley, N.Y.), U.S. acting secretary of state (1949) and secretary of defense (1951-53).

Lövgren, Oscar Wilhelm (b. Aug. 30, 1888, Nederkalix, Norrbotten, Sweden - d. Dec. 21, 1952, Luleå, Norrbotten), governor of Norrbotten (1947-52).

Lovink, Antonius Hermanus Johannes, byname Tony Lovink (b. July 12, 1902, The Hague, Netherlands - d. March 27, 1995, Ottawa, Canada), high commissioner of the Netherlands East Indies (1949). He was also Dutch ambassador to China (1943-47), the Soviet Union (1947-48), Canada (1950-57, 1960-67), and Australia (1957-60).

Lovisin, Carl Arvid friherre (b. Feb. 20, 1772, Stockholm, Sweden - d. Aug. 18, 1847, Stockholm), war minister of Sweden (1843-44).

Løvland, Jørgen Gunnarson (b. Feb. 3, 1848, Evje, Nedenes amt [now in Agder fylke], Norway - d. Aug. 21, 1922, Kristiania [now Oslo], Norway), foreign minister (1905-08) and prime minister (1907-08) of Norway. He was also minister of labour (1898-99, 1900-03) and education and church affairs (1915-20), chairman of the Storting's Nobel Committee (1901-21), minister in Stockholm (1905), and president of the Storting (1914-16).

Lovo Cordero, Alfonso (b. June 11, 1927, Ocotal, Nueva Segovia, Nicaragua - d. May 10, 2018, U.S.), member of the National Government Junta of Nicaragua (1972-74). He was also minister of agriculture and livestock (1967-72).

Lovre, Koviljko (b. 1954, Hotkovci village, near Glamoc [now in Republika Srpska], Bosnia and Herzegovina), chairman of the Executive Council of Vojvodina (1992-93).

Low, Frederick F(erdinand) (b. June 30, 1828, Frankfort [now Winterport], Maine - d. July 21, 1894, San Francisco, Calif.), governor of California (1863-67). He was also U.S. minister to China (1870-73).

Low, Sir Hugh (b. May 10, 1824, Clapton, eastern London, England - d. April 18, 1905, Alassio, Liguria, Italy), governor of Labuan (1866-67) and resident of Perak (1877-89); knighted 1883.

Low, Seth (b. Jan. 18, 1850, Brooklyn [now part of New York City], N.Y. - d. Sept. 17, 1916, Bedford Hills, N.Y.), mayor of Brooklyn (1882-85) and New York City (1902-04).

Low Murtra, Enrique (b. March 23, 1939, Bogotá, Colombia - d. [assassinated] April 30, 1991, Bogotá), justice minister of Colombia (1987-88). He was also ambassador to Switzerland (1988-91).

Lowassa

Lowassa, Edward (Ngoyai) (b. Aug. 26, 1953, Monduli, Arusha region, Tanganyika [now in Tanzania]), prime minister of Tanzania (2005-08). A member of parliament since 1985, he was appointed minister of state in the office of the prime minister and first vice president responsible for judiciary and parliamentary affairs in 1990 before serving as minister for lands, housing, and urban development in 1993-95. In 1998-2000 he was minister of state in the vice president's office (environment, poverty eradication, and union matters) and in 2000-05 minister for water and livestock development. He was a presidential candidate in 2015.

Löwbeer, Nils (Teofil) (b. Feb. 12, 1889, Stockholm, Sweden - d. Nov. 8, 1957, Stocksund, Stockholm county, Sweden), governor of Västernorrland (1938-39).

Lowe

Løwer

Lowe, Richard Barrett (b. 1902, Madison, S.D. - d. 1972), governor of American Samoa (1953-56) and Guam (1956-59).

Löwen, Axel greve (b. Sept. 11, 1729 - d. Oct. 16, 1802, Svinstad socken [now part of Linköping municipality], Östergötland, Sweden), governor of Kristianstad (1773-76); grandson of Otto Wilhelm Löwen.

Löwen, Otto Wilhelm (b. Nov. 2, 1659, Reval, Sweden [now Tallinn, Estonia] - d. Aug. 6, 1712, Stockholm, Sweden), governor of Västerbotten (1705-12).

Löwenhielm, Carl Gustaf greve (b. Jan. 30, 1790, Grums socken, Värmland, Sweden - d. May 18, 1858, Grums socken), governor of Göteborg och Bohus (1843-47). He was also Swedish minister to the Ottoman Empire (1824-27), Austria (1827-43), and Bavaria (1828-43).

Løwer, Eldbjørg (b. July 14, 1943, Ål, Buskerud [now in Viken], Norway), defense minister of Norway (1999-2000). She was member of the Kongsberg town council (1976-88) and mayor of Kongsberg (1984-88), board chairman of the National Directorate of Labour (1986-94), and minister of local government and regional development (1997-99). When she was appointed as the first female defense minister of a NATO country, Løwer had apparently little background in defense apart from membership in Norway's defense studies institute.

Lowry

Lowry, Mike, byname of Michael Edward Lowry (b. March 8, 1939, St. John, Wash. - d. May 1, 2017), governor of Washington (1993-97). A Democrat, he was a state legislative staffer in 1969, a King County councilman (1975-78), then elected to Congress from the liberal Seattle district for a decade (1978-88), a loser in Senate races to Daniel Evans in 1983 and Slade Gorton in 1988, then a 52% winner in the Democratic annus mirabilis of 1992. In his first two years as governor, he enacted a liberal platform, with a tax increase, a Youth Agenda that tried to get at the roots of youth violence, and a healthcare reform aimed at covering the uninsured, especially children. But his job rating languished in the 30s and in 1994 Republicans captured the state House. The new Republican legislature rolled back Lowry's tax increases and healthcare program, which was similar to the Clinton plan. The legislature repealed key provisions (employer mandates and insurance premium caps) but kept provisions for the portability of coverage and increased services to the poor. Passed with a veto proof majority and faced with a new political reality, Lowry signed the bill. The legislature also passed its own welfare reform, with a two-year limit on benefits and denial of aid to teenage welfare mothers. But the biggest headlines came in February 1995 when Lowry was accused by a former staffer of sexual harassment. He denied the charges and asked for an independent investigation; in the days that followed two other aides, both women, also resigned. The 51-page report concluded that Lowry was not guilty of sexual harassment, though he had "touched her in ways she found offensive." He abandoned his bid for a second term.

Loyd, Sir Francis Alfred, byname Sir Frank Loyd (b. Sept. 5, 1916, Berkhamsted, England - d. Dec. 13, 2006), commissioner of Swaziland (1964-68); knighted 1965.

Loyola Vera, Ignacio (b. Sept. 10, 1954, Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico), governor of Querétaro (1997-2003).

Lozancic

Lozancic, Niko (b. 1957, Kakanj, Bosnia and Herzegovina), president of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (2003-07). In 2008-09 and 2010 he was chairman of the House of Representatives of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Lozanic, Sima (b. Feb. 27, 1847, Belgrade, Serbia - d. June 7, 1935, Belgrade), foreign minister of Serbia (1894, 1903). He was also minister of economy (1894, 1894-95, 1897-99) and minister to the United Kingdom (1900-02).

Lozano Díaz, Julio (b. March 27, 1885, Tegucigalpa, Honduras - d. Aug. 20, 1957, Miami, Fla.), president of Honduras (1954-56). He was also finance minister (1926-29, 1933-35), ambassador to the United States (1935-37), foreign minister (1937-38), and vice president and minister of interior and development (1949-54).

Lozano Ramírez, Raúl (b. March 9, 1911, Molango, Hidalgo, Mexico - d. Jan. 28, 2006), provisional governor of Hidalgo (1975).

Lozano y Lozano, Carlos (b. Jan. 31, 1904, Fusagasugá, Cundinamarca, Colombia - d. [struck by a train] Feb. 13, 1952, Usaquén [now part of Bogotá], Colombia), interior minister (1938-39) and foreign minister (1943-44, 1946-47) of Colombia. He was also governor of Tolima (1930), chargé d'affaires in France (1935-37), and ambassador to Brazil (1939-42) and Chile (1944-46).

Lozé, Henri (Auguste) (b. Jan. 20, 1850, Cateau, Nord, France - d. Jan. 26, 1915, Paris, France), prefect of police of Paris (1888-93). He was also prefect of the départements of Cantal (1884-85) and Somme (1886-88) and ambassador to Austria-Hungary (1893-97).

Lozès, Gabriel (b. Aug. 18, 1917, Abomey, Dahomey [now Benin] - d. June 25, 1986, Cotonou, Benin), foreign minister of Dahomey (1964-65). He was also minister of public works, mines, and transport (1970-72).

Lozoraitis, Stasys (b. Sept. 5, 1898, Kaunas, Russia [now in Lithuania] - d. Dec. 24, 1983, Rome, Italy), foreign minister of Lithuania (1934-38) and head of its diplomatic service in exile (1940-83). He was also minister to Italy (1939-40).

Lozoraitis, Stasys (b. Aug. 2, 1924, Berlin, Germany - d. June 13, 1994, Washington, D.C.), head of the diplomatic service of Lithuania in exile (1987-91); son of Stasys Lozoraitis (1898-1983). He was ambassador to the United States (1991-93) and Italy (1993-94) and a presidential candidate in 1993.

Lu Chuanlin (b. 1836 - d. 1910), governor of Sichuan (1895-97).

Lu Diping (b. Nov. 3, 1887, Ningxiang, Hunan, China - d. Jan. 31, 1935, Nanjing, China), chairman of the government of Hunan (1928-29), Jiangxi (1929-31), and Zhejiang (1931-34). He was a graduate of Hunan Military College and a participant of the Wuchang Uprising. His military posts were commander of the 2nd Army and of the 18th Division.

Lu Gongwang (b. Feb. 28, 1879, Yongkang, Zhejiang, China - d. July 22, 1954), governor of Zhejiang (1916-17). A graduate of Baoding Military College, he participated in the revolutionary rush in 1911 at home and finally became a division commander after several promotions. He was also a magistrate of Jiaxing-Huzhou region (northern Zhejiang). He turned to the South in 1920 and was nominated as minister of staff. He moved to Tianjin thereafter until 1946, when he was named speaker of the Zhejiang Provincial Council. He was elected a member of the Political Consultative Conference after the Communist victory.

Lu Hongtao (b. Sept. 7, 1866, Tongshan, Jiangsu, China - d. Aug. 31, 1927, Tianjin, China), military (1920-25) and civil (1923-25) governor of Gansu. He was a graduate from the cannon department of the Military College of Tianjin. He was first named military governor of Gansu before the founding of the republic, and he, together with the civil governor Zhao Weixi ("Governor Pigtail"), kept arresting and killing local revolutionaries even after the fall of the Qing dynasty. He also became the commander of the 1st Division of the Gansu Army in 1924.

Lu Huanyan (b. 1892, Luchuan, Guangxi, China - d. June 15, 1930, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China), chairman of the government of Guangxi (1929-30). He was named commander of the 26th Division in 1927. Gen. Li Mingrui, as well as Lu's predecessor, Yu Zuobai, a Kuomintang leftist, whose brother was an underground Communist Party member, opposed Chiang Kai-shek's policy of breaking with the Communist Party; Lu followed Yu and Li at first, but later betrayed them and turned to Chiang in October 1929. He was nominated as Guangxi chairman, as well as deputy commander of the 8th Army, as a reward. He was assassinated.

Lu Jianzhang (b. 1879, Mengcheng, Anhui, China - d. June 14, 1918, Tianjin, China), military governor of Shaanxi (1914-16). Having been a brigade commander in Qing times, he was nominated head of the execution bureau of the capital by Pres. Yuan Shikai, during which he got the nickname "the butcher" since large numbers of anti-Yuan revolutionary activists were executed by him. He was made Shaanxi governor in 1914 but was expelled by Gen. Chen Shufan in 1916 upon the death of his protector Yuan. In 1917, he was nominated as one of the senior military advisers of Pres. Feng Guozhang. He was found trying to persuade Gen. Feng Yuxiang, his nephew, to fight against the government-controlling Anhui military group, for which he was executed by Xu Shuzheng, a senior leader of that group.

Lu Jin (b. 1880, Tianjin, China - d. 1946, Tianjin), army minister of China (1924). A graduate of the Japanese College of Army Commanders, he served in the Beiyang Army after his return. After the republic was founded, he was named chief of staff of the Zhili military governor's office; he was also the military governor of Tianjin city. Before taking office as Chinese army minister, he was the commander of the 9th Division. He fled to Japan in 1924 upon the Beijing Coup led by Feng Yuxiang, but returned to Tianjin two years later. He rejected any Japanese-designated post offered to him during World War II.

Lu Jinshan (b. 1878, Jinghai, Hebei [now in Tianjin municipality], China - d. June 29, 1941, Tianjin), Chinese commander. A graduate of the Japanese College of Army Commanders, he became the commander of the 3rd Brigade of the Hubei Army in 1912. He was promoted to commander of the 18th Division later, and was also nominated as commander-in-chief of the armed forces along the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. He was also designated military governor of Hubei, but did not take office. In 1927, he was removed from all his posts as northern general Wu Peifu was defeated. He lived in Tianjin ever since. After Tianjin fell to the Japanese invaders, Lu rejected any post offered by the Japanese.

