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Thesaurus Indogermanischer Text- und Sprachmaterialien
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| TITUS |
DIDACTICA |
Elements of Indo-European Morphology
The categories of the Proto-Indo-European noun:
a) Categorial matrix:
| Masculine: |
Singular |
Dual |
Plural |
Feminine: |
Singular |
Dual |
Plural |
Neutre: |
Singular |
Dual |
Plural |
| Nominative |
|
|
|
Nominative |
|
|
|
Nominative |
|
|
|
| Vocative |
|
|
|
Vocative |
|
|
|
Vocative |
|
|
|
| Accusative |
|
|
|
Accusative |
|
|
|
Accusative |
|
|
|
| Locative |
|
|
|
Locative |
|
|
|
Locative |
|
|
|
| Genitive |
|
|
|
Genitive |
|
|
|
Genitive |
|
|
|
| Ablative |
|
|
|
Ablative |
|
|
|
Ablative |
|
|
|
| Dative |
|
|
|
Dative |
|
|
|
Dative |
|
|
|
| Instrumental |
|
|
|
Instrumental |
|
|
|
Instrumental |
|
|
|
b) Distribution of endings (o: thematic stems)
| Masculine: |
Singular |
Dual |
Plural |
Feminine: |
Singular |
Dual |
Plural |
Neutre: |
Singular |
Dual |
Plural |
| Nominative |
X |
X |
X |
Nominative |
X |
X |
X |
Nominative |
X |
X |
X |
| Vocative |
X |
Vocative |
X |
Vocative |
| Accusative |
X |
X |
Accusative |
X |
X |
Accusative |
| Locative |
X |
X |
X |
Locative |
X |
X |
X |
Locative |
X |
X |
X |
| Genitive |
X (o) |
X |
X |
X |
Genitive |
X |
X |
X |
Genitive |
X (o) |
X |
X |
X |
| Ablative |
X (o) |
X |
X |
Ablative |
X |
X |
Ablative |
X (o) |
X |
X |
| Dative |
X |
Dative |
X |
Dative |
X |
| Instrumental |
X |
X |
Instrumental |
X |
X |
Instrumental |
X |
X |
c) Distribution of strong and weak cases (+: strong, : weak)
| Masculine: |
Singular |
Dual |
Plural |
Feminine: |
Singular |
Dual |
Plural |
Neutre: |
Singular |
Dual |
Plural |
| Nominative |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Nominative |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Nominative |
+ |
+ |
(+) |
| Vocative |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Vocative |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Vocative |
+ |
+ |
(+) |
| Accusative |
+ |
+ |
|
Accusative |
+ |
+ |
|
Accusative |
+ |
+ |
(+) |
| Locative |
+ |
|
|
Locative |
+ |
|
|
Locative |
+ |
|
|
| Genitive |
|
|
|
Genitive |
|
|
|
Genitive |
|
|
|
| Ablative |
|
|
|
Ablative |
|
|
|
Ablative |
|
|
|
| Dative |
|
|
|
Dative |
|
|
|
Dative |
|
|
|
| Instrumental |
|
|
|
Instrumental |
|
|
|
Instrumental |
|
|
|
A Proto-Indo-European nominal paradigm:
| *di̯eu̯- "(God of) day, sky"
|
| Case:
| Proto-I.E.
| Old Indic
| Greek
| Latin
|
| Nominative
| *dii̯ḗu̯s
| diyáuš
| Ζεύς
| (Iūpiter / diēs)
| Vocative
| *dii̯éu̯
| (diyáuš)
| Ζεῦ
| Iū(-piter)
| Accusative
| *dii̯ḗm
| diyā́m
| Ζῆν (Ζῆνα, Δία)
| (Iovem /) diem
| Genitive-Ablative
| *diu̯és
| divás
| Δι[Ϝ]ός
| (Iovis / diēi)
| Dative
| *diu̯éi
| divé
| Δι[Ϝ]εί-
| (Iovī / diēi)
| Instrumental
| *diu̯ḗ
| divā́
|
| Iove (/ diē)
| Locative
| *di̯éu̯i
| dyávi
| (Δι[Ϝ]ί)
| | | | | | |
| same, with internal processes indicated
|
| Case:
| Proto-I.E.
| Old Indic
| Greek
| Latin
|
| phonolog.
| phonet.
|
| Nominative
| *di-ḗu-s
| *di̯ḗu̯s
| dyáuš
| Ζεύς
| ↑ (Iūpiter)
|
|
| *dii̯ḗu̯s
| diyáuš
|
|
| ↑ (diēs)
| Vocative
| *di-éu-Ø
| *di̯éu̯
| ↓ (dyáuš)
| Ζεῦ
| Iū-(piter)
|
|
| *dii̯éu̯
| ↓ (diyáuš)
|
|
|
|
| Accusative
| **di-éu-m > *di-ḗ-m
| *di̯ḗm
| dyā́m
| Ζῆν (→ Ζῆνα)
| ↑ (Iovem)
|
|
| *dii̯ḗm
| diyā́m
| ↑ (Δία)
|
| diem
| Genitive-Ablative
| *di-u-és
| *diu̯és
| divás
|
| ↑ (Iovis)
| ↓ (diēi)
| (→ *di-u-és)
| (*diu̯ós)
| Δι[Ϝ]ός
|
|
| Dative
| *di-u-éi
| *diu̯éi
| divé
| Δι[Ϝ]εί-
| ↑ (Iovī)
| ↓ (diēi)
| Instrumental
| *di-u-éh1
| *diu̯éh1 (> *diu̯ḗ)
| divā́
|
| Iove
| ↓ (diē)
| Locative
| *di-éu-i
| *di̯éu̯i
| dyávi
| ↓ (Δι[Ϝ]ί)
| | | | | |
A derivativional Proto-Indo-European nominal paradigm:
Thematic stem
| dei̯u̯ó- "heavenly, God"
|
Singular
| Case:
| PIE (phonol.)
