The 2015 Lancet Commission on Health and Climate Change has been formed to map out the impacts of
climate change, and the necessary policy responses, in order to ensure the highest
attainable standards of health for populations worldwide. This Commission is multidisciplinary
and international in nature, with strong collaboration between academic centres in
Europe and China.
This article is available free of charge.
Simply log in to access the full article, or register for free if you do not yet have a username and password.
Already registered?
Not yet registered?
Register for freeReferences
- 1.Managing the health effects of climate change: Lancet and University College London Institute for Global Health Commission.Lancet. 2009; 373: 1693-1733
- 2.Summary for policymakers.in: Field CB Barros VR Dokken DJ Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part A: global and sectoral aspects. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY, USA2014: 1-32
- 3.Introduction.in: Stocker TF Qin D Plattner G-K Climate change 2013: the physical science basis contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA2013: 119-158
- 4.
British Petroleum. BP statistical review of world energy June 2014. London: BP, 2014.
- 5.Carbon and Other Biogeochemical Cycles.in: Stocker TF Qin D Plattner G-K Climate change 2013: the physical science basis contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA2013: 465-570
- 6.Trends in atmospheric carbon dioxide.(accessed Dec 22, 2014).
- 7.Digesting 400 ppm for global mean CO2 concentration.Curr Sci. 2013; 104: 1471-1472
- 8.Summary for Policymakers.in: Stocker TF Qin D Plattner G-K Climate change 2013: the physical science basis contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA2013: 1-30
- 9.Increased ice losses from Antarctica detected by CryoSat-2.Geophys Res Lett. 2014; 41: 3899-3905
- 10.RCP 8.5—A scenario of comparatively high greenhouse gas emissions.Clim Change. 2011; 109: 33-57
- 11.Human contribution to the European heatwave of 2003.Nature. 2004; 432: 610-614
- 12.Increase of extreme events in a warming world.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011; 108: 17905-17909
- 13.Reconciling two approaches to attribution of the 2010 Russian heat wave.Geophys Res Lett. 2012; 39: L04702
- 14.Explaining extreme events of 2012 from a climate perspective.Bull Am Meteor Soc. 2013; 94: S1-S106
- 15.Explaining extreme events of 2013 from a climate perspective.Bull Am Meteor Soc. 2014; 95: S1-S96
- 16.Explaining extreme events of 2011 from a climate perspective.Bull Am Meteor Soc. 2012; 93: 1041-1067
- 17.Anthropogenic greenhouse gas contribution to flood risk in England and Wales in autumn 2000.Nature. 2011; 470: 382-385
- 18.Turn down the heat: why a 4°C warmer world must be avoided.(accessed May 10, 2015).
- 19.The signal and the noise: the art and science of prediction. Penguin UK, London2012
- 20.Multi-agency operations: cooperation during flooding.Appl Ergon. 2012; 43: 38-47
- 21.Scrutiny inquiry into the summery emergency 2007. Gloucestershire County Council, Gloucestershire2007
- 22.Planetary boundaries: exploring the safe operating space for humanity.Ecol Soc. 2009; 14: 32
- 23.Tipping elements in the Earth's climate system.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008; 105: 1786-1793
- 24.Health risks of climate change: act now or pay later.Lancet. 2014; 384: 1073-1075
- 25.Beyond ‘dangerous’ climate change: emission scenarios for a new world. Philos Trans A Math Phys.Eng Sci. 1934; 2011: 20-44
- 26.Health in the Green Economy. World Health Organisation, Geneva2011
- 27.The health benefits of tackling climate change: an Executive Summary for the Lancet Series.http://www.thelancet.com/pb/assets/raw/Lancet/stories/series/health-and-climate-change.pdf(accessed May 10, 2015).Date: Nov 25, 2009
- 28.Access to modern energy services for health facilities in resource-constrained settings. World Health Organization, Geneva2015