Lu Rongting

Lu Rongting (b. Sept. 19, 1858, Wuming, Guangxi, China - d. Nov. 6, 1928, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China), military (1912-16, 1924) and civil (1912-13) governor of Guangxi and military governor of Guangdong (1916-17). He was a military commander in Guangxi in the Qing dynasty and suppressed the revolutionary uprising of Zhennan Pass (now Friendship Pass on the Sino-Vietnam border in Pingxiang, Guangxi) led by Sun Yat-sen and Huang Xing. He expelled Gov. Shen Bingkun upon the founding of the Guangxi Revolutionary Military Government and became governor. He occupied Guangdong during the vacancy of army control in that province, whose revolutionary army mostly advanced north to fight against the army of Yuan Shikai, who claimed the throne. Though he had been a supporter of the north, he surprisingly became one of the members of the Governing Committee of the southern government founded by Sun Yat-sen, whom he tried to squeeze out. He was defeated by the Guangdong Revolutionary Army in 1920 and fled back to Guangxi, where he left again the next year, expelled by the Guangdong Army. Under the support of Wu Peifu, he slipped into Guangxi again in 1923 but once again was driven out in 1924.

Lu Tao (b. Oct. 12, 1882, Yibei, Guangxi, China - d. Nov. 14, 1949, Guiyang, Guizhou, China), military (1921-22) and civil (1925) governor of Guizhou. He joined the Chinese Revolutionary Alliance in 1905 and was admitted into Yunnan Military College in 1909. Having been commander-in-chief of the Guizhou provincial army, he became Guizhou governor when the southwestern province declared its autonomy from the northern government in 1921. In 1936, he was named commander-in-chief of the Guizhou Army of Anti-Japanese National Salvation. He tended to cooperate with the Communist Party upon its victory in 1949, for which he was assassinated by Kuomintang general Liu Bolong.

Lu Xin (b. 1872, Shunde, Guangdong, China - d. June 12, 1933), justice minister of China (1926). He went abroad to Japan and the U.S. to study law and became a correspondent of the China Daily in Hong Kong upon his return. He was also the head of the Guangdong branch of the underground Revolutionary Party and vice-speaker of the Guangdong Senate. After the republic was founded, he was elected a senator in Nanjing (January-March 1912) and then in Beijing. In 1922, he was named minister of agriculture and commerce, but did not take office. Four years later, he became minister of justice in the cabinet of Premier Jia Deyao.

Lu Yongxiang

Lu Yongxiang (b. Oct. 22, 1867, Jiyang, Shandong, China - d. May 15, 1933, Tianjin, China), military governor of Zhejiang (1919-24), Zhili (1924), and Jiangsu (1925). Having been a brigade commander in Qing times, he became a division commander after the founding of the republic. During his term as Zhejiang governor, he broke with his Jiangsu counterpart Qi Xieyuan and the famous Jiangsu-Zhejiang war began, which left tens of thousands of people dead. In that war he was defeated by Qi. He left office as Jiangsu governor in 1925 as Zhang Zuolin's army entered that province.

Lu Zhengxiang

Lu Zhengxiang, Wade-Giles Lu Cheng-hsiang, also known as Lou Tseng-Tsiang (b. June 12, 1871, Shanghai, China - d. Jan. 15, 1949, Brugge, Belgium), foreign minister (1912, 1912-13, 1915-16, 1917-18, 1919-20), premier (1912), and secretary of state (1915-16) of China. A Christian, he spent most of his childhood abroad so that his Chinese was not very fluent. He was ambassador of the Qing dynasty to the Netherlands (1905-11) and Russia (1911-12). Recalled upon the founding of the republic, he was nominated foreign minister within the cabinet of Tang Shaoyi. He succeeded Tang as premier upon the resignation of the latter, for he was unfamiliar with Chinese affairs, thus easy to handle. Lu's inaugural speech was so awful that the parliament decided to reject the nomination, but the MPs did agree later as they were told that "Bismarck was like that, too." He represented China at the Paris Conference of 1919, during which, under the pressure of the Chinese people, Lu and delegate Gu Weijun decided not to sign the Treaty of Versailles, which planned to transfer all the German interests in China to Japan, although the government ordered them to sign it. He was posted to Switzerland as ambassador in 1922, and was removed in 1927. Thereafter he stayed in the Saint-André Abbey in Brugge, Belgium, taking the name Brother Pierre-Célestin; Pope Pius XII conferred upon him the title of honorary abbot in 1946.

Lu Zhonglin

Lu Zhonglin (b. March 12, 1884, Ding county, Hebei, China - d. Jan. 11, 1966, Tianjin, China), chairman of the government of Hebei (1938-40); possibly son of Lu Chuanlin. He joined the army at an early age, under the leadership of Feng Yuxiang, becoming a brigade commander years later. He joined the Beijing Coup of 1924, leading his troops to the Forbidden City and expelling the ex-emperor Puyi from the palace. Being the commander of the 1st Division, Lu took up the Beijing garrison as Feng gained control over the city. He acted as minister of military affairs as well as commander-in-chief of the northwestern army after 1927. During World War II, he served in the 1st and 3rd War Zone, being nominated as vice-commander and chief of staff respectively. He was a member of the National Defense Commission as well as the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference after the People's Republic was founded.

Luanghy Epole, Pascal (b. Dec. 4, 1917, Kindu, Belgian Congo [now in Maniema province, Congo (Kinshasa)] - d. 2015), governor of Maniema (1966).

Lubachivsky

Lubachivsky, Myroslav Ivan (Yevstakhivych) Cardinal (b. June 24, 1914, Dolyna, Galicia - d. Dec. 14, 2000, Lviv, Ukraine), major archbishop of Lviv, head of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (1984-2000). He left the Ukraine in 1938 as a young priest to study in Austria. He lived in the United States from 1947 to 1980, serving the final year as metropolitan archbishop of Philadelphia. He moved to the Vatican in 1980 and became head of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church following the death of Josyf Cardinal Slipy in 1984. Lubachivsky, who became a cardinal in 1985, was hailed as a hero by the Vatican for struggling to preserve the church which had been outlawed by Soviet ruler Iosif Stalin in 1946. Greek Catholics have services similar to those of Eastern Orthodox churches but owe allegiance to the pope. The Ukrainian church, with some 4 million members, is concentrated in the western part of Ukraine. Hundreds of priests were imprisoned and churches, schools, and monasteries were turned over to the dominant Russian Orthodox Church. But the Ukrainian church survived underground to reemerge when Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev lifted the ban. Lubachivsky, a U.S. citizen, headed the Ukrainian church from Rome until the crumbling of Communist power allowed him to take up residence in Lviv in 1991. Some 25,000 people, many weeping and singing hymns, lined the streets to greet his motorcade. "This native church of mine was resurrected and rose from the grave," he said then.

Lubamba Mayombo, Sylvain (b. July 17, 1964, Kasende, Lomami, Congo [Léopoldville (now Kinshasa)]), governor of Lomami (2019- ).

Lubaya, André (Guillaume) (d. [assassinated] May 2, 1968), president of Kasaï (1962) and Luluabourg (1963-64). He was also health minister (1964-65) and economy minister (1965) of Congo (Léopoldville).

Lubaya, Claudel (André), governor of Kasaï Occidental (1999-2006); son of André Lubaya.

Lubbers

Lubbers, Ruud, byname of Rudolphus Franciscus Marie Lubbers (b. May 7, 1939, Rotterdam, Netherlands - d. Feb. 14, 2018, Rotterdam), prime minister of the Netherlands (1982-94). In the 1960s he belonged to the progressive part of the Catholic People's Party (KVP). He felt emotionally engaged with the Christian Radicals, a movement of progressive politicians within the three great confessional parties, but refused to become a member of the Radical Political Party, founded in 1968, because he felt he owed allegiance to the KVP. During these years he also participated actively in employers' organizations. In 1964 he became chairman of the Christian Young Employers' Organization. Later he was appointed chairman of the Catholic Employers' Organization for the Metal Industry and a member of the board of the influential Dutch Christian Employers' Organization. He entered parliament as a member of the KVP in 1972 and served as economics minister in the government headed by Socialist prime minister Joop den Uyl in 1973-77. During that period he proved his capabilities and succeeded in winning the confidence of the Socialists. In 1977 he became vice-chairman of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) in the lower house. After the unexpected and emotional departure of Willem Aantjes in 1978 he was appointed chairman. He played an important role as mediator between the party and the government. He had a reputation as a competent negotiator - a person who had at least five solutions for any one problem. He became the country's youngest prime minister as head of a centre-right coalition in 1982, winning endorsements from the voters in 1986 and 1989. In 1994 his party was defeated at the polls. He was the longest-serving Dutch prime minister. In 2000 he was president of the World Wide Fund for Nature. In 2001 he became UN high commissioner for refugees. He resigned that post in 2005 over allegations of sexual harassment.

Lübeck, Sven Edvard Julius (b. June 2, 1877, Stockholm, Sweden - d. Feb. 14, 1941, Gävle, Gävleborg, Sweden), governor of Gävleborg (1922-41). He was also Swedish minister of communications (1923-24) and social affairs (1928-30).

Lubennikov, Leonid (Ignatyevich) (b. Jan. 21 [Jan. 8, O.S.], 1910, Fominovka, Yekaterinoslav province, Russia [now in Lugansk oblast, Ukraine] - d. Nov. 28, 1988, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R.), first secretary of the Communist Party of the Karelo-Finnish S.S.R. (1955-56). He was also first secretary of the party committees of Bobruysk (1952-53), Minsk (1953-55), and Kemerovo (1960-64, from 1963 rural) oblasti and the Karelian A.S.S.R. (1956-58).

Lubinda

F.W. Lübke

Lubinda, Given (b. May 15, 1963), foreign minister of Zambia (2012-13). He has also been minister of information, broadcasting, and tourism (2011-12), agriculture and livestock (2015-16), and justice (2016- ).

Lubinska, Teresa (Krystyna) (b. Sept. 17, 1952), finance minister of Poland (2005-06).

Lübke, Friedrich Wilhelm (b. Aug. 25, 1887, Enkhausen [now part of Sundern], Germany - d. Oct. 16, 1954), minister-president of Schleswig-Holstein (1951-54); brother of Heinrich Lübke.

H. Lübke

Lübke, (Karl) Heinrich (b. Oct. 14, 1894, Enkhausen [now part of Sundern], Germany - d. April 6, 1972, Bonn, West Germany), president of the Federal Republic of Germany (1959-69). After serving in World War I he was able to unify many small German farmers' organizations into the German Farmers Federation and served as its director (1926-33). He was a Centre Party member of the Prussian Landtag (state parliament) in 1931-33. Politically inactive throughout the Nazi era, he helped to organize the Christian Democratic Union in Westphalia after World War II and was a member of the Landtag of Nordrhein-Westfalen from 1946 to 1952. Between 1947 and 1952 he also served as the state's minister of food, agriculture, and forestry. During 1949-50 and 1953-59, he sat in the Bundestag (federal parliament), and in 1953 he entered the cabinet of Chancellor Konrad Adenauer as minister of food, agriculture, and forestry. In this post he played an important role in modernizing West German agriculture. In 1959 he was chosen to be Christian Democratic candidate for the federal presidency after Adenauer had declined to run. He was elected president in July 1959 and reelected in July 1964. He represented his country with a dignified demeanour and discretion and, though his powers as president were constitutionally limited, at times intervened in domestic political affairs, especially during the last period of Adenauer's chancellorship. He also became legendary for his malapropisms and poor English (supposedly having translated the German "gleich geht's los" as "equal goes it loose," or having addressed a group in Liberia with "Ladies and gentlemen, dear Negroes," though that seems apocryphal). In October 1968 he announced he would resign on June 30, 1969, to enable the next presidential election to take place well ahead of the Bundestag election.

Lubys

Sylvia Lucas

Lubys, Bronislovas (b. Oct. 8, 1938, Plunge, Lithuania - d. Oct. 23, 2011, Druskininkai, Lithuania), prime minister of Lithuania (1992-93). He was also a deputy prime minister (1991-92).

Luca, Vasile, originally László Luka (b. June 8, 1898, Catalina, Hungary [now in Covasna county, Romania] - d. July 27, 1963, Aiud prison, Romania), finance minister of Romania (1947-52). He was also a deputy premier (1949-52). He was sentenced to death in 1954 on charges of "anti-socialist activities" but the sentence was commuted to life imprisonment; he was posthumously rehabilitated in 1968.

Lucas, Neil (Bedford) (b. Aug. 10, 1945, Melbourne, Vic.), administrator of Christmas Island and the Cocos Islands (2006-08).

Lucas, Sylvia (Elizabeth) (b. April 22, 1964), premier of Northern Cape (2013-19).

Lucas, Sylvie (b. June 30, 1965), Luxembourg diplomat. She was ambassador to Portugal and Cape Verde (2003-04) and the United States (2016-19) and permanent representative to the United Nations (2008-16).

F.R. Lucas G.