| PIE (phonet.)
| Proto-Indo-Ir.
| Old Indic
| Avestan
| Lithuanian
| Latin
|
| Nominative
| *deiu-ó-s
| *dei̯u̯ós
| *dai̯u̯ás
| devás / deváḥ / devó ...
| daēuuō / daēuuas-
| diẽvas
| DEIVOS > *dēos > dĕus (↑ dīvus)
|
| Vocative
| *déiu-e
| *déi̯u̯e
| *dái̯u̯a
| déva
| (daēuuā)
| diẽve
| (dīve; ↓ deus)
|
| Accusative
| *deiu-ó-m
| *dei̯u̯óm
| *dai̯u̯ám
| devám / deváṃ ...
| daēuuəm
| diẽvą
| *dēom > dĕum (↑↓ dīvum)
|
| Genitive
| *deiu-ó-sio, *deiu-ó-so, *deiu-i-H
| *dei̯u̯ósi̯o, *dei̯u̯óso, *dei̯u̯iH
| *dai̯u̯ási̯a
| devásya
| daēuuahiiā
| ↑ diẽvo
| (dīvī) ↓deī
|
| Ablative
| *deiu-ó-ot
| *dei̯u̯ṓt
| *dai̯u̯ā́t
| (devā́t / devā́d ...)
| *daēuuāt̰ / daēuuāat̰-
| *dēōd > dĕō̆ (↓ dīvō)
|
| Dative
| *dei̯u̯-ó-ei̯ > *dei̯u̯-ó-oi̯
| *dei̯u̯ṓi̯
| *dai̯u̯ā́i̯, *dai̯u̯ā́i̯-a
| devāya
| daēuuāi, daēuuāi.ā
| diẽvui
| *DEIVOI > *dēō > dĕō̆ (↓ dīvō)
|
| Instrumental
| *deiu-é-h1
| *dei̯u̯é'
| *dai̯u̯ā́
| (devā́), devéna
| (daēuuā)
| dievù
|
|
| Locative
| *deiu-ó-i
| *dei̯u̯ói (!)
| *dai̯u̯ái̯
| (devé)
| *daēuuōi, *daēuuē / *daēuuaē-
| dievè
| (*dīvī)
|
Dual
| Case:
| PIE (phonol.)
| PIE (phonet.)
| Proto-Indo-Ir.
| Old Indic
| Avestan
| Lithuanian
| Latin
|
| Nominative
| *deiu-ó-h1
| *dei̯u̯ó'
| *dai̯u̯ā́
| devā́, deváu / devā́v
| (daēuua)
| dievù
|
|
| Vocative
| *déiu-o-h1
| *déi̯u̯o'
| *dái̯u̯ā
| dévā, dévau / *dévāv
|
| Accusative
| *deiu-ó-h1
| *dei̯u̯ó'
| *dai̯u̯ā́
| devā́, deváu / devā́v
|
| Genitive
| *deiu-ó-ih1-ōus ??
| *dei̯u̯ói̯'ōu̯s ??
| *dai̯u̯ái̯Hāu̯š
| *deváyoḥ, *deváyoṣ ...
| *daēuuaiiā̇
| (*dievų̃)
|
|
| Ablative
| *deiu-ó-h1-bhio ??
| *dei̯u̯ṓbhii̯o ??
| *dai̯u̯ā́bhii̯ā̆
| *devā́bhyām ...
| *daēuuōibiiā
| dievám
|
|
| Dative
|
| Instrumental
| dievam̃
|
| Locative
| *deiu-ó-ih1-ou ??
| *dei̯u̯ói̯'ou ??
| *dai̯u̯ái̯Hau
| *deváyoḥ / *deváyoṣ ...
| daēuuaiiō
| (dievuosè)
|
|
Plural
| Case:
| PIE (phonol.)
| PIE (phonet.)
| Proto-Indo-Ir.
| Old Indic
| Avestan
| Lithuanian
| Latin
|
| Nominative
| *deiu-ó-es > deiu-ó-os, *deiu-ó-os-es, deiu-ó-i
| *dei̯u̯ṓs, *dei̯u̯ṓses, dei̯u̯-ó-i̯
| *dai̯u̯ā́s, *dai̯u̯ā́sas
| devā́ḥ ..., devā́saḥ ...
| daēuuā, daēuuā̇ŋhō
| dievaĩ
| (dīvī) ↑deī
|
| Vocative
| *déiu-o-es > déiu-o-os, *déiu-o-os-es
| *déi̯u̯ōs, *déi̯u̯ōses
| *dái̯u̯ās, *dái̯u̯āsas
| dévāḥ ..., dévāsaḥ ...