- 29.Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions: overview and implications for policy makers.Lancet. 2009; 374: 2104-2114
- 30.A handful of heuristics and some propositions for understanding resilience in social-ecological systems.Ecol Soc. 2006; 11: 13
- 31.Human health—impacts adaptation and co-benefits. Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability Working Group II contribution to the IPCC 5th Assessment Report. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA2014
- 32.Quantitative risk assessment of the effects of climate change on selected causes of death, 2030s and 2050s. World Health Organization, Geneva2014
- 33.Human security.in: Field CB Barros VR Dokken DJ Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part A: global and sectoral aspects contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA2014: 755-791
- 34.Food security and sociopolitical stability. Oxford University Press, Oxford2013
- 35.Women, girls and disasters: a review for DFID. Department for International Development (DFID), London2013
- 36.An analysis of the causes and circumstances of flood disaster deaths.Disasters. 2005; 29: 75-97
- 37.Gender, climate change and health. World Health Organization, Geneva2014
- 38.Impact of regional climate change on human health.Nature. 2005; 438: 310-317
- 39.Heat-related respiratory hospital admissions in Europe in a changing climate: a health impact assessment.BMJ Open. 2013; 3: e001842
- 40.Magnitude of extreme heat waves in present climate and their projection in a warming world.J Geophys Res D Atmospheres. 2014; 199: 500-512
- 41.Historic and future increase in the global land area affected by monthly heat extremes.Environ Res Lett. 2013; 8: 034018
- 42.Demographic and socio-economic consequences of heat wave and forest fires of 2010 in European Russia.Ecol Life. 2011; 5: 80-85
- 43.Satellite-based estimates of ground-level fine particulate matter during extreme events: a case study of the Moscow fires in 2010.Atmos Environ. 2011; 45: 6225-6232
- 44.Climate change, heat and cold waves as risk factors of increased mortality in Russia.Ecoforum. 2012; 2: 122-138
- 45.The hot summer of 2010: redrawing the temperature record map of Europe.Science. 2011; 332: 220-224
- 46.Winter mortality in a warming climate: a reassessment.Wiley Interdiscip Rev Clim Change. 2013; 4: 203-212
- 47.Excess winter mortality in Europe: a cross country analysis identifying key risk factors.J Epidemiol Community Health. 2003; 57: 784-789
- 48.Heat, cold and climate change.J Epidemiol Community Health. 2014; 68: 595-596
- 49.Climate warming will not decrease winter mortality.Nature Clim Change. 2014; 4: 190-194
- 50.Global forecasts of urban expansion to 2030 and direct impacts on biodiversity and carbon pools.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2012; 109: 16083-16088
- 51.The roads ahead: narratives for shared socioeconomic pathways describing world futures in the 21st century.Glob Environ Change. 2015; (published online Feb 12.)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.01.004
- 52.The human core of the shared socioeconomic pathways: population scenarios by age, sex and level of education for all countries to 2100.Glob Environ Change. 2014; (published online July 4.)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.06.004
- 53.The need for and use of socio-economic scenarios for climate change analysis: a new approach based on shared socio-economic pathways.Glob Environ Change. 2012; 22: 807-822
- 54.The global distribution and burden of dengue.Nature. 2013; 496: 504-507
- 55.Heat stress and public health: a critical review.Annu Rev Public Health. 2008; 29: 41-55
- 56.Climate change when you are getting on in life.Environ Plann A. 2011; 43: 2257-2260
- 57.Environment and development. Universal education is key to enhanced climate adaptation.Science. 2014; 346: 1061-1062
- 58.Workplace heat stress, health and productivity—an increasing challenge for low and middle-income countries during climate change.Global Health Action. 2009; 2 (10.3402/gha.v2i0.2047.)