Lucas García, Fernando Romeo (b. July 4, 1924, San Juan Chamelco, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala - d. May 27, 2006, Puerto La Cruz, Anzoátegui, Venezuela), president of Guatemala (1978-82). In 1947 he entered military service as a cadet, and by 1973 he had risen to the rank of brigadier general. He also became army chief of staff and defense minister. In 1958-63 he served as a congressman from Alta Verapaz. In the March 5, 1978, presidential election he polled more votes than either of his opponents, Gen. Ricardo Peralta Méndez and Col. Enrique Peralta Azurdia, but low turnout and intimidation by Peralta Azurdia's extreme right-wing National Liberation Movement followers deprived Lucas of a clear-cut popular triumph. Almost 60% of the registered voters failed to cast ballots at all, and another 20% intentionally invalidated theirs as a gesture of protest. Following repeated delays in the announcement of the final outcome, all three candidates charged fraud. Peralta Azurdia, with 250 armed supporters, seized the offices of the Electoral Council but departed on the arrival of armed soldiers and policemen. Finally, three days after the popular voting, the Council declared that no one had won the constitutionally required 50% and that the presidency would be decided by the Congress. Despite charges of fraud from both Peralta Méndez and Peralta Azurdia and threats from Peralta Azurdia's backers to seize the Electoral Council a second time, the Congress endorsed Lucas as the candidate with the most popular votes. Nominee of the Broad Front, he also had the support of the army leadership and the outgoing administration of Gen. Kjell Eugenio Laugerud García. A similar controversy erupted after the 1982 elections, and months before Lucas' term would have ended, he was overthrown in a coup led by Gen. Efraín Ríos Montt.

Lucas García, Manuel Benedicto (b. Aug. 27, 1932, Cobán, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala), Guatemalan politician; brother of Fernando Romeo Lucas García. He was army chief of staff (1981-82) and a minor presidential candidate (1990).

Lucas Giménez

Lucas Giménez, Juan José (b. May 10, 1944, El Burgo de Osma, Soria province, Castilla-León, Spain), president of the Junta of Castilla-León (1991-2001). He was president of the Senate of Spain in 2002-04.

R. Luce

Luce (of Adur in the County of West Sussex), Richard (Napier) Luce, Baron (b. Oct. 14, 1936), governor of Gibraltar (1997-2000). He was a junior Foreign Office minister between 1979 and 1985, and held other ministerial posts until 1990. He was a Conservative member of Parliament from 1971, retiring at the 1992 general election. He was knighted in 1991 and created a life peer in 2000.

Luce, Sir William (Henry Tucker) (b. Aug. 25, 1907 - d. July 7, 1977), governor of Aden (1956-60) and chief political resident of the Persian Gulf (1961-66); knighted 1956.

Lucena, Cícero de, Filho (b. Aug. 5, 1959, São José de Piranhas, Paraíba, Brazil), governor of Paraíba (1994-95); cousin of Humberto Lucena. He has also been mayor of João Pessoa (1997-2005, 2021- ).

Lucena, Henrique Pereira de Lucena, barão de (b. May 27, 1835, Limoeiro [now Bom Jardim], Pernambuco, Brazil - d. Dec. 10, 1913, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of Rio Grande do Norte (1872), Pernambuco (1872-75, 1890), Bahia (1877-78), and Rio Grande do Sul (1885-86). He was also president of the Chamber of Deputies (1888-89) and minister of agriculture and transport (1891), justice (1891), and finance (1891) of Brazil. He was made baron in 1888.

Lucena, Humberto (Coutinho de) (b. April 22, 1928, Paraíba [now João Pessoa], Paraíba, Brazil - d. April 13, 1998, São Paulo, Brazil), Brazilian politician; grandson of Solon Barbosa de Lucena. He was president of the Senate (1987-89, 1993-95).

Lucena, Solon Barbosa de (b. March 27, 1877, Bananeiras, Paraíba, Brazil - d. April 4, 1926, Paraíba [now João Pessoa], Paraíba), president of Paraíba (1916 [acting], 1920-24); grandnephew of Henrique Pereira de Lucena, barão de Lucena.

Lucena, Zenildo Gonzaga Zoroastro de (b. Jan. 2, 1930, São Bento do Una, Pernambuco, Brazil - d. March 26, 2017, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), army minister of Brazil (1992-99).

Lucey, Patrick J(oseph) (b. March 21, 1918, La Crosse, Wis. - d. May 10, 2014, Milwaukee, Wis.), governor of Wisconsin (1971-77). He was also ambassador to Mexico (1977-79). In 1980 he was the running mate of independent presidential candidate John B. Anderson.

Lucinschi

Lucinschi, Petru (Chiril), Russian Pyotr (Kirillovich) Luchinsky (b. Jan. 27, 1940, Radulenii Vechi village, Romania [now in Soroca county, northern Moldova]), president of Moldova (1997-2001). Having been first secretary of the party committee of Kishinev city (1976-78), he led the Communist Party of the Moldavian S.S.R. as first secretary from 1989 until the Soviet collapse in 1991, and was a member of the expanded Soviet Politburo. He was Moldovan ambassador to Russia (1992-93), became parliament speaker in 1993, and ran for president as an independent in 1996. In the first round of voting, incumbent Mircea Snegur garnered 39% of the vote, Lucinschi took 28%, and several other candidates split the rest. But Lucinschi won the runoff and was sworn in on Jan. 15, 1997. Lucinschi had campaigned on pledges to reverse Moldova's economic decline. Snegur favoured economic reforms and increased integration with the rest of Europe. He accused parliament of blocking his efforts and trying to maintain a Soviet-style economy. Some voters feared that a Snegur victory could upset a fragile peace in Trans-Dniester, along Moldova's eastern border with Ukraine. The region had been tense since a bloody 1992 conflict between ethnic Slav separatists and government troops. Lucinschi was more conciliatory on the Trans-Dniester issue, and vowed to grant the region more autonomy. He also pledged to pursue neutrality and improve relations with Russia. Moldova's presidency became an increasingly ceremonial post as lawmakers seeking to weaken Lucinschi's authority stripped the presidency of powers. In November 2000 he announced he would not stand for reelection.

Lúcio, Álvaro (José Brilhante) Laborinho (b. 1941, Nazaré, Portugal), justice minister of Portugal (1991-95) and minister of the republic in the Azores (2003-06).

Lucio Paredes (Benítez), Antonio José (b. Dec. 13, 1923 - d. Oct. 26?, 2017), foreign minister of Ecuador (1972-75). He was also chargé d'affaires in Spain (1956-57, 1960) and ambassador to Belgium (1968-71), France (1976-80), and the Netherlands (1980-85).

Lücke, Paul (Friedrich) (b. Nov. 13, 1914, Schöneborn, Prussia [now in Nordrhein-Westfalen], Germany - d. Aug. 10, 1976, Erlangen, Bayern, West Germany), interior minister of West Germany (1965-68). He was also minister of construction (1957-65).

Luckhoo, Sir Edward Victor (b. May 24, 1912, New Amsterdam, British Guiana [now Guyana] - d. March 2, 1998, Yorkshire, England), acting governor-general (1969-70) and acting president (1970) of Guyana; knighted 1970. He was also high commissioner to India and Sri Lanka (1976-83).

Luckhoo, Sir Lionel (Alfred) (b. March 2, 1914, New Amsterdam, British Guiana [now Guyana] - d. Dec. 12, 1997), Guyanese politician; knighted 1966; brother of Sir Edward Victor Luckhoo. He was minister without portfolio of British Guiana (1954-57) and mayor of Georgetown (1954-55, 1960-61); for both Guyana and Barbados he was high commissioner to the United Kingdom (1966-70) and ambassador to France, West Germany, and the Netherlands (1967-70). He was also noted as a lawyer, being listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the world's most successful advocate with 245 successful defenses in murder cases.

Luckievich

Luckievich, Anton (Ivanavich), also spelled Lutskevich (b. Jan. 29 [Jan. 17, O.S.], 1884, Siauliai, Russia [now in Lithuania] - d. March 23, 1942, near Saratov, Russian S.F.S.R.), chairman of the People's Secretariat (1918) and of the Council of Ministers (1918-19) of the Belorussian People's Republic.

Luczak, Aleksander (Piotr) (b. Sept. 10, 1943, Legionowo, Poland), a deputy prime minister of Poland (1993-96). He was also minister of education (1993-95) and chairman of the Committee for Scientific Research (1995-97).

Luddington, Sir Donald (Collin Cumyn) (b. Aug. 18, 1920, Edinburgh, Scotland - d. Jan. 26, 2009, Easingwold, Yorkshire, England), high commissioner for the Western Pacific (1973-74) and governor of the Solomon Islands (1974-76); knighted 1976.

Luder (Colombo), Italo (Argentino) (b. Dec. 31, 1916, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina - d. May 25, 2008, Buenos Aires, Argentina), acting president (1975) and defense minister (1989-90) of Argentina. He was also provisional president of the Senate (1975-76), a presidential candidate (1983), and ambassador to France (1991-94).

Ludvigsen, Svein (Harald) (b. July 18, 1946, Hillesøy, Troms [now in Troms og Finnmark], Norway), governor of Troms (2005-14). He was also Norwegian minister of fisheries (2001-05) and coastal affairs (2004-05).

Ludwig I, in full Karl Ludwig August (b. Aug. 25, 1786, Strasbourg, France - d. Feb. 29, 1868, Nice, France), king of Bavaria (1825-48); son of Maximilian I.

Ludwig II, in full Ludwig Otto Friedrich Wilhelm (b. Aug. 25, 1845, Nymphenburg Palace, Munich, Bavaria [Germany] - d. June 13, 1886, Starnberger See, Bavaria), king of Bavaria (1864-86). The elder son of King Maximilian II of Bavaria and Marie of Prussia, he devoted himself to patronage of Richard Wagner and his music. He entered the Seven Weeks' War (1866) on the side of Austria but, on his defeat, signed an alliance with Prussia (1867) and worked for a reconciliation between Germany's two great powers. He immediately joined Prussia in the war of 1870-71 against France. In December 1870, on the initiative of Otto von Bismarck, Ludwig addressed a letter to Germany's princes calling for the creation of a new empire. He offered the imperial crown to Wilhelm I, although he had hoped for the alternation of the imperial title between Prussia and Bavaria and for a territorial increase from part of Alsace. He increasingly lived the life of a morbid recluse. He was almost constantly at odds with his ministers and family, mainly on account of his vast outlays on superfluous palaces (most famously Neuschwanstein, a fairy-tale castle precariously situated on a crag), and was declared insane on June 10, 1886. Days later he was found drowned, with physician Bernhard von Gudden (who had judged him insane), in the Starnberger See (lake), near his castle of Berg. The official explanation was that Ludwig committed suicide and von Gudden perished attempting to save him, though this version has been questioned.

M. Ludwig

Ludwig, Michael (b. April 3, 1961, Vienna, Austria), mayor of Wien (2018- ).

Ludwig, Siegfried (b. Feb. 14, 1926, Wostitz [Vlasatice], Czechoslovakia [now in Czech Republic] - d. April 16, 2013, Sankt Pölten, Austria), Landeshauptmann of Niederösterreich (1981-92).

Ludzhev, Dimitur (Petrov) (b. March 27, 1950, Burgas, Bulgaria), defense minister of Bulgaria (1991-92). He was also a deputy prime minister (1990-91).

Luedtke, Roland (Alfred) (b. Jan. 4, 1924, Lincoln, Neb. - d. July 22, 2005, Lincoln), mayor of Lincoln (1983-87). He was lieutenant governor of Nebraska in 1979-83.

Lueger

Lueger, Karl (b. Oct. 24, 1844, Vienna, Austria - d. March 10, 1910, Vienna), Austrian politician. The establishment of Austro-Hungarian dualism in 1867, which seemed to orthodox Austrians a humiliating capitulation, coloured his views and inspired violent tirades against "Judeo-Magyars." He was elected to Vienna's municipal council as a liberal in 1875 and became leader of an anti-corruption movement. Though he was not generally an anti-Semite and was skeptical about pan-German nationalism, he exploited prevalent anti-Semitic and nationalistic currents in Vienna for his own demagogic purposes. In 1882 he united his Democratic Party with the Reform and German National organizations under the name Anti-Semitic Party, which later became the Christian Social Party. In 1885 he was elected to the Austrian Reichsrat (parliament); although the only member of his party, he soon assumed a leading role. When the Christian Social Party won two-thirds of the seats in the Viennese municipal council in 1895, he was elected mayor, but the emperor, Franz Joseph I, refused to confirm his appointment. The council repeatedly reelected him, and finally, after the brilliant victory of his party in the Reichsrat elections of 1897, the emperor confirmed the choice. He was reelected in 1903 and 1909 and died in office. Under his administration, Vienna was transformed into an efficient, modern metropolis. He incorporated the suburbs; brought tramway, gas, and electric services under the city government; and developed parks and gardens, schools, and hospitals. He spoke the language of the "small man," and his popularity turned into veneration. He also decisively influenced the Christian Social Party's platform of creating a federal state to solve the empire's nationalities problem.

Lugar

Lugar, Richard (Green) (b. April 4, 1932, Indianapolis, Ind. - d. April 28, 2019, Annandale, Va.), U.S. politician. He was mayor of Indianapolis (1968-76), U.S. senator (1977-2013), and candidate for the Republican presidential nomination (1996).