|
| Accusative
| *deiu-ó-ms
| *dei̯u̯óns
| *dai̯u̯áns
| devā́n / devā́ṃs ...
| daēuuə̄ṇg / *daēuuąs-
| dievùs
| *dēōs > dĕōs (dīvōs)
|
| Genitive
| *deiu-ó-m
| *dei̯u̯óm
| *dai̯u̯ā́nām
| devā́nām / devā́nāṃ ...
| daēuuanąm
| dievų̃
| *DEIVOSOM > *dēōsom > dĕōrum (dīvōrum)
|
| Ablative
| *deiu-ó-i-bhios
| *dei̯u̯ói̯bhii̯os
| *dai̯u̯ái̯bhii̯as
| devébhyaḥ / devébhyō ...
| daēuuaēibiiō / *daēuuaēibiias-
| dieváms
| ↑ *dēois > dĕīs (dīvīs)
|
| Dative
|
| Instrumental
| *deiu-ó-ois
| *dei̯u̯ṓi̯s
| *dai̯u̯ā́i̯š
| deváiḥ / deváiṣ ...
| daēuuāiš
| dievaĩs
|
| Locative
| *deiu-ó-i-su
| *dei̯u̯ói̯su
| *dai̯u̯ái̯šu
| devéṣu
| *daēuuaēšu
| dievuosè
| | | |
Further Proto-Indo-European nominal paradigms:
Relationship terms
Stem: (*ph2tér- >) *pə2tér- "father"
|
| Singular
|
| Case
| Old Indic
| Avestan1
| Greek
| Armenian
| Latin
| Old Irish
| OHG
| OCS
| Lithuanian
| Hittite
| Toch. B
| PIE
|
| Nom.
| pitā́
| ptā, tā
| πατήρ
| hayr
| patĕr !
| ath(a)ir
| fater
| (otĭcĭ)
| (tėvas)
|
| pācer
| *pə2tḗr
|
| Voc.
| pítar
| *pitarə
| πάτερ
| pater
| ath(a)ir
| fater
|
|
|
|
| *pə́2ter
|
| Acc.
| pitáram
| ptarə̄m
| πατέρα
| patrem
| ath(a)ir
| fater
|
|
|
| pātär
| *pə2térṃ
|
| Loc.
| pitári
| **ptari ?
| πατρί (πατέρι !)
| hawr
| patrĕ ! (> Abl.)
| ath(a)ir (= Dat.)
|
|
|
|
| /
| *pə2téri
|
| Gen.
| pitúr
| **ptərəš
| πατρός (πατέρος)
| hawr
| patris
| athar
| fater (fateres)
|
|
|
| pātri
| *pə2tré/ós
|
| Abl.
| (hawrē)
|
|
| Dat.
| pitré
| fəδrōi, piϑrē
|
| hawr
| patrī
| ath(a)ir
| fater (fatere)
|
|
|
| *pə2tréi̯
|
| Instr.
| pitrā́
| **fəδrā
|
| harb
|
|
|
|
|
|
| /
| *pə2trḗ
|
| Plural
|
| Case
| Old Indic
| Avestan
| Greek
| Armenian
| Latin
| Old Irish
| OHG
| OCS
| Lithuanian
| Hittite
| Toch. B
| PIE
|
| Nom.
| pitáras
| *ptarō
| πατέρες
| harkՙ
| patrēs
| a(i)thir
| *fater (fatera)
|
|
|
| (pā̆cera) / pātärñ)
| *pə2téres
|
| Voc.
| pítaras
| **pitarō
| πατέρες
| *a(i)thr(e)a
| *fater (fatera)
|
|
|
|
| *pə́2teres?
|
| Acc.
| pitṝ́n
| **ptərąs(-cā)
| πατέρας
| hars
|
| *fater (fatera)
|
|
|
| (pā̆cera / pātärñ)
| *pə2tṛ́ns?
|
| Loc.
| pitṛ́ṣu
| **ptərəšū
| πατράσι
| hars
|
|
|
|
|
|
| /
| *pə2tṛsú
|
| Gen.
| (pitṝṇā́m)
| *fəδrąm
| (πατέρων/ πατρῶν)
| harcՙ
| patrum
| aithre
| fatero
|
|
|
| (paceraṃs/ pātärntso)
| *pə2tróm
|
| Abl.
| pitṛ́bhyas
| *ptərəbiiō
|
| patribus
| a(i)thr(a)ib
| faterum
|
|
|
| /
| *pə2tṛbhi̯ós
|
| Dat.
|
|
| Instr.
| pitṛ́bhis
| **ptərəbīš
|
| harbkՙ
|
|
|
| /
| *pə2tṛbhís
|
| Dual
|
| Case
| Old Indic
| Avestan
| Greek
| Armenian
| Latin
| Old Irish
| OHG
| OCS
| Lithuanian
| Hittite
| Toch. B
| PIE
|
| Nom.
| pitárā / pitárau
| **ptarā/ *ptarō?
| *πατ(έ)ρε?
|
|
| *athir
|
|
|
|
| pācere
| *pə2térh1e?
|
| Voc.
|
|
|
|
|
| Acc.
|
|
|
|
|
| Loc.
| pitṛrós
| *ptarō
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| *pə2tṛh1óu?
|
| Gen.
| pitṛrós
| *ptarå̄?
| πατροῖν
|
|
| athar
|
|
|
|
|
| *pə2tṛh1óu̯s?
|
| Abl.
| pitṛ́bhyām
| *ptərəbiiā
|
|
| *a(i)thr(a)ib
|
|
|
|
|
| *pə2tṛbhi̯ṓm?
|
| Dat.