- 59.Human thermal environment: the effects of hot, moderate and cold temperatures on human health, comfort and performance. 3rd edn. CRC Press, New York2014
- 60.Surmortalité liée à la Canicule d'Août 2003: Rapport d'Étape. Estimation de la Surmortalite et Principales Caracteristiques Epidemiologiques. Rapport remis au Ministre de la Santé, de la Famille et des Personnes Handicapées. Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris2003
- 61.Heat-related deaths among crop workers—United States, 1992–2006.MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2008; 57: 649-653
- 62.Resolving the enigma of the mesoamerican nephropathy: a research workshop summary.Am J Kidney Dis. 2014; 63: 396-404
- 63.Climate vulnerability monitor 2012: a guide to the cold calculus of a hot planets. Fundacion DARA Internacional, Barcelona2012
- 64.Human development report 2011. Sustainability and equity: a better future for all. UNDP, London2011
- 65.Reductions in labour capacity from heat stress under climate warming.Nature Clim Change. 2013; 3: 563-566
- 66.Food security and food production systems.in: Field CB Barros VR Dokken DJ Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part A: global and sectoral aspects contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA2014: 485-533
- 67.An adaptability limit to climate change due to heat stress.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010; 107: 9552-9555
- 68.World malaria report. World Health Organization, Geneva2012
- 69.Trends in malaria-attributable morbidity and mortality among young children admitted to Ugandan hospitals, for the period 1990–2001.Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2004; 98: 315-327
- 70.Altitudinal changes in malaria incidence in highlands of Ethiopia and Colombia.Science. 2014; 343: 1154-1158
- 71.Global change and human vulnerability to vector-borne diseases.Clin Microbiol Rev. 2004; 17: 136-173
- 72.Atlas of health and climate. World Health Organization, Geneva2012
- 73.Worldwide fluctuations in dengue fever case related to climate variability.Clim Res. 2003; 25: 85-94
- 74.Effects of global climate on infectious disease: the cholera model.Clin Microbiol Rev. 2002; 15: 757-770
- 75.Burden on disease from air pollution in 2012.http://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/FINAL_HAP_AAP_BoD_24March2014.pdf(accessed Oct 7, 2014).Date: 2014
- 76.Effect of climate change on air quality.Atmos Environ. 2009; 43: 51-63
- 77.Modelling the regional effects of climate change on air quality.C R Geosci. 2007; 339: 721-733
- 78.The role of increasing temperature variability in European summer heatwaves.Nature. 2004; 427: 332-336
- 79.Effects of 2000–2050 global change on ozone air quality in the United States.J Geophys Res, D, Atmospheres. 2008; 113: D06302
- 80.Impacts of global climate change and emissions on regional ozone and fine particulate matter concentrations over the United States.J Geophys Res, D, Atmospheres. 2007; 112: D14312
- 81.How does climate change contribute to surface ozone change over the United States?.J Geophys Res, D, Atmospheres. 2006; 111: D05301
- 82.Effects of future climate change on regional air pollution episodes in the United States.Geophys Res Lett. 2004; 31: L24103
- 83.Assessing ozone-related health impacts under a changing climate.Environ Health Perspect. 2004; 112: 1557-1563
- 84.Projected effect of 2000–2050 changes in climate and emissions on aerosol levels in China and associated transboundary transport.Atmos Chem Phys. 2013; 13: 7937-7960
- 85.Sensitivity of surface ozone over China to 2000–2050 global changes of climate and emissions.Atmos Environ. 2013; 75: 374-382
- 86.Projection of climate change in China in the 21st century by IPCC-AR4 models.Geograph Res. 2008; 27: 787-799
- 87.A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.Lancet. 2012; 380: 2224-2260
- 88.Nonlinear heat effects on African maize as evidenced by historical yield trials.Nature Clim Change. 2011; 1: 42-45
- 89.Climate trends and global crop production since 1980.Science. 2011; 333: 616-620
- 90.Child malnutrition and climate in Sub-Saharan Africa: An analysis of recent trends in Kenya.Appl Geogr. 2012; 35: 405-413
- 91.Ground water and climate change.Nature Clim Change. 2013; 3: 322-329
