Itch Mechanisms and Circuits

Figure 1: CRISPR–Cas9-mediated DNA interference in bacterial adaptive immunity. (a) A typical CRISPR locus in a type II CRISPR–Cas system comprises an array of repetitive sequences (repeats, brown dia...

Figure 2: The mechanism of CRISPR–Cas9–mediated genome engineering. The synthetic sgRNA or crRNA–tracrRNA structure directs a Cas9 endonuclease to almost arbitrary DNA sequence in the genome through a...

Figure 3: Overall structure of Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpyCas9) in the apo state. (a) Ribbon representation of the crystal structure of SpyCas9 (PDB ID 4CMP). Individual Cas9 domains are colored ...

Figure 4: Guide RNA loading enables Cas9 to form a DNA recognition–competent conformation for target search. (a) Ribbon diagram showing the apo structure of SpyCas9 aligned in the same orientation as ...

Figure 5: Structures of CRISPR–Cas9 bound to DNA substrates, showing the same view as in Figure 4c after superposition. (a) Crystal structure of SpyCas9 (surface representation) in complex with sgRNA ...

Figure 6: Schematic representations of the proposed mechanisms of CRISPR–Cas9-mediated target DNA recognition and cleavage. Upon sgRNA loading, Cas9 undergoes a large conformational rearrangement to r...

Figure 7: Structures of Cas9 orthologs reveal both the conserved and divergent structural features among orthologous CRISPR–Cas9 systems. Individual Cas9 domains are colored according to the scheme in...

Figure 1: Overview of cellular bodies that are well described as biomolecular condensates. These bodies include large, well-studied structures such as the nucleolus, nuclear speckles, and P-bodies, bu...

Figure 2: Schematic of different types of stickers and spacers for different systems. (a) For folded domains, the mapping of the stickers and spacers is achieved via the physics of patchy colloids, wh...

Figure 3: Schematic of sticker patterning and effective solvation volume. (a) Three distinct sequences of intrinsically disordered proteins with identical numbers of sticker residues distributed in di...

Figure 4: Four examples of multiphase assemblies formed for different multicomponent systems. (a) Three-phase assembly of nucleoli is readily reproduced using a simple stickers-and-spacers model, as s...

Figure 5: General model for emergent stickers formed through oligomerization, linear polymerization, and/or clustering. (a) Depiction of monomers of ARF19 (solid shapes) that correspond to the PB1 dom...

Figure 1: Structures of actin and actin complexes. The structures of actin complexes are shown to scale and in chronological order of publication. (a) Classical view of the structure of the actin mono...

Figure 2: The helical structure of F-actin derived from cryo-electron microscopy (16). The molecules are arranged on a single helix with 13 molecules repeating in almost exactly six left-handed turns....

Figure 3: The essence of the G-actin to F-actin transition is a flattening of the actin molecule by a propeller-twist of the outer and inner domains about an axis roughly at right angles to the actin ...

Figure 4: Intermolecule bonding in F-actin. Shown are five actin molecules labeled −2 to +2. The run of the protein chain is shown as a secondary structure schematic color-coded from blue (N terminus)...

Figure 5: Precursor helix assembled by the formin FH2 domain. The left view shows the precursor helix assembled by FH2 subunits along the crystallographic C2 axis. The formin FH2 domain is shown gray ...

Figure 1: A photograph of me with the hybrid gull showing its wing feathers, which played the essential role in its identification.

Figure 2: The exchange reaction between a hydrogen atom and a hydrogen molecule. (a) Schematic representation of the reaction with definitions for the distances RAB, RAC, and RBC. (b) Contour plot of ...

Figure 3: The different form of retinal considered in the calculations. The figure has been reproduced, with permission, from Reference 42.

Figure 4: The peptide backbone (α carbons) and disulfide bonds of the bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor drawn by Bruce Gelin. (a) X-ray structure. (b) Time-evolved structure after 3.2 ps of dynamica...

Figure 5: Structural model of F0F1-ATP synthase. The figure has been reproduced from Senior AE, Nadanaciva S, Weber J. 2002. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Bioenerg. 1553:188–211

Figure 1: The siRNA (left) and miRNA (right) pathways of RNA interference. Protein domain architecture is approximated in the illustrations here, and domain coloring is maintained in subsequent figure...

Figure 2: The microprocessor complex. (a) Domain structures of the human microprocessor constituents Drosha and DGCR8. Regions rich in proline (P), arginine and serine (R+S), or tryptophan (W) are lab...

Figure 3: The diverse architecture of the Dicer family. (a) Domain structures of Dicer enzymes from humans (Hsa), Giardia intestinalis (Gin), and Kluyveromyces polysporus (Kpo). The domain of unknown ...

Figure 4: The structure of dsRNA-binding proteins. (a) The domain structure of human TRBP, a typical dsRBP of the RNAi pathway. The well-folded dsRBDs are separated by flexible ∼70-aa linkers, lending...

Figure 5: Snapshots of RISC in action. (a) The domain structure of Argonaute is relatively well conserved in the AGO clade. The PIWI clade proteins lack the N and PAZ domains. (b) The crystal structur...

Figure 6: Molecular assemblies in RNAi. (a) The interface between the C-terminal portion of PABPC1 and the DUF domain of TNRC6C, a GW protein (PDB ID: 2X04). Interacting side chains are shown as stick...