Lugard

Lugard of Abinger, Frederick (John Dealtry) Lugard, (1st) Baron (b. Jan. 22, 1858, Fort St. George, Madras, India - d. April 11, 1945, Little Parkhurst, Abinger Common, Surrey, England), British colonial administrator. After briefly attending the Royal Military College at Sandhurst, he joined the Norfolk Regiment and went to India. Swept into the British imperial advance of the 1880s, he took part in operations in Afghanistan, Sudan, and Burma. In 1890-92 he served as administrator of Uganda. Later that decade, he raised the famous West African Frontier Force, which led to his appointment as high commissioner for Northern Nigeria (1900-06). He was knighted (K.C.M.G.) in 1901. Because his wife could not stand the Nigerian climate, he felt obliged to leave Africa and to accept the governorship of Hong Kong (1907-12). He could not, however, resist the great opportunity offered to him in 1912 to unite the two parts of Nigeria into one vast state. He became governor of both Northern and Southern Nigeria, and from Jan. 1, 1914, governor-general of unified Nigeria. The wide contrasts between the north and south in their original character and in their traditions of British rule made it an immense task to unify their administration. Instead of attempting a complete fusion of their systems, he retained a degree of dualism. World War I brought additional difficulties, with its interruption of communications, its resultant shortages of staff, and the war with the Germans in the Cameroons along his eastern frontier. He retired from the colonial service in 1919. He was raised to the peerage in 1928 and spoke with authority in the House of Lords on colonial subjects. He was a member of the Permanent Mandates Commission of the League of Nations in 1922-36.

Luginbühl

Luginbühl, Werner (b. Jan. 4, 1958), president of the government of Bern (2001-02, 2006-07).

F. Lugo

Lugo (Méndez), Fernando (Armindo) (b. May 30, 1951, San Solano, Paraguay), president of Paraguay (2008-12). Ordained a priest in 1977, he worked in Ecuador under a leading liberation theologist. In 1992 he was appointed the provincial superior of the Divine Word community in Paraguay. He was consecrated bishop of San Pedro in 1994. Rising to prominence as the "bishop of the poor," he led landless peasants in his diocese in a campaign for agrarian reform against wealthy landowners backed by the Colorado Party. He resigned his bishopric in 2005 to step more directly into politics. His reputation for honesty and his work for the poor made him enormously popular. After he defied a December 2006 canonical admonition against becoming a presidential candidate, the Vatican suspended him a divinis in January 2007, barring him from practicing as a priest. Lugo had renounced his position as bishop in December 2006, but the Vatican did not accept his resignation until July 2008. He defeated the Colorado Party's Blanca Ovelar in the April 2008 presidential elections and was inaugurated in August, ending a 62-year hold on power by the Colorado Party. He promised to push for land redistribution, political and economic transparency, and new social programs to help the poor. In 2009 his reputation was tainted somewhat when he announced that, while still recognized as a bishop by the Vatican, he had fathered a son; his admission came on the heels of a paternity suit filed by the child's mother. In 2010 his relationship with Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez and his support for Venezuela's accession to Mercosur prompted strong opposition from Vice Pres. Federico Franco, who had been an important ally in Lugo's coalition. Lugo's attempts at land redistribution were rejected by large landowners and blocked by his opponents in the legislature. Many in Congress were quick to blame Lugo when a clash between peasant farmers and police resulted in 17 deaths on June 15, 2012. On June 21 he was impeached by the Chamber of Deputies and the next day convicted of incompetence by the Senate and removed from office, being replaced by Franco. After initially acquiescing, Lugo soon called his ouster a "parliamentary coup," and the governments of several South American countries also questioned his removal.

Lugo (Gómez), José Inocente (b. Dec. 28, 1871, Santa Ana del Águila, Ajuchitlán municipality, Guerrero, Mexico - d. Nov. 25, 1963, Mexico City, Mexico), governor of Guerrero (1911-13, 1935-37) and Baja California (1922-23) and interior minister of Mexico (1920).

Lugo (Betancourt de Montilla), Stella (Marina) (b. Nov. 28, 1965, Misaray, Falcón, Venezuela), governor of Falcón (2008-17).

Lugo Gil, Humberto (Alejandro) (b. May 4, 1934, Huichapan, Hidalgo, Mexico - d. May 9, 2013, Mexico City, Mexico), interim governor of Hidalgo (1998-99). He was also president of Mexico's Chamber of Deputies (1982).

Lugo Guerrero, José (b. Sept. 17, 1897 - d. Aug. 26, 1980, Mexico City, Mexico), governor of Hidalgo (1941-45).

Lugo Verduzco, Adolfo (b. March 24, 1933, Huichapan, Hidalgo, Mexico), governor of Hidalgo (1987-93); son of José Lugo Guerrero; nephew of Bartolomé Vargas Lugo; cousin of Jorge Rojo Lugo and Humberto Lugo Gil. He was also president of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (1982-86).

Luhtanen, Leena (Marjatta) (b. Feb. 12, 1941, Kuopio, Finland), justice minister of Finland (2005-07). She was also minister of transport and communications (2003-05).

Lui

Lui, Frank F(akaotimanava) (b. Nov. 19, 1935, Niue), premier of Niue (1993-99).

Luik, Jüri (b. Aug. 17, 1966, Tallinn, Estonian S.S.R.), defense minister (1993-94, 1999-2002, 2017-21) and foreign minister (1994-95) of Estonia. He was also ambassador to the Benelux countries (1996-99), the United States (2003-07, also accredited to Canada and Mexico), and Russia (2012-15).

Luis I, in full Luis Fernando de Borbón y Saboya (b. Aug. 25, 1707, Madrid, Spain - d. Aug. 31, 1724, Madrid), king of Spain (1724); son of Felipe V.

Luís I, in full Luís Filipe Maria Fernando Pedro de Alcântara António Miguel Rafael Gabriel Gonzaga Xavier Francisco de Assis João Augusto Júlio Volfando, byname o Popular (b. Oct. 31, 1838, Lisbon, Portugal - d. Oct. 19, 1889, Cascais, Portugal), king of Portugal (1861-89); son of Maria II da Glória and Fernando II; brother of Pedro V.

Luís

Luís Pereira de Sousa, Washington (b. Oct. 26, 1869, Macaé, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil - d. Aug. 4, 1957, São Paulo, Brazil), president of Brazil (1926-30). He started a political career in the state of São Paulo in 1897, first as a municipal officer in the town of Batatais, later becoming mayor of São Paulo (1914-20) and governor of São Paulo state (1920-24). He was elected president of Brazil without a contest on March 1, 1926. At that time the country was under martial law and its currency was deliberately inflated. After taking office, he quickly restored the disaffected parts of the country to order, stabilized the currency, and initiated a vast highway construction program. He was hampered by an enormous foreign debt and the collapse of the coffee market. In spite of attempts to limit the production of coffee, the coming of the world economic decline in 1929 left Brazil with huge unsellable reserves. When the next presidential election approached, it was assumed that his successor would be from Minas Gerais, continuing the alternation of the presidency between the country's two leading states. Luís, however, endorsed another São Paulo politician, Júlio Prestes, who went on to defeat Getúlio Vargas in the March 1930 election. But a revolt broke out in Minas Gerais and other states in early October 1930 and in a successful coup d'état, Vargas deposed Luís on October 24, just before he was to complete his term. He was imprisoned for a time and then exiled in November 1930. He spent 17 years in Europe and the United States, then returned to Brazil in 1947 to a tumultuous welcome.

Luisi, Héctor (Ángel) (b. Sept. 19, 1919, Montevideo, Uruguay - d. Aug. 5, 2013, Bethesda, Md.), foreign minister of Uruguay (1967-68). He entered politics in the 1960s as chief adviser to Pres. Óscar Diego Gestido and was one of the authors of reforms to Uruguay's constitution in 1966. He was elected to the Senate in 1967. After serving as foreign minister, he was ambassador to the United States in 1969-73 - resigning when the government was overthrown by the military and remaining in the U.S. - and again in 1985-89. He became a U.S. citizen in 1998.

Luizet

Luizet, Charles (b. Nov. 10, 1903, Saint-Ginaval, Rhône, France - d. Aug. 21, 1947, Paris, France), governor-general of French Equatorial Africa (1947).

Luka, Faimalaga (b. 1940 - d. Aug. 19, 2005, Suva, Fiji), home affairs minister (1999-2001), prime minister (2001), and governor-general (2003-05) of Tuvalu. First elected to parliament in 1993, he also served as health minister (1994-96) and speaker of parliament (2003).

Lukabu Khabouji N'Zaji, Zairian diplomat. He was chargé d'affaires at the United Nations (1991-97).

Lukács (de Erzsébetváros), László (b. Nov. 24, 1850, Zalatna, Austria [now Zlatna, Romania] - d. Feb. 23, 1932, Budapest, Hungary), finance minister (1895-1905, 1910-12) and prime minister and interior minister (1912-13) of Hungary. He was also acting minister of trade (1911) and minister a latere (1912-13).

A. Lukanov

Lukanov, Andrey (Karlov) (b. Sept. 26, 1938, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R. - d. Oct. 2, 1996, Sofia, Bulgaria), Bulgarian politician; son of Karlo Lukanov. He entered the Bulgarian foreign service in 1963, the same year that he became a member of the Bulgarian Communist Party. From 1968 to 1972 he was Bulgaria's official representative to he United Nations in Geneva. In 1976 he was appointed Bulgaria's representative to the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON). In 1980-81 he presided over COMECON's Executive Council. He was minister of foreign economic relations (1987-89) before helping to orchestrate the overthrow of longtime dictator Todor Zhivkov in November 1989. In September 1990 he was elected vice-chair of the Bulgarian Socialist Party. He served as prime minister from February to November 1990, when he resigned owing to Bulgaria's rapid economic deterioration. Soon he also resigned from the vice-chair position because of the BSP's lax stance on the coup in the Soviet Union. On July 9, 1992, during the rule of Prime Minister Filip Dimitrov, Lukanov was arrested and was held in custody for six months during a period when he was investigated for allegedly having enriched (1980s) his purse from the public coffers. Lukanov was never brought to trial, however. When Bulgaria's socialist government came to power in January 1995, his sharp criticism and vociferous support for democratic reform attracted publicity. He was shot and killed as he left his downtown apartment building in Sofia. Witnesses said Lukanov was shot twice from close range, once in the head and once in the chest, by a lone gunman, who ran away afterward to a car parked nearby.

K. Lukanov

Lukanov, Karlo (Todorov) (b. Nov. 1 [Oct. 20, O.S.], 1897, Pleven, Bulgaria - d. July 15, 1982, Sofia, Bulgaria), foreign minister of Bulgaria (1956-62). He was also chairman of the State Planning Committee (1949-52), a deputy premier (1952-54), and ambassador to the Soviet Union, Finland, and Mongolia (1954-56) and Switzerland (1963-66).

Lukash, Nikolay (Yevgenyevich) (b. Dec. 11, 1796 - d. Jan. 20, 1868, Moscow, Russia), military governor of Tiflis (1855-57).

Lukashenka

Lukashenka, Alyaksandr (Ryhoravich), Russian Aleksandr (Grigoryevich) Lukashenko (b. Aug. 30, 1954, Kopys village, Orsha rayon, Vitebsk oblast, Belorussian S.S.R. [now Kopys, Vorsha rayon, Vitsebsk voblast, Belarus]), president of Belarus (1994- ). He held a series of minor posts in the Komsomol (Young Communist League) in the Shklov region of Mogilyov oblast. From 1982 he held management and Communist Party posts at collective and state farms and at a construction materials factory. He was elected to the Belorussian Supreme Soviet (parliament) in 1990. There he created a faction called Communists for Democracy. He was the only deputy to oppose the December 1991 agreement that effectively dissolved the Soviet Union. He maintained close association with "conservative" Communist factions, such as the Belaya Rus Slavic Congress and the Union of Officers, and was known to have links with similar groups in Russia. He emphatically won the runoff presidential election on July 10, 1994, against Prime Minister Vyachaslau Kebich, who had controlled the politics of the country through strong backing in parliament. Lukashenka was known to the population only from his role as chairman of the parliamentary commission on corruption. His campaign message was simple - return to a "clean" government, fight corruption, and move the country closer to Russia in orientation. In 1995-96 he extended his powers as absolute ruler and his term from five to seven years. The opposition derecognized him as president when his original term ended in July 1999. In elections in 2001 he reportedly won over 75% of the vote. A referendum in 2004 removed the two-term limit for presidents and in 2006 he was reelected with 83% of the vote, a result that was denounced as fraudulent by the EU, the U.S., and the country's opposition. Another reelection in 2010 was similarly criticized. Western media and governments often described him as "Europe's last dictator." In 2015 he won yet another reelection with 84% of the vote.

Lukashin, Sergey (Lukyanovich), original name Sarkis (Lusegenovich) Srapionyan (b. Jan. 13 [Jan. 1, O.S.], 1885, Topi, Don Host oblast, Russia - d. 1937), executive/general secretary of the Communist Party (1921-22) and chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (1922-25) of the Armenian S.S.R. He was also people's commissar of workers' and peasants' inspection of the Transcaucasian S.F.S.R. (1927-28).

Luke, Desmond (Edgar Fashole) (b. Oct. 6, 1935), foreign minister of Sierra Leone (1973-75). He was also ambassador to West Germany (1969-73), ambassador to France and permanent representative to the EEC (1971-73), health minister (1977-78), and chief justice (1998-2002).

Luken, Charlie, byname of Charles J. Luken (b. July 18, 1951, Cincinnati, Ohio), mayor of Cincinnati (1984-91, 1999-2005); son of Thomas A. Luken; nephew of James T. Luken.