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Instr.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Stem: (*meh2tér- >) *mātér- (/ *mā́ter-) "mother"
|
| Singular
|
| Case
| Old Indic
| Avestan
| Greek
| Armenian
| Latin
| Old Irish
| OHG
| OCS
| Lithuanian
| Hittite
| Toch. B
| PIE
|
| Nom.
| mātā́
| *mātā
| μήτηρ
| mayr
| mātĕr !
| máth(a)ir
| muoter
| mati
| mótė
|
| mācer
| *mātḗr
|
| Voc.
| mā́tar
| *mātarə ?
| μῆτερ
| māter
| máth(a)ir
| muoter
| mati
| mótė
|
|
| *mā́ter
|
| Acc.
| mātáram
| *mātarəm
| μητέρα
| mātrem
| máth(a)ir
| muoter
| materĭ
| móterį
|
| mātär
| *mātérṃ
|
| Loc.
| mātári
| **mātari ?
| μητρί (μητέρι !)
| mawr
| mātrĕ ! (> Abl.)
| *máth(a)ir (= Dat.)
|
| materi
| móteryje
|
| /
| *mātéri
|
| Gen.
| mātúr
| **mātərəš
| μητρός (μητέρος)
| mawr
| mātris
| máthar
| muoter
| matere
| móteres
|
| mātri
| *mātré/ós
|
| Abl.
| mawrē
|
|
| Dat.
| mātré
| *māϑrē
|
| mawr
| mātrī
| *máth(a)ir
| muoter
| materi
| móteri
|
| (= Gen.)
| *mātréi̯
|
| Instr.
| mātrā́
| **māϑrā
|
| marb
|
|
|
| materĭjǫ
| móterimi
|
| /
| *mātrḗ
|
| Plural
|
| Case
| Old Indic
| Avestan
| Greek
| Armenian
| Latin
| Old Irish
| OHG
| OCS
| Lithuanian
| Hittite
| Toch. B
| PIE
|
| Nom.
| mātáras
| *mātarō
| μητέρες
| markՙ
| mātrēs
| má(i)thir
| muoter
| materi
| móteres
|
| mācera
| *mātéres
|
| Voc.
| *mā́taras
| mātarō
| μητέρες
| máithre
| muoter
| materi
| móteres
|
|
| *mā́teres?
|
| Acc.
| mātṝ́s
| mātərąs(-cā)
| μητέρας
| mars
|
| muoter
| materi
| móteris
|
| mācera
| *mātṛ́ns?
|
| Loc.
| mātṛ́ṣu
| **mātərəšū
| μητράσι
| mars
|
|
|
| *materĭxŭ
| móteriseis
|
| /
| *mātṛsú
|
| Gen.
| (mātṝṇā́m)
| *māϑrąm
| μητέρων
(*μητρῶν)
| marcՙ
| mātrum
| *máithre
| muotero
| materŭ
| móterų
|
| *mātärnts
| *mātróm
|
| Abl.
| mātṛ́bhyas
| *mātərəbiiō
|
| mātribus
|
*máthrib
| muoterum
| materĭmŭ
| móterimus
|
| /
| *mātṛbhi̯ós
|
| Dat.
|
|
| Instr.
| mātṛ́bhis
| **mātərəbīš
|
| marbkՙ
| materĭmi
| móterimis
|
| /
| *mātṛbhís
|
| Dual
|
| Case
| Old Indic
| Avestan
| Greek
| Armenian
| Latin
| Old Irish
| OHG
| OCS
| Lithuanian
| Hittite
| Toch. B
| PIE
|
| Nom.
| mātárā / mātárau
| **mātarā/ *mātarō?
| *μητ(έ)ρε?
|
|
| *máthir
|
| *materi
| *móteri
|
| **mācere
| *mātérh1e?
|
| Voc.
|
|
|
|
|
| Acc.
|
|
|
|
|
| Loc.
| mātṛrós
| *mātarō
|
|
|
|
|
| *materu
|
|
|
| *mātṛh1óu?
|
| Gen.
| mātṛrós
| *mātarå̄?
| μητροῖν
|
|
| *máthar
|
| *materu
|
|
|
| *mātṛh1óu̯s?
|
| Abl.
| mātṛ́bhyām
| *mātərəbiiā
|
|
| *má(i)thrib
|
| *materĭma
| **móterim
|
|
| *mātṛbhi̯ṓm?
|
| Dat.