- 92.Multimodel assessment of water scarcity under climate change.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2014; 111: 3245-3250
- 93.Global health impacts of floods: epidemiologic evidence.Epidemiol Rev. 2005; 27: 36-46
- 94.The impact of sea level rise on developing countries: a comparative analysis.Clim Change. 2009; 93: 379-388
- 95.Sea-level rise and its possible impacts given a ‘beyond 4°C world’ in the twenty-first century.Philos Trans R Soc A. 1934; 2011: 161-181
- 96.Psychosocial impact of the summer 2007 floods in England.BMC Public Health. 2011; 11: 145
- 97.Global exposure to river and coastal flooding: Long term trends and changes.Glob Environ Change. 2012; 22: 823-835
- 98.Livelihoods and poverty.in: Field CB Barros VR Dokken DR Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part A: global and sectoral aspects contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY2014: 793-832
- 99.Whither the weather? Climate change and conflict.J Peace Res. 2012; 49: 3-9
- 100.An ill wind? Climate change, migration, and health.Environ Health Perspect. 2012; 120: 646-654
- 101.Migration, immobility and displacement outcomes following extreme events.Environ Sci Pol. 2013; 27: S32-S43
- 102.Climate change and public health: thinking, communicating, acting.Am J Prev Med. 2008; 35: 403-410
- 103.Climate change: the public health response.Am J Public Health. 2008; 98: 435-445
- 104.Global environmental change II: From adaptation to deliberate transformation.Prog Hum Geogr. 2012; 36: 667-676
- 105.Adaptation to climate change: from resilience to transformation. Routledge, London2011
- 106.Vulnerability.Glob Environ Change. 2006; 16: 268-281
- 107.Climate change and global health: quantifying a growing ethical crisis.EcoHealth. 2007; 4: 397-405
- 108.Glossary of terms.in: Field CB Stocker TF Qin D Managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaptation. A special report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, London, UK and New York, NY2012: 555-564
- 109.Social and ecological resilience: are they related?.Prog Hum Geogr. 2000; 24: 347-364
- 110.Transformative cornerstones of social science research for global change. International Social Science Council, Paris2012
- 111.France's heat health watch warning system.Int J Biometeorol. 2006; 50: 144-153
- 112.Has the impact of heat waves on mortality changed in France since the European heat wave of summer 2003? A study of the 2006 heat wave.Int J Epidemiol. 2008; 37: 309-317
- 113.Identifying practical adaptation options: an approach to address climate change-related health risks.Environ Sci Policy. 2008; 11: 359-369
- 114.Heat-health action plans: guidance. World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen2008
- 115.Effectiveness of green infrastructure for improvement of air quality in urban street canyons.Environ Sci Technol. 2012; 46: 7692-7699
- 116.Reducing vulnerability and exposure to disasters. The Asia-Pacific disaster report 2012. ESCAP and UNISDR, Bangkok2012
- 117.Benefits of mitigation of climate change for coastal areas.Glob Environ Change. 2004; 14: 229-244
- 118.Clouds gather in the sky, but no rain falls. Vulnerability to rainfall variability and food insecurity in Northern Bangladesh and its effects on migration.Clim Dev. 2013; 6: 18-27
- 119.The rising tide: assessing the risks of climate change and human settlements in low elevation coastal zones.Environ Urban. 2007; 19: 17-37
- 120.Migration and global environmental change: future challenges and opportunities. UK Government Office for Science, London2011
- 121.Catastrophe economics: the national flood insurance program.J Econ Perspect. 2010; 24: 165-186
- 122.Calling for an ecological approach to studying climate change and infectious diseases.Ecology. 2009; 90: 932-933
- 123.Potential of cooperation between human and animal health to strengthen health systems.Lancet. 2005; 366: 2142-2145
- 124.Vulnerability of national economies to the impacts of climate change on fisheries.Fish Fish. 2009; 10: 173-196
- 125.A place at the table?.Nature Rep Clim Change. 2009; 3: 68-70
- 126.Freshwater savings from marine protein consumption.Environ Res Lett. 2014; 9: 014005
- 127.Solutions for a cultivated planet.Nature. 2011; 478: 337-342
- 128.Importance of food-demand management for climate mitigation.Nature Clim Change. 2014; 4: 924-929