Luken, James T. (b. Dec. 31, 1921 - d. July 12, 1979), mayor of Cincinnati (1976-77).

Luken, Thomas A(ndrew) (b. July 9, 1925, Cincinnati, Ohio - d. Jan. 10, 2018), mayor of Cincinnati (1971-72); brother of James T. Luken.

Lukic, Vladimir (b. 1933, Tabar village, near Sanski Most, Yugoslavia [now in Bosnia and Herzegovina]), prime minister of the Republika Srpska (1993-94).

Lukic, Vojin (b. Dec. 4, 1919, Subotica, Yugoslavia [now in Vojvodina, Serbia] - d. 1997, Belgrade, Serbia), interior minister of Serbia (1953-62) and Yugoslavia (1963-65).

Lukin, Vladimir (Petrovich) (b. July 13, 1937, Omsk, Russian S.F.S.R.), Russian human rights representative (2004-14). He was also ambassador to the United States (1992-94).

Lukman, Rilwanu (b. Aug. 26, 1938, Zaria [now in Kaduna state], Nigeria - d. July 21, 2014, Vienna, Austria), foreign minister of Nigeria (1989-90) and secretary-general of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (1995-2000). He was also minister of mines, electricity, and steel (1984-86) and petroleum resources (1986-89, 2008-10).

Lukoki, Ambrósio (b. Dec. 7, 1940, Quibocolo, Uíge, Angola - d. Oct. 1, 2018, Luanda, Angola), Angolan politician. He was provincial commissioner of Uíge (1976), minister of education (1976-81), and ambassador to France (2002-06) and Tanzania (2007-18).

Luksic

Luksic, Igor (b. June 14, 1976, Bar, Montenegro), finance minister (2004-10), prime minister (2010-12), and foreign minister (2012-16) of Montenegro.

Lukyanets, Ivan (Kupriyanovich) (b. 1902 - d. 1994), acting chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Kazakh S.S.R. (1947).

Lukyanov, Sergey (Mikhailovich) (b. Sept. 4 [Aug. 23, O.S.], 1855, St. Petersburg, Russia - d. Sept. 2, 1935, Leningrad [now St. Petersburg]), Russian official. He was acting minister of public instruction (1905) and chief procurator of the Holy Synod (1909-11).

Lula

Lula da Silva, Luiz Inácio, original name Luiz Inácio da Silva (he incorporated his nickname Lula into his regular name in 1982) (b. Oct. 27, 1945, Garanhuns, Pernambuco, Brazil), president of Brazil (2003-11). As a labourer (starting as a shoeshine boy at age 12) he became involved in the trade union movement in 1969, rising to become president of a metallurgists' union in 1975. In 1980, along with intellectuals and union leaders, he founded the Workers' Party (PT), which grew to 400,000 members by 1982. In the latter year he first ran for political office as candidate for governor of São Paulo state, but finished fourth. In 1983 he helped found the Central Única dos Trabalhadores (CUT), a national union association. He was elected to the House of Representatives from São Paulo state in 1986. He then ran three times unsuccessfully for president, first in 1989, when he lost to Fernando Collor de Mello, then in 1994 and 1998, when he came second to Fernando Henrique Cardoso. Finally, in 2002, he was elected in a landslide, defeating José Serra. Although he launched a "Zero Hunger" program, he generally pursued an economic policy which calmed the worries of financial circles about a left-wing president. In his first year in office his popularity remained at record highs. From mid-2005, he was blamed for a series of political scandals involving the PT, but his popularity rebounded to ensure his reelection in 2006; although he missed a first-round victory, he decisively defeated Geraldo Alckmin in the runoff. In 2009 his approval ratings hit 80%, much of the reason for this being the Bolsa Família program, launched in October 2003 and subsequently expanded, which provides financial aid to poor families on condition that their children attend school and meet some other requirements. In 2016 he became chief of staff to his successor, President Dilma Rousseff, in a move that offered him legal protections against multiple corruption investigations, which he described as attempts to destabilize the government and sabotage his bid to run again for the presidency in 2018. However, Rousseff lost power in 2016 and in 2017 he was sentenced to 9½ years in prison (increased on appeal to 12 years in 2018), disqualifying him from running, although he was leading in polls. In February 2019 he was given an additional sentence of 12 years and 11 months. In April 2019 the Supreme Court reduced the first sentence to 8 years and 10 months. After more than 18 months in prison, he was released in November 2019 when the Supreme Court overturned a rule which mandated immediate imprisonment after first appeal rather than only after the exhaustion of the appeals process. In 2021 a Supreme Court judge annulled his convictions, restoring his political rights.

Lule

Lule, Yusufu K(ironde) (b. April 10, 1912, Kampala, Buganda, Uganda - d. Jan. 21, 1985, London, England), president of Uganda (1979). From 1955 he was one of three African ministers in the colonial government, and in 1962 he became chairman of the Uganda Public Service Commission. In 1964 he became principal at Makerere, a constituent college of the University of East Africa. In 1970 Makerere became an independent university under the direct control of Pres. Milton Obote, with whom Lule had political differences. Lule left Uganda for England, where he served as assistant secretary-general in charge of education on the Commonwealth Secretariat for two years. He then spent seven years as secretary-general of the Association of African Universities. In March 1979 he became the head of the Uganda National Liberation Front, a coalition of forces opposed to Ugandan dictator Idi Amin. Following the Tanzanian-backed invasion of Uganda and Amin's overthrow, Lule was chosen to lead a provisional administration. Sworn in as president on April 13, he soon encountered difficulties because of his refusal to include supporters of Obote in his government and his failure to consult with others. After a vote of no confidence by the National Consultative Council, he resigned and was replaced on June 20 by Godfrey L. Binaisa. He returned to exile in London. After Obote became president again in December 1980, Lule was an outspoken opponent of Obote's government. In 1981 he became chairman of the National Resistance Movement, the political wing of the National Resistance Army, which was engaged in guerrilla operations in Uganda.

Lumanu Mulenda Bwana N'sefu, Adolphe (b. 1954), interior and security minister of Congo (Kinshasa) (2010-12). He was also minister of relations with parliament (2007-09).

Lumbi (Okongo), Pierre (b. March 11, 1950, Costermansville, Belgian Congo [now Bukavu, Congo (Kinshasa)] - d. June 14, 2020, Kinshasa, Congo [Kinshasa]), foreign minister of Zaire (1992-93). He was also minister of posts and telecommunications (1994-96) and infrastructure, public works, and reconstruction (2007-10).

Lumiares, José Manuel Inácio da Cunha Faro Meneses Portugal da Gama Carneiro e Sousa, (4º) conde de (b. Jan. 12, 1788, Lisbon, Portugal - d. Oct. 24, 1849, Lisbon), prime minister and war and navy minister of Portugal (1836).

Lumumba

Lumumba, Patrice (Emery) (b. July 2, 1925, Onalua, Kasaï province, Belgian Congo [later Congo (Léopoldville), now Congo (Kinshasa)] - d. Jan. 17, 1961, Katanga, Congo [Léopoldville]), prime minister of Congo (Léopoldville) (1960). In October 1958 he founded the Congolese National Movement, the first nationwide political party in the Congo. It came out far ahead in elections in May 1960, and he emerged as the leading nationalist politician of the country. He was asked to form the first government, which he succeeded in doing on June 24 (he also took the defense portfolio). Independence came on July 1, and a few days later, some army units rebelled, which caused a confusion during which the province of Katanga proclaimed its secession. Belgium sent in troops, ostensibly to protect Belgian nationals, but in effect principally sustaining the secessionist regime in Katanga. Lumumba's government appealed to the United Nations to expel the Belgians and help restore internal order. The UN forces, however, refused to help suppress the revolt, nor did the Belgians evacuate. Lumumba then appealed to the Soviet Union for assistance and asked the independent African states to meet in Léopoldville in August to unite their efforts. These moves alarmed the Western powers and the supporters of Pres. Joseph Kasavubu, who on September 5 dismissed Lumumba, which was not recognized by Lumumba or by the parliament. On September 14 Col. Joseph Mobutu seized effective power. Lumumba was provided protection by the UN in Léopoldville, but when he tried to travel to Stanleyville, where his supporters had control, he was caught by the Kasavubu forces and arrested on December 2. On Jan. 17, 1961, he was delivered to the Katanga regime, where he was killed.

Luna, Joaquim Silva e (b. Dec. 29, 1949, Barreiros, Pernambuco, Brazil), defense minister of Brazil (2018-19). He was also army chief of staff (2011-14).

R. Luna

Luna (Mendoza), (Víctor) Ricardo (b. Nov. 19, 1940, Lima, Peru), foreign minister of Peru (2016-18). He was also permanent representative to the United Nations (1989-92) and ambassador to the United States (1993-99) and the United Kingdom (2006-10).

Luna y Peralta, Federico (b. 1853, Cusco, Peru - d. 1927, Genoa, Italy), prime minister and interior and police minister of Peru (1913).

Lunacharsky, Anatoly (Vasilyevich) (b. Nov. 23 [Nov. 11, O.S.], 1875, Poltava, Russia [now in Ukraine] - d. Dec. 26, 1933, Menton, Alpes-Maritimes, France), Soviet politician. He was people's commissar of education of the Russian S.F.S.R. (1917-29) and Soviet ambassador to Spain (1933).

Lund, Annfinn (b. April 5, 1926, Leka, Nord-Trøndelag [now in Trøndelag], Norway - d. June 10, 2001, Skedsmo, Akershus [now in Viken], Norway), governor of Hedmark (1979-81).

Lund, Fredrik Stang (b. Nov. 17, 1859, Christiania [now Oslo], Norway - d. June 13, 1922), finance minister of Norway (1895); grandson of Frederik Stang. He was also mayor of Oslo (1895) and minister of auditing (1895-96) and labour (1897-98).

Lund, Hagbarth (b. March 5, 1877, Kristiania [now Oslo], Norway - d. 1963), governor of Finnmark (1922-28) and Vest-Agder (1928-48).

Lund, Per Berg (b. Oct. 14, 1878, Kristiania [now Oslo], Norway - d. Jan. 22, 1954, Oslo), finance minister of Norway (1928-31, 1933-34). He was also chairman of the National Tax Board (1934-48).

Lunda

Lunda Bululu, (Vincent de Paul) (b. Oct. 15, 1942, Mwena Mulota, Katanga, Belgian Congo [now Congo (Kinshasa)]), prime minister (1990-91) and foreign minister (1994-95) of Zaire. He was a presidential candidate in 2006, winning 1.4% of the vote.

Lunde

Lundgren

Lunde, Gulbrand (Oscar Johan) (b. Sept. 14, 1901, Fana, near Bergen, Norway - d. [car accident] Oct. 25, 1942, Romsdalsfjord, Norway), Norwegian politician. He was minister of social affairs (1940) and culture minister and propaganda chief (1940-42) during the German occupation.

Lundeberg, Christian (b. July 14, 1842, Valbo, Gävleborg, Sweden - d. Nov. 10, 1911, Stockholm, Sweden), prime minister of Sweden (1905). He was also speaker of the First Chamber (1909-11).

Lundgren, Bo (Axel Magnus) (b. July 11, 1947, Kristianstad, Sweden), Swedish politician. A member of the Riksdag from 1976 to 2004, he was finance minister in 1991-94 and leader of the Moderate Party in 1999-2003.

Lundh, Erik (Axel Fredrik) (b. Feb. 8, 1895, Näshulta, Södermanland, Sweden - d. Oct. 4, 1967), governor of Kronoberg (1944-46).

Lundson, (Otto) Johannes (b. Oct. 11, 1867, Leppävirta, Finland - d. Aug. 11, 1939, Salo, Finland), finance minister of Finland (1919-20). He was also speaker of parliament (1917).

Lundsteen, Poul Hugo (b. July 18, 1910, Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark - d. Nov. 24, 1988), governor of Greenland (1950-60).

Lundvik, Vilhelm (Göran) (b. Aug. 28, 1883, Holt, Nedenes amt [now in Agder fylke], Norway - d. Dec. 6, 1969, Stockholm, Sweden), governor of Älvsborg (1941-49). He was also Swedish minister of commerce (1928-30).

Edgar Lungu

Effron Lungu

Lungu, Edgar (Chagwa) (b. Nov. 11, 1956, Chadiza, Northern Rhodesia [now Zambia]), home affairs minister (2012-13), defense minister (2013-15), and president (2015- ) of Zambia.

Lungu, Effron (Chakupa) (b. Dec. 25, 1952), foreign minister of Zambia (2013).

Lungu, Hannaniah (B.M.), defense minister of Zambia (1990). He was also permanent representative to the United Nations (1991-92).