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Instr.
|
|
|
| **móterim
|
|
|
Stem: (*bʰréh2ter- >) *bʰrā́ter-) "brother"
|
| Singular
|
| Case
| Old Indic
| Avestan
| Greek
| Armenian
| Latin
| Old Irish
| OHG
| OCS
| Lithuanian
| Hittite
| Toch. B
| PIE
|
| Nom.
| bhrā́tā
| brātā
| (ϕρᾱτήρ)
| ełbayr
| frātĕr !
| bráth(a)ir
| bruoder
| (bratrŭ / bratŭ)
| (brólis)
|
| procer
| *bʰrā́tēr
|
| Voc.
| bhrā́tar
| *brātarə ?
|
| frāter
| bráth(a)ir
| bruoder
|
| (brólis)
|
| procer
| *bʰrā́ter
|
| Acc.
| bhrā́taram
| *brātarəm
|
| frātrem
| bráth(a)ir
| bruoder
|
|
|
| protär
| *bʰrā́terṃ
|
| Loc.
| bhrā́tari
| **brātari ?
|
| ełbawr
| frātrĕ ! (> Abl.)
| bráth(a)ir (= Dat.)
|
|
|
|
| /
| *bʰrā́teri
|
| Gen.
| bhrā́tur
| **brātərəš
|
| ełbawr
| frātris
| bráthar
| bruoder
|
|
|
| protri
| *bʰrā́tre/os
|
| Abl.
| (ełbawrē)
;(brólis)
|
|
| Dat.
| bhrā́tre
| *brāϑrē
|
| ełbawr
| frātrī
| bráth(a)ir
| bruoder
|
|
|
| (= Gen.)
| *bʰrā́trei̯
|
| Instr.
| bhrā́trā
| **brāϑrā
|
| ełbarb
|
|
|
|
|
|
| /
| *bʰrā́trē
|
| Plural
|
| Case
| Old Indic
| Avestan
| Greek
| Armenian
| Latin
| Old Irish
| OHG
| OCS
| Lithuanian
| Hittite
| Toch. B
| PIE
|
| Nom.
| bhrā́taras
| *brātarō
|
| ełbarkՙ
| frātrēs
| brá(i)thir
| bruoder
|
|
|
| (procera)
| *bʰrā́teres
|
| Voc.
| bhrā́taras
| *brātarō
|
| bráithre
| bruoder
|
|
|
|
| *bʰrā́teres?
|
| Acc.
| bhrā́tṝn
| **brātərąs
|
| ełbars
|
| bruoder
|
|
|
| (procera)
| *bʰrā́tṛns?
|
| Loc.
| bhrā́tṛṣu
| **brātərəšū
|
| ełbars
|
|
|
|
|
|
| /
| *bʰrā́tṛsu
|
| Gen.
| (bhrā́tṛṇām)
| *brāϑrąm
|
| ełbarcՙ
| frātrum
| bráithrea
| bruodero
|
|
|
| protärnts
| *bʰrā́trom
|
| Abl.
| bhrā́tṛbhyas
| *brātərəbiiō
|
| frātribus
| bráthrib / bráthr(a)ib
| bruoderum
|
|
|
| /
| *bʰrā́tṛbhi̯ós
|
| Dat.
|
|
| Instr.
| bhrā́tṛbhis
| **brātərəbīš
|
| ełbarbkՙ
|
|
|
| /
| *bʰrā́tṛbhis
|
| Dual
|
| Case
| Old Indic
| Avestan
| Greek
| Armenian
| Latin
| Old Irish
| OHG
| OCS
| Lithuanian
| Hittite
| Toch. B
| PIE
|
| Nom.
| bhrā́tarā / bhrā́tarau
| **brātarā/ *brātarō?
|
|
|
| *bráthir
|
|
|
|
| **procere
| *bʰrā́terh1e?
|
| Voc.
|
|
|
|
|
| Acc.
|
|
|
|
|
| Loc.
| bhrā́tṛros
| *brātarō
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| *bʰrā́tṛh1ou?
|
| Gen.
| bhrā́tṛros
| *brātarå̄?
|
|
|
| *bráthar
|
|
|
|
|
| *bʰrā́tṛh1ou̯s?
|
| Abl.
| bhrā́tṛbhyām
| *brātərəbiiā
|
|
| *bráithrib / *bráthr(a)ib
|
|
|
|
|
| *bʰrā́tṛbhi̯ōm?
|
| Dat.
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Instr.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Stem: (*dʰugh2tér- >) *dʰugə2tér- "daughter"
|
| Singular
|
| Case
| Old Indic
| Avestan
| Greek
| Armenian
| Latin
| Old Irish
| OHG
| OCS
| Lithuanian
| Hittite
| Toch. B
| PIE
|
| Nom.
| duhitā́
| dugdā
| ϑυγάτηρ
| dowstr
| (fīliā)
| (ingen)
| tohter
| dŭšti
| duktė̃
|
| tkācer
| *dʰugə2tḗr
|
| Voc.
| duhitar
| *dugdarə
| ϑύγατερ
|
|
| tohter
| dŭšti
| (dukteriẽ)
|
|
| *dʰúgə2ter
|
| Acc.
| duhitáram
| *dugdarə̄m
| ϑυγατέρα (/ ϑύγατρα)
|
|
| tohter
| dŭšterĭ
| dùkterį̃
|
| >
| *dʰugə2térṃ
|
| Loc.
| duhitári
| **dugdari ?
| *ϑυγατέρι (/ ϑυγατρί)
| dster
|
|
|
| dŭšteri
| dukteryjè
|
| /
| *dʰugə2téri
|
| Gen.