- 129.Avoiding future famines: strengthening the ecological foundation of food security through sustainable food systems. UNEP, Nairobi2012
- 130.The state of food insecurity in the world: how does international price volatility affect domestic economies and food security? FAO, Rome2011
- 131.Price volatility in food and agricultural markets: policy responses. FAO, Rome2011
- 132.Food price volatility.Phil Trans R Soc B. 2010; 365: 3023-3034
- 133.Promoting low-carbon investment. UNCTAD, New York and Geneva2013
- 134.Climate change implications for fisheries and aquaculture - overview of current scientific knowledge. Food and Agricultural Organization, Rome2009
- 135.Research returns redux: a meta-analysis of the returns to agricultural R&D.Aust J Agric Resour Econ. 2000; 44: 185-215
- 136.High food prices: the what, who, and how of proposed policy actions. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington DC2008
- 137.Global food security: challenges and policies.Science. 2003; 302: 1917-1919
- 138.Scaling up nutrition: a framework for action.http://siteresources.worldbank.org/NUTRITION/Resources/281846-1131636806329/PolicyBriefNutrition.pdf(accessed May 10, 2015).Date: 2010
- 139.Future demographic change and its interactions with migration and climate change.Glob Environ Change. 2011; 21: S21-S33
- 140.Climate change, migration, and development.in: Omelaniuk I Global perspectives on migration and development. Springer Books, New York2012: 153-172
- 141.Developing adequate humanitarian responses. Background papers of the study team on climate change and migration. The German Marshall Fund of the United States, Washington DC2010
- 142.Emergent risks and key vulnerabilities. Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability Working Group II Contribution to the IPCC 5th Assessment Report. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY2014: 1039-1099
- 143.Human health.in: Parry MC Palutikof OF van der Linden JP Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge2007: 391-431
- 144.Changing climate, moving people: framing migration, displacement and planned relocation. Policy brief no 8. UN University Institute for Environment and Human Security, Bonn2013
- 145.The search for safety: The effects of conflict, poverty and ecological influences on migration in the developing world.Glob Environ Change. 2011; 21: S82-S93
- 146.Toward a sustainable and resilient future.in: Field CB Stocker TF Qin D Managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaptation. A special report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY2012: 437-486
- 147.Climate change and mental health: a causal pathways framework.Int J Public Health. 2010; 55: 123-132
- 148.Hope, despair and transformation: climate change and the promotion of mental health and wellbeing.Int J Ment Health Syst. 2008; 2: 13
- 149.Solastalgia: the distress caused by environmental change.Australas Psychiatry. 2007; 15: S95-S98
- 150.Suicide and drought in New South Wales, Australia, 1970-2007.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2012; 109: 13950-13955
- 151.The social experience of drought in rural Iran.Land Use Policy. 2013; 30: 120-129
- 152.Trends in mental illness and suicidality after Hurricane Katrina.Mol Psychiatry. 2008; 13: 374-384
- 153.Adapting to and coping with the threat and impacts of climate change.Am Psychol. 2011; 66: 277-289
- 154.Governing climate displacement: the ethics and politics of human resettlement.Env Polit. 2012; 21: 308-328
- 155.National systems for managing the risks from climate extremes and disasters.in: Field CB Stocker TF Qin D Managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaptation. A special report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY2012: 339-392
- 156.Migration as adaptation: opportunities and limits.in: McAdam J Climate change and displacement: multidisciplinary perspectives. Hart Publishing, Oxford2010: 55
- 157.Where the rain falls: evidence from 8 countries on how vulnerable households use migration to manage the risk of rainfall variability and food insecurity.Clim Devel. 2014; 6: 1-17
- 158.Adaptive governance and institutional strategies for climate-induced community relocations in Alaska.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2013; 110: 9320-9325
- 159.Global climate change and infectious diseases.N Engl J Med. 2010; 362: 1061-1063