Luns

Luns, Joseph (Marie Antoine Hubert) (b. Aug. 28, 1911, Rotterdam, Netherlands - d. July 17, 2002, Brussels, Belgium), foreign minister of the Netherlands (1956-71) and secretary-general of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1971-84). He served in eight successive Dutch cabinets until 1971, when the NATO council invited him to become secretary-general. He was regarded as one of the most vigorous and effective architects of postwar European unity and held an unshakable belief in Atlantic partnership. He brought a breezy personal style to NATO, making him a favourite of newsmen; asked once how many people worked at NATO headquarters in Brussels, Luns quipped: "About half of them." He continued the trend of increasing the European share of the Atlantic defense, pushing reluctant governments, including his own, into making a greater defense effort. He laid heavy emphasis on building a stronger, more united Europe and took great satisfaction in the French change of heart on Britain's entry into the common market, which he had worked tirelessly to achieve. With the United States there were occasional disagreements, especially over the Dutch loss of western New Guinea. In 1981, he criticized the U.S. for the "tactless" way in which it announced the decision to go ahead with production of the neutron bomb. But Luns was deeply convinced the free world existed by virtue of U.S. strength. In 1979 a major storm erupted over disclosures of his 1933-36 membership in the Dutch national socialist movement (NSB). Luns first flatly denied joining the NSB, then said he was put on party lists without his knowledge by a brother who also later canceled the membership. The conflicting statements angered a broad section of the Dutch parliament, but legislators decided against holding an inquiry to check out Luns' story.

Luo Peijin

Luo Peijin (b. June 4, 1878, Chengjiang, Yunnan, China - d. May 3, 1922), civil governor of Yunnan (1913) and Guangxi (1916) and military and civil governor of Sichuan (1916-17). A graduate of the Japanese College of Army Commanders, he joined the Chinese Revolutionary Alliance in 1905 and returned to China in 1909. He rose up together with Gen. Cai E in Yunnan upon another famous uprising in Wuhan on Oct. 10, 1911, and then held the post of minister of army and political affairs in the Yunnan military government. He was also the chief of staff of the 1st Army in Yunnan. As Cai's close colleague, he took over the Sichuan government after Cai sailed to Japan for medical treatment and later became governor upon Cai's death. Having lost his forces, which were totally defeated in a war against Gen. Tang Jiyao of Yunnan, he was finally captured and killed by Pu Xiaohong, head of a local bandit group.

Luo Wengan (b. April 11, 1889, Fanyu, Guangdong, China - d. Oct. 16, 1941, Lechang, Guangdong), justice minister (1922, 1926-27), finance minister (1922), and foreign minister (1928) of China. Having studied abroad in the U.K., he returned to China and was nominated as head of the court of Guangdong province. After the founding of the republic, he was named director of the Justice Bureau of the Guangdong provincial government. He took up the leadership of the procuratorate after the capital moved to Beijing, and was named a cabinet member soon. He continued his ministerial career after the founding of the National Government led by Chiang Kai-shek; he was also a senior professor of the United University in Southwestern China (a Beijing-Qinghua united university which moved to Yunnan after the fall of Beijing in 1937).

Luo Zhuoying

Lupu

Luo Zhuoying (b. May 1, 1896, Dapu, Guangdong, China - d. Nov. 6, 1961, Taipei, Taiwan), chairman of the government of Guangdong (1945-47). He joined the Guangdong Army and in 1927 became the commander of the 11th Division. Later he also took over 18th Army. During World War II, he was named commander of the 19th Group Army, and commander-in-chief of the Chinese Expeditionary Army (to Burma and India). He was also the chief executive of the Training Department of the Military Committee. He became chairman of Guangdong upon the end of the war. He fled to Taiwan in 1949, serving as a "strategic adviser" of Chiang Kai-shek.

Lupan, Vlad(imir) (b. July 26, 1971), Moldovan diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (2012-17).

Lupinacci (Gabriel), Julio César (b. Sept. 20, 1928 - d. Nov. 7, 2008), Uruguayan diplomat. He was ambassador to Venezuela (1976), Chile (1982-85), Italy, Malta, and Albania (1991-96), Argentina (1999-2000), and the Vatican (2000-02) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1985-87).

Lupo Flores, José Luis, finance minister (2000-01) and interior minister (2002) of Bolivia. He was also minister of information (1992-93), economic development (1999-2000), and the presidency (2001-02).

Lupu, Marian (Ilie) (b. June 20, 1966, Beltsy, Moldavian S.S.R. [now Balti, Moldova]), parliament speaker (2005-09, 2010-13) and acting president (2010-12) of Moldova.

Lurie, Ron(ald Philip) (b. Jan. 23, 1941, Los Angeles, Calif. - d. Dec. 22, 2020, Las Vegas, Nev.), mayor of Las Vegas (1987-91).

Lusaka, Paul J(ohn) F(irmino) (b. Jan. 10, 1935, Moomba village, near Lusaka - d. Nov. 11, 1996), president of the UN General Assembly (1984-85). He was Zambia's ambassador to the Soviet Union, Romania, and Yugoslavia (1968-72) and the United States (1989-91) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1972-73, 1979-87) as well as minister of rural development (1973-77), power, transport, and communications (1977-78), and health (1978-79).

Lushchikov, Sergey (Gennadiyevich) (b. March 10, 1951, Buysk, Kirov oblast, Russian S.F.S.R.), Soviet justice minister (1990-91).

Lusinchi

Lusinchi, Jaime (Ramón) (b. May 27, 1924, Clarines, Anzoátegui state, Venezuela - d. May 21, 2014, Caracas, Venezuela), president of Venezuela (1984-89). He joined the Acción Democrática (AD) party on its foundation by Rómulo Betancourt in 1941. By November 1948 he was party deputy secretary, and after the military coup that month he was imprisoned and then expelled from the country. He went first to Argentina, then to Chile and the U.S. He returned to Venezuela in 1958 when the military dictatorship ended. He then represented his state in the Congress and held top positions within the AD (parliamentary leader, 1967-80; general secretary, 1981-83). He failed to secure the AD presidential nomination for the 1978 election, but he ran successfully in the December 1983 election, winning 56.8% of the votes, defeating Rafael Caldera of the Social Christian Party. As president he was faced with two major tasks: revitalization of an economy hurt by falling oil prices and elimination of corrupt practices that had flourished under previous administrations. He was under intensive pressure from his AD as well as from the Confederation of Venezuelan Workers - the two legs of his successful presidential campaign - to improve the lot of his electorate or at least to protect it from the effects of the economic crisis and the austerity measures needed to stabilize the situation. In 1986 he signed an agreement with the country's bank creditors rescheduling the public sector's foreign debt over 12 years. Show trials of officials in the Corporación Venezolana de Fomento (Venezuelan Development Corporation) and a court-martial of military chiefs over arms purchases were held in order to discourage officeholders from participating in the pervasive bribery and corruption.

Lusquiños, Luis (Bernardo) (b. Nov. 27, 1951 - d. June 17, 2017, San Luis, San Luis, Argentina), acting cabinet chief of Argentina (2001).

Lutak, Ivan (Kondratyevich) (b. June 3, 1919, Komarovka, Kiev province, Ukraine - d. Jan. 30, 2009), first secretary of the Communist Party committee of Crimea oblast (1961-67 [1963-64 rural]). He was also chairman of the executive committee (1954-61) and first secretary of the party committee (1976-88) of Cherkassy oblast.

Lutali

Lutali, A(ifili) P(aulo), original name Aifili Paulo Lauvao (b. Dec. 24, 1919, Aunu'u island, American Samoa - d. Aug. 1, 2002, Pago Pago, American Samoa), governor of American Samoa (1985-89, 1993-97). The founder of the U.S. commonwealth's Democratic Party, he had a long career in the legislature and the judiciary in American Samoa. From 1951 to 1954, he served as administrative supervisor for public schools. He was chairman of the Samoan Culture Curriculum Committee from 1952 to 1954, a member of the Board of Education from 1955 to 1958, and chairman of the first American Samoa Board of Higher Education, which established the American Samoa Community College, Mapusaga, in 1974. He was admitted to practice in the High Court of American Samoa in 1954 and was one of the founders of the American Samoa Bar Association in 1972. He served as chief judge of the Lands and Titles Division. He was elected to the Samoan House of Representatives in 1955 and served as its speaker in 1955-58. He was chairman of the 1966 Constitution Convention and was elected American Samoa's Washington, D.C., delegate-at-large in 1974. He was selected for the American Samoa Senate in 1977 and was elected president in his first year. He was first elected governor of American Samoa in 1984 and lost his bid for a second term in 1988. In 1989, he was returned by his district Sa'ole to the Senate where he served as chairman of the Committee on Government Operations until he was again elected governor in 1992. Lutali played a key role in working with Samoan chiefs and the U.S. Congress to create the 50th national park of the United States in American Samoa. He lost his bid for a third term as governor in the 1996 elections.

Lutaud, Charles (Étienne) (b. Sept. 15, 1855, Mâcon, Saône-et-Loire, France - d. Oct. 27, 1921, Paris, France), governor-general of Algeria (1911-18). He was also prefect of the French départements of Sarthe (1889-93), Corse (1893-95), Côtes-du-Nord (1895-97), Haute-Garonne (1897-98), Alger (1898-1901), Bouches-du-Rhône (1901-02), Gironde (1902-07), and Rhône (1907-11).

Lutchmeenaraidoo

Lutchmeenaraidoo, Vishnu, byname of Seetanah Lutchmeenaraidoo (b. May 24, 1944), finance minister (1983-90, 2014-16) and foreign minister (2016-19) of Mauritius. He was also a deputy prime minister (1986-90).

Luteijn, David (b. July 11, 1943, Zuidzande, Zeeland, Netherlands), acting queen's commissioner of Zuid-Holland (1999-2000).

Lutfi, Ali (Lutfi Mahmoud) (b. Oct. 6, 1935 - d. May 27, 2018, Cairo, Egypt), finance minister (1978-80) and prime minister (1985-86) of Egypt. He was also speaker of the Shura Council (1986-89).

Lutfi, Omar (b. 1908 - d. May 17, 1963, New York), Egyptian/United Arab Republic diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1954-62).

Lutfullayev, Nusratulla (Maksum) (Nusrat Allah Maqsum Lutf Allah) (b. July 1 [June 19, O.S.], 1881, Choshma Kubi, Garm region, Khanate of Bukhara - d. [executed] Nov. 1, 1937, near Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R.), chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Tadzhik S.S.R. (1926-33) and co-chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the U.S.S.R. (1931-34).

Luther

Luther, Hans (b. March 10, 1879, Berlin, Germany - d. May 11, 1962, Düsseldorf, West Germany), chancellor of Germany (1925-26). He joined the local civil service in Berlin. From 1907 to 1913 he was a city councillor at Magdeburg. He was elected mayor of Essen in 1918, and gained a reputation as one of the best local administrative officials in the western part of Germany. He became minister of food under Chancellor Wilhelm Cuno in December 1922, and finance minister under Cuno's successor, Gustav Stresemann, in October 1923. He successfully stabilized the inflated national currency with the help of Hjalmar Schacht, later Adolf Hitler's minister of economics. He kept the finance post in the following ministry of Chancellor Wilhelm Marx, and took part in the negotiations of the Dawes Plan to settle Germany's war reparations (1924). After the elections of December 1924 Marx was unable to form a new cabinet, and Luther was appointed chancellor in January 1925, in a Centre-People's Party-Nationalist coalition. He carried through significant taxation and trade measures, but most importantly joined with his foreign minister, Stresemann, in securing Germany's adhesion to the various treaties known as the Locarno Pact. The Locarno signings (December 1925) caused the breakup of the coalition, but he was recalled in January 1926 to form a short-lived minority cabinet that fell in May 1926. Previously unaffiliated, he joined the People's Party in 1927. He was president of the Reichsbank (Germany's central bank) in 1930-33 (succeeding and later being succeeded by Schacht) and German ambassador to the United States in 1933-37. He then retired into private life, though after World War II he served as an informal adviser to the West German government.

Lüthi

Lüthi(-Affolter), Ruth, née Affolter (b. Sept. 14, 1947, Grenchen, Solothurn, Switzerland), president of the Council of State of Fribourg (1996, 2000, 2005). She was an unsuccessful candidate to the Federal Council in December 2001.

Luthuli

Luthuli, Albert (John Mvumbi), Luthuli also spelled Lutuli (b. 1898, Bulawayo [now in Zimbabwe] - d. July 21, 1967, Stanger, South Africa), president-general of the African National Congress (1952-67). In 1936 he became the elected chief of the Zulu community of Groutville. He joined the African National Congress (ANC) in 1945 and in 1951 was elected president of its Natal branch. He helped organize a countrywide defiance campaign by the ANC and the South African Indian Congress against what were deemed unjust laws; to crush it the government jailed 8,500 people in 1952. The government demanded that Luthuli give up his ANC post or his paid chieftainship. When he refused to do either, the government deposed him, but he continued to be affectionately regarded as "chief" and his reputation spread. Within the same year, the ANC elected him president-general. Henceforth, between repeated bans, he attended gatherings and toured the country to address mass meetings. In December 1956 he was one of 156 leaders who were rounded up and charged with high treason. A long trial failed to prove treason, a Communist conspiracy, or violence, and in 1957 he was released. During this time his quiet authority and inspiration to others impressed foreign observers. In 1959 the government banished him for five years to his farm near Groutville for "promoting feelings of hostility" between the races. In 1960, when police shot down Africans demonstrating against the pass laws at Sharpeville, he burned his own pass in protest and called for national mourning. The ANC was outlawed. In 1961 he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for 1960, in recognition of his nonviolent struggle against racial discrimination. He died when he was struck by a train.

Lutkowski, Karol (Jan) (b. Oct. 1, 1939, Czestochowa, Poland), finance minister of Poland (1991-92).