| duhitúr
| **dugdərəš
| ϑυγατρός (ϑυγατέρος)
| dster
|
|
| tohter
| dŭštere
| dukter̃s
|
| tkātre
| *dʰugə2tré/ós
|
| Abl.
| (dsterē)
; tkātre
|
|
| Dat.
| duhitré
| *dugdrē
|
| dster
|
|
| tohter
| dŭšteri
| dùkteriai
|
| (= Gen.)
| *dʰugə2tréi̯
|
| Instr.
| duhitrā́
| *dugdrā
|
| dsterb
|
|
|
| dŭšterĭjǫ
| dukterimì
|
| /
| *dʰugə2trḗ
|
| Plural
|
| Case
| Old Indic
| Avestan
| Greek
| Armenian
| Latin
| Old Irish
| OHG
| OCS
| Lithuanian
| Hittite
| Toch. B
| PIE
|
| Nom.
| duhitáras
| *dugdarō
| ϑυγατέρες
| dsterkՙ
|
|
| *tohter (/tohterâ)
| dŭšteri
| dùkterys
|
| (tkā̆cera) / tkātärñ)
| *dʰugə2téres
|
| Voc.
| duhitaras
| **dugdarō
| ϑυγατέρες (/ ϑύγατρες)
|
| *tohter (/tohterâ)
| dŭšteri
| dùkterys
|
|
| *dʰúgə2teres?
|
| Acc.
| duhitṝ́s
| **dugdrąs
| ϑυγατέρας (/ ϑύγατρας)
| dsters
|
| *tohter (/tohterâ)
| dŭšteri
| dùkteris
|
| (tkā̆cera / tkātärñ)
| *dʰugə2tṛ́ns?
|
| Loc.
| duhitṛ́ṣu
| **dugdərəšū
| ϑυγατράσι
| dsters
|
|
|
| *dŭšterĭxŭ
| dukterysè
|
| /
| *dʰugə2tṛsú
|
| Gen.
| (duhitṝṇā́m)
| dugdrąm
| ϑυγατρῶν /*ϑυγατέρων
| dsteracՙ
|
|
| tohtero (/tohterôn)
| dŭšterŭ
| dukterų̃
|
| (tkātärts)
| *dʰugə2tróm
|
| Abl.
| duhitṛ́bhyas
| **dugdərəbiiō
|
|
|
| tohterum (/tohterûn)
| dŭšterĭmŭ
| dukterìms
|
| /
| *dʰugə2tṛbhi̯ós
|
| Dat.
(tkā̆c
|
|
| Instr.
| duhitṛ́bhis
| **dugdərəbīš
|
| dsterbkՙ
| dŭšterĭmi
| dukterimìs
|
| /
| *dʰugə2tṛbhís
|
| Dual
|
| Case
| Old Indic
| Avestan
| Greek
| Armenian
| Latin
| Old Irish
| OHG
| OCS
| Lithuanian
| Hittite
| Toch. B
| PIE
|
| Nom.
| duhitárā / duhitárau
| **dugdarā/ *dugdarō?
| ϑυγατ(έ)ρε
|
|
|
|
| *dŭšteri
|
|
| *tkācere
| *dʰugə2térh1e?
|
| Voc.
|
|
|
|
|
| Acc.
|
|
|
|
|
| Loc.
| duhitṛrós
| *dugdarō
| ϑυγατροῖν (/ϑυγατέροιν)
|
|
|
|
| *dŭšteru
|
|
|
| *dʰugə2tṛh1óu?
|
| Gen.
| duhitṛrós
| *dugdarå̄?
|
|
|
|
| *dŭšteru
|
|
|
| *dʰugə2tṛh1óu̯s?
|
| Abl.
| duhitṛ́bhyām
| *dugdərəbiiā
|
|
|
|
| *dŭšterĭma
|
|
|
| *dʰugə2tṛbhi̯ṓm?
|
| Dat.
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Instr.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1. Young Avestan forms in italics.
[back / zurück]
Elements of the Proto-Indo-European Verb Morphology
The categories of the PIE verb:
a) Persons and numbers:
| Singular
| Dual
| Plural
|
| 1. person
| 2. person
| 3. person
| 1. person
| 2. person
| 3. person
| 1. person
| 2. person
| 3. person
|
c) Tenses and moods:
| Stem:
| Present stem
| Aorist stem
| Perfect stem
|
| Aspect/Aktionsart:
| imperfective
| perfective
| resultative
|
| Present:
| Indicative Pres.
| —
| Indicative Perf.
|
| Past:
| Indicative Impf.
| Indicative Aor.
| (Plusqu.)
|
| Extratemporariality / Memoration:
| Injunctive Pres.
| Injunctive Aor.
| (Injunctive Perf.)
|
| Prospectivity / Voluntativity:
| Subjunctive Pres.
| Subjunctive Aor.
| (Subjunctive Perf.)
|
| Cupitivity / Potentiality:
| Optative Pres.
| Optative Aor.
| (Optative Perf.)
|
| Order / Admonition:
| Imperative Pres.
| Imperative Aor.
| (Imperative Perf.)
|
d) Present stem formation (Indo-Iranian model):
| Athematic formations
|
| Name
| OInd.Cl.
| OInd.
| Bthl.-Cl.
| Avest.