- 160.Possible impact of rising sea levels on vector-borne infectious diseases.BMC Infect Dis. 2011; 11: 18
- 161.Predicting the effect of climate change on African trypanosomiasis: integrating epidemiology with parasite and vector biology.J R Soc Interface. 2012; 9: 817-830
- 162.Impacts of biodiversity on the emergence and transmission of infectious diseases.Nature. 2010; 468: 647-652
- 163.Protecting health from climate change: vulnerability and adaptation assessment. World Health Organization and Pan American Health Organization, Geneva2012
- 164.Health co-benefits and risks of public health adaptation strategies to climate change: a review of current literature.Int J Public Health. 2013; 58: 305-311
- 165.Addressing human vulnerability to climate change: toward a ‘no-regrets’ approach.Glob Environ Change. 2009; 19: 89-99
- 166.Building human resilience: the role of public health preparedness and response as an adaptation to climate change.Am J Prev Med. 2008; 35: 508-516
- 167.Global health 2035: a world converging within a generation.Lancet. 2013; 382: 1898-1955
- 168.Assessing the costs of adaptation to climate change: a review of the UNFCCC and other recent estimates. Imperial College London and International Institute for Environment and Development, London2009
- 169.Global trends in emerging infectious diseases.Nature. 2008; 451: 990-993
- 170.Mapping of poverty and likely zoonoses hotspots. International Livestock Research Institute, London2012
- 171.The costs to developing countries of adapting to climate change: new methods and estimates. World Bank, Washington DC2010
- 172.After 2015: infectious diseases in a new era of health and development.Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2014; 369: 20130426
- 173.People, pathogens and our planet: the economics of one health. World Bank, Washington DC2012
- 174.Mapping climate change vulnerabilities to infectious diseases in Europe.Environ Health Perspect. 2012; 120: 385-392
- 175.Principles and practice of public health surveillance. 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, New York, NY2000
- 176.Ecosystem-based adaptation: a natural response to climate change. International Union for Conservation of Nature, Switzerland2009
- 177.Ecosystem services in the national adaptation programmes of action.Clim Pol. 2012; 12: 393-409
- 178.Forests and trees for social adaptation to climate variability and change.Wiley Interdiscip Rev Clim Chang. 2012; 3: 581-596
- 179.The role of ecosystems in coastal protection: adapting to climate change and coastal hazards.Ocean Coast Manage. 2014; 90: 50-57
- 180.Adaptation planning and implementation. Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability Working Group II Contribution to the IPCC 5th Assessment Report. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY2014
- 181.Resilience to extreme weather. The Royal Society Science Policy Centre, London2014
- 182.Adapting cities for climate change: the role of the green infrastructure.Built Environ. 2007; 33: 115-133
- 183.Climate change and Ecosystem-based Adaptation: a new pragmatic approach to buffering climate change impacts.Curr Opin Environ Sustain. 2013; 5: 67-71
- 184.Simulated changes in biogenic VOC emissions and ozone formation from habitat expansion of Acer Rubrum (red maple).Environ Res. 2014; 9: 014006
- 185.Avoided heat-related mortality through climate adaptation strategies in three US cities.PLoS One. 2014; 9: e100852
- 186.Constraints and barriers to public health adaptation to climate change: a review of the literature.Am J Prev Med. 2011; 40: 183-190
- 187.Toward an integrated analysis of mitigation and adaptation: some preliminary findings.Mitig Adapt Strategies Glob Change. 2007; 12: 713-725
- 188.2009 California climate adaptation strategy: a report to the Governor of the state of California in response to Executive Order S-13-2008. California Natural Resources Agency, Sacramento2009
- 189.Metropolitan Governance and Institutional Collective Action.Urban Aff Rev. 2008; 44: 356-377
- 190.Third synthesis report on technology needs identified by Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention. Document FCCC/SBSTA/2013/Inf7 Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice, thirty-ninth session. UNFCCC, Warsaw2013