Lutovac, Zoran (b. Aug. 7, 1964, Belgrade, Serbia), Serbian politician. He has been ambassador to Montenegro (2008-13) and president of the Democratic Party (2018- ).

Lutsenko

Lutsenko, Yuriy (Vitaliyovych) (b. Dec. 14, 1964, Rovno, Ukrainian S.S.R. [now Rivne, Ukraine]), interior minister of Ukraine (2005-06, 2007-10). In December 2010 he was arrested on charges of abuse of office. In February 2012 he was sentenced to four years in prison. He was pardoned in April 2013. In 2016-19 he was prosecutor general.

Luttinen, (Vilho) Matti (b. May 14, 1936, Haapavesi, Finland - d. May 14, 2009, Lahti, Finland), interior minister of Finland (1983-84). He was also minister of transport (1984-87).

Luttsau, Nikolay (Aleksandrovich) (b. Dec. 2 [Nov. 20, O.S.], 1853 - d. 19...), governor of Yelizavetpol (1900-05).

Luukka, Eemil (Vihtori) (b. Dec. 1, 1892, Muola, Finland - d. June 1, 1970), interior minister (1960-62) and acting prime minister (1961) of Finland. He was also agriculture minister (1944-45, 1945).

Luvsan, Sonomyn (b. 1912 - d. 1991), acting chairman of the Presidium of the People's Great Khural of Mongolia (1972-74). He was also finance minister (1940-41), first deputy premier (1941-47, 1963-72), a deputy premier (1947-57, 1959-60), minister of trade (1950-53), and ambassador to China (1957-59), the Soviet Union (1960-63), and Algeria (1976-81).

Luyando (Díez), José (b. June 22, 1773, Guadalajara, New Spain [now Mexico] - d. Feb. 5, 1835, Rome, Papal State [now in Italy]), first secretary of state of Spain (1813-14 [acting], 1823). He was also chargé d'affaires in Morocco (1815-20).

Luz, Amaro Alexandre da (b. June 4, 1934, Santo Antão, Cape Verde [now Cabo Verde] - d. Oct. 4, 2019, Praia, Cabo Verde), finance minister of Cape Verde (1975-77). He was also permanent representative to the United Nations (1977-84) and governor of the central bank (1984-91).

Luz, Carlos Coimbra da (b. Aug. 4, 1894, Três Corações, Minas Gerais, Brazil - d. Feb. 9, 1961, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), justice and interior minister (1946) and acting president (1955) of Brazil. He was president of the Chamber of Deputies in 1955.

Luz, Hercílio Pedro da (b. May 29, 1860, Desterro [now Florianópolis], Santa Catarina, Brazil - d. Oct. 20, 1924, Florianópolis), governor of Santa Catarina (1894-98, 1918-24); grandson of Joaquim Xavier Neves.

Luz, Joaquim Delfino Ribeiro da (b. Dec. 26, 1824, Espírito Santo dos Cunquibus [now Cristina], Minas Gerais, Brazil - d. June 4, 1903, Cristina), war minister of Brazil (1887-88). He was also president of Minas Gerais (1857, 1860) and minister of navy (1872-75) and justice (1885-87).

Luz, Kadish, original name Kadish Lozinsky (b. Jan. 10, 1895, Bobruysk, Russia [now in Belarus] - d. Dec. 4, 1972, Kfar Sava, Israel), interim president of Israel (1963). He was agriculture minister (1955-59) and speaker of the Knesset (1959-69).

Luz, Silvino Manuel da (b. Feb. 7, 1939, São Vicente Island, Cape Verde [now Cabo Verde]), defense minister (1975-80) and foreign minister (1980-91) of Cape Verde.

Luzhkov

Luzhkov, Yury (Mikhailovich) (b. Sept. 21, 1936, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R. - d. Dec. 10, 2019, Munich, Germany), Russian politician. First appointed to the Moscow city council in 1977, he rose to the position of executive committee leader under Mayor Gavriil Popov in 1990 and became deputy mayor when Popov was reelected in 1991. After Popov's resignation in June 1992, Pres. Boris Yeltsin named Luzhkov the new mayor. Often appearing in public in an open collar and peaked leather cap, he took a populist stance in his public battles with the Kremlin. Although he backed Yeltsin in times of crisis - the coup attempt of August 1991, the parliamentary revolt of October 1993, and the presidential elections of June and July 1996 - he was often critical of the president and his young reform-minded advisers, particularly Anatoly Chubais, with whom he frequently squared off over the handling of the privatization process in Moscow. In 1994 Luzhkov persuaded Yeltsin to give him control over all state property in Moscow, and in 1996 the city took in $1 billion in privatization revenues. Moscow became the engine of post-Soviet state capitalism, with a wave of entrepreneurialism and a construction boom that pushed office rents higher than those of New York City, although in terms of quality of life Moscow still ranked low. While cognizant of mafia influence in some new businesses, Luzhkov's administration was not tainted by major scandals and nearly 90% of voters reelected him over a Communist challenger in June 1996. He was for some time considered a likely successor of Yeltsin, being cited as the front-runner in a poll published in October 1997, but he was eclipsed by Vladimir Putin in 1999. In 1999 and 2003 he was reelected as mayor with 70% and 75% of the vote respectively. In 2007 he was reappointed by President Putin. In 2010 Pres. Dmitry Medvedev dismissed Luzhkov, citing a loss of trust.

Luzzago

Luzzago, Marco (b. 1950, Brescia, Italy), acting grand master of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (2020- ).

Luzzatti, Luigi (b. March 1, 1841, Venice, Austria [now in Italy] - d. March 29, 1927, Rome, Italy), treasury minister (1891-92, 1896-98, 1898, 1903-05, 1906, 1920), finance minister (1892, 1903-04), and prime minister and interior minister (1910-11) of Italy. He was also minister of agriculture, industry, and commerce (1909-10).

Lvov

Lvov, Knyaz (Prince) Georgy (Yevgenyevich) (b. Nov. 2 [Oct. 21, O.S.], 1861, Popovka, near Tula, Russia - d. March 7, 1925, Boulogne-Billancourt, near Paris, France), head of the provisional government of Russia (1917). He worked in the civil service until 1893, when he became a member (in 1902, president) of the Tula zemstvo (local government council), promoting the welfare of the peasants. He organized relief work in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-05) and in 1905 joined the new liberal Constitutional Democratic (Kadet) Party, for which he was elected to the first Duma (parliament), which convened in May 1906. With the outbreak of World War I he was placed at the head of the All-Russian Union of Zemstvos (1914) and became a leader of Zemgor (the Union of Zemstvos and Towns; 1915), which helped in the provisioning of the army and in supplying medical aid, winning him the respect of many political liberals and army commanders. When the imperial government was overthrown in March 1917, he became the prime minister of the provisional government and also served as interior minister. His government, composed initially of liberals and from May also of moderate socialists, was unable to check the drift towards increasingly radical demands by the population. In July, after a riotous demonstration threatened to overthrow the provisional government, he resigned his posts, making way for Aleksandr Kerensky to succeed him. When the Bolsheviks seized power in November, Lvov was arrested at imprisoned at Yekaterinburg, but he escaped, passed into Siberia, and thence to Japan, then took a ship to France and settled in Paris. As head of the Association of Russian Zemstvos Outside Russia, he visited the U.S. in 1922 to raise money for his expatriated countrymen.

Lwin (b. Dec. 10, 1912), Burmese politician. He was ambassador to West Germany (1966-71) and the Netherlands (1969-71), permanent representative to the United Nations (1971-72), minister of planning and finance (1972-75) and information (1975-77), and deputy prime minister (1974-77).

Ly

Ly, Oumar Tatam (b. Sept. 28, 1963, Paris, France), prime minister of Mali (2013-14); son of Madina Ly-Tall.

Ly-Tall, Madina (b. April 25, 1940, Bandiagara, French Sudan [now Mali]), Malian diplomat. She was ambassador to France and the Vatican (1993-96) and Italy (1996-99).

Lyall Grant, Sir Mark (Justin) (b. May 29, 1956), British diplomat; knighted 2006. He was high commissioner to Pakistan (2003-06) and permanent representative to the United Nations (2009-15).

Lyapchev

Lyapchev, Andrey (Tasev), also spelled Liapchev (b. Nov. 30, 1866, Resen, Ottoman Empire [now in North Macedonia] - d. Nov. 6, 1933, Sofia, Bulgaria), prime minister of Bulgaria (1926-31). As a student he took part in the movement for the unification of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia (1885) and in the following years he provided journalistic support for the Macedonian revolutionary cause, becoming editor of the Democratic Party organ, Priaporets. He became known as a pioneer in the cooperative movement. A member of parliament almost continuously from 1908, he served as minister of trade and agriculture (1908-10) and of finance (1910-11). In 1908 he signed the treaty establishing Bulgaria's independence from Ottoman Turkey. Again serving as finance minister in 1918, he signed the armistice (September 1918) that marked Bulgaria's defeat in World War I, and in November 1918 he was appointed as the first civilian minister of war (until 1919). Opposing the dictatorship of Aleksandur Stamboliyski, he was jailed in 1922 but released after Stamboliyski's fall in 1923. Thereafter he became leader of the newly-formed "Democratic Entente," and in 1926 succeeded Aleksandur Tsankov as prime minister, also becoming interior minister. He did much to reestablish the prestige of Bulgaria, which in 1927-28 obtained two League of Nations stabilization loans to assist in repatriating Bulgarian refugees in Yugoslavia. The tolerance of his government for the violent Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization, which virtually controlled certain areas of Bulgaria, reinforced tensions with Greece and Yugoslavia. The Great Depression brought economic distress, which, combined with the unpopularity of some of his allies and officials, led to the defeat of his government in the 1931 elections.

A.P. Lyashko

Lyashko, Aleksandr (Pavlovich) (Russian), Ukrainian Oleksandr Pavlovych Lyashko (b. Dec. 30 [Dec. 17, O.S.], 1915, Rodakovo, Russia [now in Ukraine] - d. Oct. 9, 2002), chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1969-72) and chairman of the Council of Ministers (1972-87) of the Ukrainian S.S.R. He was also first secretary of the party committees of Kramatorsk city (1952-54) and Stalino/Donetsk oblast (1960-63).

Lyashko, Oleh (Valeriyovych) (b. Dec. 3, 1972, Chernigov [Chernihiv], Ukrainian S.S.R.), Ukrainian presidential candidate (2014, 2019).

Lyashko, Yury (Gavrilovich) (b. April 22, 1943, Vladivostok, Russian S.F.S.R. - d. March 7, 2015, Moscow, Russia), head of the administration of Amur oblast (1996-97). He was also mayor of Blagoveshchensk (1985-96).

Lyautey, (Louis) Hubert (Gonzalve) (b. Nov. 17, 1854, Nancy, France - d. July 21, 1934, Thorey [now Thorey-Lyautey], Meurthe-et-Moselle, France), French resident-general of Morocco (1912-25) and minister of war (1916-17).

Lybeck, Otto (Emil) (b. Feb. 19, 1871, Stockholm, Sweden - d. April 21, 1947, Stockholm), defense minister of Sweden (1921). He was also chief of the naval staff (1927-36).

Lyberg, Bengt (b. Feb. 9, 1912, Stora Kopparberg socken, Kopparberg [now Dalarna], Sweden - d. April 6, 1995), governor of Västerbotten (1971-78).

Lyberg, Ernst (Emil) (b. Feb. 28, 1874, Visby, Gotland, Sweden - d. Aug. 15, 1952, Stockholm, Sweden), finance minister of Sweden (1926-28). He was also leader of the Liberal Party (1930-33).

Lycklama à Nijeholt, Petrus (b. Aug. 25, 1842, Bolsward, Netherlands - d. June 15, 1913, Zwolle, Netherlands), queen's commissioner of Overijssel (1893-1909). He was also mayor of Leeuwarden (1883-91) and Rotterdam (1891-93).

Lykke

Lykketoft

Lykke, Ivar (b. Jan. 9, 1872, Trondhjem [now Trondheim], Norway - d. Dec. 6, 1949, Trondheim), prime minister and foreign minister of Norway (1926-28). He was also president of the Storting (1922, 1923-26).

Lykketoft, Mogens (b. Jan. 9, 1946, Copenhagen, Denmark), finance minister (1993-2000) and foreign minister (2000-01) of Denmark. From 2002 to 2005 he was chairman of the Danish Social Democrats. In 2011-15 he was speaker of the Folketing. In 2015-16 he was president of the UN General Assembly.

Lynch, John (b. Nov. 25, 1952, Waltham, Mass.), governor of New Hampshire (2005-13).