| PIIr.
| PIE.
|
| athematic root pres.
| II.
| éti
| 1.
| aēiti
| *ái̯ti
| **h1éi-ti
| same, of seṭ roots
| brávīmi
| 22.
| mraomī
| *mláu̯əmi
| **mléuH-mi
| same, long grade (Narten pres.)
| stáumi
| 15.
| stāumī
| *stāu̯mi
| **stḗu-mi
| Denominatives
| bhiṣákti
| 32.
| *bišašti
| *bʰišáćti
| *bʰiséǵ-ti
| i-reduplicated root pres.
| III.
| síṣakti
| 5.
| hišhaxti
| *síšakti
| *si-sekw-ti
| e-reduplicated root pres.
| dádhāti
| 5.
| dadāitī
| *dʰádʰāti
| **dʰe-dʰoh1-ti
| Intensive
| carkarmi
| 7.
| *čarəkarəimi
| *čárkarmi
| *ker-korH-mi
| n-infix pres.
| VII.
| rinákti
| 8.
| irinaxti
| *linákti
| **li-né-kw-ti
| nu present
| V.
| śṛṇóti
| 10.
| surunaoiti
| *ćḷnáu̯ti
| **ḱl-né-u-ti
| (u present)
| VIII.
| karómi
|
|
|
|
| nā present
| IX.
| prīṇā́ti
| 11.
| *frīnāitī
| *prinā́ti
| **pri-né-H-ti
| thematic formations
|
| Name
| OInd.Cl.
| OInd.
| Bthl.-Cl.
| Avest.
| PIIr.
| PIE
|
| full-grade thematic pres.
| I.
| bhárati
| 2.
| baraitī
| *bʰárati
| **bʰér-e-ti
| "-d- present"
|
| 18.
| auua-ŋwhabdaēta
|
|
| long-grade thematic pres.
| bhrā́jati
| 4.
| brāzaiti
| *bʰrāj́ati
| **bʰréh1ǵ-e-ti
| -v-e- present
| jī́vati
| 20.
| *juuaiti
| *ǰī́u̯ati
| **gwíh3=u̯=e-ti
| i-redupl. thematic pres.
| tíṣṭhanti
| 6.
| hištənti
| *stíštʰanti
| **sti-sth2-e=nti
| zero-grade thematic pres.
| VI.
| sṛjánti
| 3.
| hərəzənti
| *sḷǰánti
| *sḷg-é=nti
| same, with -n- infix
| siñcánti
| 9.
| *hincinti
| *sinčánti
| **si-n-kw-é=nti
| -sḱ-é- suffix pres.
| pṛcháti
| 14.
| pərəsaiti
| *pṛćśćáti
| **pṛḱ-sḱ-é-ti
| Desiderative
| dípsati
| 16.
| *diβžaiti
| *dʰídʰbʰzati
| *dʰi-dʰbʰ-s-e-ti
| -i̯e- present
| IV.
| náśyati
| 26.
| nasiieiti
| *náći̯ati
| *néḱ-i̯e-ti
| same, with long-grade root?
|
| 28.
| *rāmiieiti
|
|
| same, with zero-grade root?
| drúhyati
| 27.
| družaiti
| *dʰrúǰʰi̯ati
| *dʰrúgʰ-i̯e-ti
| same, passive
| mriyáte
| "
| miriieite
| *mṛi̯átai̯
| **mṛ-i̯é-toi̯
| -i̯é- denominatives
| bhiṣajyáti
| 31.
| *bišažiieiti
| *bʰišaj́i̯áti
| *bʰišeǵ-i̯é-ti
| -en-i̯é- denominatives
| iṣanyáti
| 13.
| pərəsaniieiti
|
|
| -eH-i̯é- derivatives
| gṛbhāyáti
| 23.
| *gəuruuāiieiti
| *gʰṛbʰāi̯áti
| *gʰṛbʰ-eh2-i̯é-ti
| -i̯é- with redupl. root (intens.)
| dediṣyáte
| 29.
| *rārišiieiti
|
|
| -s-i̯é- future
| vakṣyánti
| 17.
| *vaxšiienti
| *u̯akši̯áti
| **u̯ekw-s-i̯é-ti
| -éi̯e- (causative)
| X.
| tāpáyati
| 30.
| tāpaiieiti
| *tāpái̯ati
| **top-éi̯e-ti
| -éi̯e- with zero-grade root
| iṣáyati
| 24.
| *išaiieiti
| *išái̯ati
| *is-éi̯e-ti
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
e) Aorist stem formation:
| athematic formations
|
| Name
| OInd.Cl.
| OInd.
| Bthl.-Cl.
| Avest.
| PIIr.
| PIE.
|
| athematic root aor.
| (I.)
| (á)kár
| (1.)
| čōrət
| *(á)čárt
| *(é-)kwér-t
| s-Aorist (Med.)
| (a)maṃsi
| S1
| mə̄ṇghī
| *(á)mánsi
| **(é-)mén-s-i
| iṣ-Aorist (Subj.)
| neṣat
| S2
| naēšat̰
| *nai̯əšat
| *nei̯H-s-e-t
| siṣ-Aorist
| ayāsiṣam
| S3
|
|
|
| thematic formations
|
| Name
| OInd.Cl.