J. (M.) Lynch

Lynch, John (Mary) (byname Jack Lynch), Irish Seán Ó Loinsigh (b. Aug. 15, 1917, Cork, County Cork, Ireland - d. Oct. 20, 1999, Dublin, Ireland), prime minister of Ireland (1966-73, 1977-79). A famous Gaelic games athlete (hurling and football), he entered the Dáil (House of Representatives) as a member of the Fianna Fáil in 1948 and worked closely with Eamon de Valera. After his party came to power in 1951, he became parliamentary secretary (1951-54) and minister for the Gaeltacht (Gaelic-speaking districts) (1957), education (1957-59), industry and commerce (1959-65), and finance (1965-66). When Sean Lemass announced his retirement as prime minister in 1966, there was an inner-party conflict over the succession that led to Lynch's selection as a compromise candidate. In November he became head of Fianna Fáil and prime minister. He is best remembered for his rhetorical intervention in August 1969 as violence spilled onto the streets of British-ruled Northern Ireland. As Protestant police battled Catholic rioters in Londonderry for three days straight, Lynch declared that "the Irish government can no longer stand by and see innocent people injured and perhaps worse." But the north's Catholic militants waited in vain for the tiny Irish army to come to their rescue. In 1972 he secured a referendum on Ireland's entry into the European Economic Community, leading to Irish membership on Jan. 1, 1973. Defeated in the 1973 elections, his party returned to power with a record majority in 1977. But the lavish overspending in his 1978 budget produced soaring deficits and inflation, kept taxes high, and fueled an immediate voter backlash. In December 1979, discouraged about his party's prospects, he resigned his leadership. He resigned from the Dáil in 1981.

Lynch, Loretta (Elizabeth), married name (not used in professional capacity) Loretta Lynch Hargrove (b. May 21, 1959, Greensboro, N.C.), U.S. attorney general (2015-17).

Lynch, Sir Phillip Reginald (b. July 27, 1933, Carlton, Melbourne, Vic. - d. June 19, 1984, Frankston, Melbourne), treasurer (1975-77) and finance minister (1976-77) of Australia; knighted 1980. He was also minister of the army (1968-69), immigration (1969-71), labour and national service (1971-72), and industry and commerce (1977-82).

Lynden, Jan Carel Elias graaf van (b. Jan. 23, 1770, Arnhem, Netherlands - d. July 31, 1825, Arnhem), governor of Gelderland (1814-25).

Lynden, Rudolph Willem graaf van (b. Dec. 8, 1808, Emmerich, Grand Duchy of Berg and Cleves [now in Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany] - d. April 19, 1876, Middelburg, Netherlands), king's commissioner of Zeeland (1860-76); son of Jan Carel Elias graaf van Lynden. He was also mayor of Apeldoorn (1832-37).

Lynden van Sandenburg, Constant Theodore Emo graaf van (b. Feb. 10, 1905, Langbroek, Utrecht, Netherlands - d. Jan. 9, 1990, Langbroek), queen's commissioner of Utrecht (1954-70); son of Frederik Alexander Carel graaf van Lynden van Sandenburg.

Lynden van Sandenburg, Frederik Alexander Carel graaf van, byname Alex graaf van Lynden van Sandenburg (b. Nov. 17, 1873, The Hague - d. Dec. 25, 1932, The Hague), queen's commissioner of Utrecht (1914-24); son of Theo graaf van Lynden van Sandenburg.

Lynden van Sandenburg, Theo graaf van, byname of Constantijn Theodoor graaf van Lynden van Sandenburg (b. Feb. 24, 1826, Utrecht, Netherlands - d. Nov. 8, 1885, Neerlangbroek, Langbroek municipality, Utrecht, Netherlands), prime minister of the Netherlands (1879-83). He was also minister of affairs of Reformed and other worship, except Roman Catholic (1868), justice (1874-77), interior (1879-81), and finance (1881-83). He was raised from baron to graaf (count) in 1882.

J. Lyng

Lyng, John (Daniel Fyrstenberg) (b. Aug. 22, 1905, Trondhjem [now Trondheim], Norway - d. Jan. 18, 1978, Bærum, Norway), prime minister (1963) and foreign minister (1965-70) of Norway and governor of Oslo and Akershus (1964-65).

Lyng, Richard (Edmund) (b. June 29, 1918, San Francisco, Calif. - d. Feb. 1, 2003, Modesto, Calif.), U.S. agriculture secretary (1986-89). He spent four years fighting in the Pacific during World War II. Working in the Department of Agriculture during the Richard Nixon administration, he helped develop the food stamp program, which provides coupons for poverty-stricken and lower-income families to purchase food. Later he was appointed secretary of agriculture by Pres. Ronald Reagan.

Lyngdal, Lars Erik (b. Aug. 26, 1945), acting governor of Vest-Agder (2006).

Lyngdoh, Brington Buhai (b. Feb. 2, 1922, Laitlyngkot village, Assam [now in Meghalaya], India - d. Oct. 27, 2003, Shillong, Meghalaya), chief minister of Meghalaya (1979-81, 1983, 1990-91, 1998-2000). He took part in the movement that resulted in the creation of the autonomous state of Meghalaya in 1970, which was separated from Assam in 1972. In the first Meghalaya government of 1970 he was finance minister. Considered one of the most colourful politicians of the state and of India's northeastern region, Lyngdoh had a lot of political acumen. In 1979, he entered into an agreement with Williamson A. Sangma, who was the Congress leader, and split the All-Party Hill Leaders' Conference (APHLC) to form a coalition government with the Congress. Lyngdoh and Sangma agreed to share the chief minister's post for two years each. Lyngdoh took over the reign of power as the chief minister for the first two years. As there was no formal agreement, it came to be known as a "gentlemen's agreement" in political circles. The experiment was tried in Uttar Pradesh much later. In 1990, he was leader of the Hill Peoples Union and in 1998 of the United Democratic Party. Later he became a member of the Meghalaya Democratic Party.

Lynge

Lynge, Steen (b. Nov. 25, 1963, Nuuk, Greenland), foreign (and energy) minister of Greenland (2020-21).

Lynn, James T(homas) (b. Feb. 27, 1927, Cleveland, Ohio - d. Dec. 6, 2010, Bethesda, Md.), U.S. secretary of housing and urban development (1973-75).

A.-C. Lyon

Lyon, Anne-Catherine (b. April 12, 1963, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland), president of the Council of State of Vaud (2005).

Lyon, Cecil B(urton) (b. Nov. 8, 1903, Staten Island, New York City - d. April 6, 1993, Hancock, N.H.), U.S. diplomat; son-in-law of Joseph C. Grew. He was ambassador to Chile (1956-58), Ceylon (1964-67), and Maldive Islands (1966-67).

Lyon, Robert (b. 1832? - d. March 25, 1888, Ottawa, Ont.), mayor of Ottawa (1867); brother of G.B.L. Fellowes.

Lyon, Sterling (Rufus) (b. Jan. 30, 1927, Windsor, Ont. - d. Dec. 16, 2010, Winnipeg, Man.), premier of Manitoba (1977-81).

Lyons

Lyons, Joseph Aloysius (b. Sept. 15, 1879, Stanley, Tasmania [Australia] - d. April 7, 1939, Sydney), prime minister of Australia (1932-39). In 1909 he was elected for the Labor Party to the Tasmanian House of Assembly as member for Wilmot. In 1914, when the second Labor government was formed in Tasmania, he was appointed treasurer, minister of education, and minister of railways. In 1916 the party went into opposition and he became its leader. In 1923 he became premier, holding also the portfolios of treasurer and minister of railways; a little later he exchanged the latter office for that of minister of mines. He sponsored bills to encourage industry and to provide welfare benefits for public employees. In 1928 his ministry was defeated. At the 1929 federal election, Labor won a sweeping victory and he was returned for Wilmot, the same constituency he had represented in the Tasmanian parliament. He served as postmaster general and minister for public works and railways until Jan. 30, 1931, when he resigned because he supported a more conservative financial policy than that which Treasurer Ted Theodore represented. In May he formed the new United Australia Party, and he led it to victory in the November elections. Benefiting from worldwide economic recovery, he achieved a government surplus in 1934 along with declining unemployment and diversification of industry. He won two more general elections in September 1934 and October 1937, becoming the first Australian prime minister to survive three successive appeals to the voters. He expanded the military forces and gave some aid to cultural activity, scientific research, and public health. He died in office. His wife, Dame Enid Lyons, in 1949 became the first woman to hold ministerial office in Australia.

Lyosik

Lyosik, Iosif (Yuryevich) (b. Nov. 6, 1884, Nikolayevshchina village, Minsk region, Russia [now in Belarus] - d. 1940, Saratov, Russian S.F.S.R.), chairman of the Rada of the Belorussian People's Republic (1918).

Lyra, Augusto Tavares de (b. Dec. 25, 1872, Macaíba, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil - d. Dec. 21, 1958, Rio de Janeiro), governor of Rio Grande do Norte (1904-06) and justice and interior minister (1906-09) and finance minister (1918) of Brazil. He was also minister of transport and public works (1914-18).

Lyra, Felix José Tavares de, acting president of Pernambuco (1833).

Lyra, Fernando Soares (b. Oct. 8, 1938, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil - d. Feb. 14, 2013, São Paulo, Brazil), justice minister of Brazil (1985-86).

Lyra, João Soares, Neto (b. Jan. 24, 1947, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil), governor of Pernambuco (2014-15); brother of Fernando Soares Lyra. He was also mayor of Caruaru (1989-93, 1997-2001).

Lysø, Nils (Kristian) (b. Sept. 3, 1905, Jøssund [now in Bjugn municipality], Søndre Trondhjems amt [now in Trøndelag fylke], Norway - d. July 7, 1977), governor of Sør-Trøndelag (1963-74). He was also Norwegian minister of fisheries (1955-63).

Lyttelton, Alfred (b. Feb. 7, 1857, Hagley Hall, Worcestershire, England - d. July 5, 1913, London, England), British colonial secretary (1903-05).

Lytton (of Knebworth), Edward George Earle Lytton Bulwer Lytton, (1st) Baron, original name Edward George Earle Lytton Bulwer (surname changed from Bulwer to Bulwer Lytton in 1843) (b. May 25, 1803, London, England - d. Jan. 18, 1873, Torquay, England), British colonial secretary (1858-59); brother of Henry Lytton Earle Bulwer, Baron Dalling and Bulwer. Also known as a writer, he was created a baronet in 1838 and baron in 1866.

(1st) Earl of Lytton

Lytton, (Edward) Robert Bulwer-Lytton, (1st) Earl of, Viscount Knebworth (of Knebworth), (2nd) Baron Lytton (of Knebworth), literary pseudonym Owen Meredith (b. Nov. 8, 1831, London, England - d. Nov. 24, 1891, Paris, France), viceroy of India (1876-80); son of Edward George Earle Lytton Bulwer Lytton, Baron Lytton. He was also minister to Portugal (1874-76) and ambassador to France (1887-91). He succeeded to the barony in 1873 and was created earl and viscount in 1880.

Lytton, Victor Alexander George Robert Bulwer-Lytton, (2nd) Earl of, Viscount Knebworth (of Knebworth), (3rd) Baron Lytton (of Knebworth) (b. Aug. 9, 1876, Simla [now Shimla, Himachal Pradesh], India - d. Oct. 26, 1947, Knebworth, Hertfordshire, England), governor of Bengal (1922-27); son of Robert Bulwer-Lytton, Earl of Lytton.

Lytvyn, Volodymyr (Mykhailovych) (b. April 28, 1956, Zhitomir [Zhytomyr] oblast, Ukrainian S.S.R.), Ukrainian politician. He was head of the administration of the president (1999-2002), chairman of the Verkhovna Rada (2002-06, 2008-12), and a minor presidential candidate (2010).

Lyubchenko

N. Lyubimov

Lyubchenko, Panas (Petrovich) (b. Jan. 14 [Jan. 2, O.S.], 1897, Kagarlik, Kiev guberniya, Russia [now Kagarlyk, Ukraine] - d. Aug. 30, 1937), chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Ukrainian S.S.R. (1934-37). He was also executive secretary of the party committee of Kiev province (1920), chairman of the Executive Committees of Chernigov province (1921) and Kiev okrug (1925-27), and a deputy premier of the Ukrainian S.S.R. (1933-34). On Sept. 2, 1937, Pravda wrote that he had committed suicide since "he became enmeshed in his anti-Soviet relations and he feared of being called to account for the betrayal of the interests of Ukraine."

Lyubich-Yarmolovich-Lozina-Lozinsky, Mikhail (Aleksandrovich) (b. 1865 - d. 19...), governor of Tiflis (1907-11) and Perm (1914-17).

Lyubimov, Isidor (Yevstigneyevich) (b. May 13 [May 1, O.S.], 1882, Starishchevo, Kostroma province, Russia - d. [executed] Nov. 27, 1937), chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Turkestan S.F.R. (1920). He was also mayor of Ivanovo-Voznesensk (1917) and Soviet people's commissar of light industry (1932-37).

Lyubimov, Nikolay (Viktorovich) (b. Nov. 21, 1971, Kaluga, Russian S.F.S.R.), governor of Ryazan oblast (2017- ). He was also mayor of Kaluga (2007-10).

Lyubimov, Vyacheslav (Nikolayevich) (b. Jan. 17, 1947), head of the administration of Ryazan oblast (1997-2004).

Lyutskanov, Aleksandur (Kochov) (b. March 3, 1854, Turnovo, Ottoman Empire [now Veliko Turnovo, Bulgaria] - d. March 4, 1922, London, England), interior minister of Bulgaria (1902-03, 1911-13). He was also minister of commerce and agriculture (1901-02), public works (1901-02), and agriculture and state property (1913).

Lyzohub

Lyzohub, Fedir (Andriyovych) (b. Oct. 6, 1851, Sedniv, Chernigov province, Russia [now in Chernihiv oblast, Ukraine] - d. 1928, Belgrade, Yugoslavia [now in Serbia]), chairman of the Council of Ministers (1918) and interior minister (1918) of the non-Communist Ukraine.