| OInd.
| Bthl.-Cl.
| Avest.
| PIIr.
| PIE.
|
| zero-grade them. root aor.
| (II.)
| (á)vidát
| (3.)
| vīdat̰
| *(á)u̯idát
| **(é-)u̯id-é-t
| same, with redupl.
| (á)vócat
| (6.)
| vaočat̰
| *(á)u̯áu̯čat
| **(é-)u̯é-u̯kw-e-t
| -ı̄̆-redupl. (caus.)
| (á)jī́janat
| (14.)
| *zīzanat̰
| *(á)j́īj́an'at
| **(é-)ǵi-ǵn̥h1-e-t
| | | | | | |
N.B.: Reconstructions are morphonological;
- ** = PIE reconstructions that are supported by non-Indo-Iranian evidence;
- * = reprojections that are only based on Indo-Iranian material;
- — not listed: Bthl.-classes 12., 19., 21., 25.
Parts of A Verbal Paradigm Reconstructed
| Root: *bher- "to carry"
|
| Present indicative active
|
| Person |
Old Indic |
Avestan |
Greek |
Armen. |
Latin |
Old Irish |
OHG |
OCS |
Lith. |
(Hittite) |
Toch.B |
PIE |
| 1.Sg. |
bhárāmi |
barāmi |
ϕέρω |
berem |
ferō |
biru |
biru |
berǫ |
(beriù) |
-imi |
*parau |
*bhér-ō < **bhér-o-h2 |
| 2.Sg. |
bhárasi |
barahi |
ϕέρεις |
beres |
fers |
biri |
biris |
bereši |
(berì) |
-iši |
*part(o) |
*bhér-e-si |
| 3.Sg. |
bhárati |
baraiti |
ϕέρει |
berē |
fert |
berid |
birit |
beretŭ |
(bẽria) |
-izzi |
paräṃ |
*bhér-e-ti |
| 1.Du. |
bhárāvas |
**barāuuō |
|
|
|
|
|
berevě |
(bẽriava) |
|
|
*bhér-o-u̯o- |
| 2.Du. |
bhárathas |
**baraϑō |
ϕέρετον |
|
|
|
|
bereta |
(bẽriata) |
|
|
*bhér-e-tho- |
| 3.Du. |
bháratas |
baratō |
ϕέρετον |
|
|
|
|
berete/-ta |
(bẽria) |
|
*parteṃ |
*bhér-e-to- |
| 1.Pl. |
bhárāmas(i) |
barāmahi |
ϕέρομεν |
beremkՙ |
ferimus |
berm(a)i |
berumēs |
beremŭ |
(bẽriam(e)) |
-au̯eni |
*parem |
*bhér-o-mes |
| 2.Pl. |
bháratha |
*baraϑā |
ϕέρετε |
berēkՙ |
fertis |
*beirthe |
beret |
berete |
(bẽriat(e)) |
-itteni |
*parcer |
*bhér-e-the |
| 3.Pl. |
bháranti |
barəṇti |
ϕέρουσι(ν) |
beren |
ferunt |
ber(a)it |
berant |
berǫtŭ |
(bẽria) |
-anzi |
*pareṃ |
*bhér-o-nti |
| Present indicative medium
|
| Person |
Old Indic |
Avestan |
Greek |
Armen. |
Latin |
Old Irish |
Goth. (!) |
OCS |
Lith. |
(Hittite) |
Toch.B |
PIE |
| 1.Sg. |
bháre |
*bairē |
ϕέρομαι |
(berim) |
feror |
|
bairada |
|
|
-aḫḫa(ri) |
*premar |
*bhérai̯ < **bhér-e-h2i |
| 2.Sg. |
bhárase |
*barahē |
ϕέρῃ |
(beris) |
ferris |
|
bairaza |
|
|
-attati |
*partar |
*bhér-e-soi̯ |
| 3.Sg. |
bhárate |
baraitē |
ϕέρεται |
(beri) |
fertur |
ber(a)ir |
bairada |
|
|
-atta(ri) |
*partär |
*bhér-e-toi̯ |
| 1.Du. |
bhárāvahe |
**barāuuaidē |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*bhér-o-u̯edh- |
| 2.Du. |
bhárethe |
**baraēϑē |
ϕέρεσϑον |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*bhér-o-i̯-tho- |
| 3.Du. |
bhárete |
*baraētē |
ϕέρεσϑον |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*bhér-o-i̯-to- |
| 1.Pl. |
bhárāmahe |
*baramaidē |
ϕερόμεϑα |
(berimkՙ) |
ferimur |
|
bairanda |
|
|
-au̯aštati |
*premtär |
*bhér-o-medh- |
| 2.Pl. |
bháradhve |
*barōduiiē |
ϕέρεσϑε |
(berikՙ) |
feriminī |
|
bairanda |
|
|
-adduma |
*partär |
*bhér-e-dhu̯e- |
| 3.Pl. |
bhárante |
barəṇtē |
ϕέρονται |
(berin) |
feruntur |
bert(a)ir |
bairanda |
|
|
-anta(ri) |
*prentär |
*bhér-o-ntoi̯ |
|
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Copyright
Jost Gippert
Frankfurt a/M 2001. No parts of this document may be republished in any form
without prior permission by the copyright holder.