- 191.Public perceptions of the health consequences of global warming. Yale University and George Mason University, New Haven2014
- 192.Creating a climate for change: communicating climate change and facilitating social change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge2007
- 193.Adaptation needs and options. Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability Working Group II Contribution to the IPCC 5th Assessment Report. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY2014
- 194.Global energy efficiency improvement in the long term: a demand-and supply-side perspective.Energy Efficiency. 2011; 4: 435-463
- 195.Redrawing the energy-climate map. World energy outlook special report. IEA, Paris2013
- 196.A review of climate geoengineering proposals.Clim Change. 2011; 109: 745-790
- 197.The urgency of the development of CO2 capture from ambient air.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2012; 109: 13156-13162
- 198.Mitigation potential and costs.in: Edenhofer O Pichs-Madruga R Sokona Y IPCC special report on renewable energy sources and climate change mitigation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY2011
- 199.The role of nuclear power in mitigating emissions from electricity generation.Energy Strat Rev. 2013; 1: 296-301
- 200.Reducing global health risks through mitigation of short-lived climate pollutants: scoping report for policymakers. World Health Organization and Climate and Clean Air Coalition, Geneva2015
- 201.Edenhofer O Pichs-Madruga R Sokona Y Climate change 2014: mitigation of climate change contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY2014
- 202.Introductory Chapter.in: Edenhofer O Pichs-Madruga R Sokona Y Climate change 2014: mitigation of climate change contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY2014
- 203.Energy Systems.in: Edenhofer O Pichs-Madruga R Sokona Y Climate change 2014: mitigation of climate change contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY2014
- 204.Rethinking adaptation for a 4°C world.Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci. 2011; 369: 196-216
- 205.Resource curse or rentier peace? The ambiguous effects of oil wealth and oil dependence on violent conflict.J Peace Res. 2009; 46: 757-776
- 206.Energy sector vulnerability to climate change: a review.Energy. 2012; 38: 1-12
- 207.Long-term sea-level rise implied by 1·5°C and 2°C warming levels.Nature Clim Change. 2012; 2: 867-870
- 208.Scenarios for a future electricity supply: cost-optimised variations on supplying Europe and its neighbours with electricity from renewable energies. Institution of Engineering and Technology, Stevenage2011
- 209.World energy outlook 2013. IEA, Paris2013
- 210.Consumption-based emissions reporting. Memorandum submitted by UKERC (CON 19).http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201012/cmselect/cmenergy/writev/consumpt/con20.htm(accessed May 10, 2015).Date: 2011
- 211.Drivers, trends and mitigation.in: Edenhofer O Pichs-Madruga R Sokona Y Climate change 2014: mitigation of climate change contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY2014
- 212.World development indicators—GDP per capita (constant 2005 US$). World Bank, Washington, DC2015
- 213.World development indicators—CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita). World Bank, Tennessee2015
- 214.Open Working Group proposal for Sustainable Development Goals. UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Division for Sustainable Development, New York2014
- 215.Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions: low-carbon electricity generation.Lancet. 2009; 374: 2006-2015
- 216.Electricity generation and health.Lancet. 2007; 370: 979-990
- 217.Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions: household energy.Lancet. 2009; 374: 1917-1929
- 218.Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions: urban land transport.Lancet. 2009; 374: 1930-1943
- 219.The unintended consequences of decarbonising the built environment: a UK case study.Energy Build. 2012; 46: 80-85
- 220.Human health and climate change: leverage points for adaptation in urban environments.Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2012; 9: 2134-2158
- 221.Cross-chapter box on ecosystem based approaches to adaptation—emerging opportunities.in: Field CB Barros VR Dokken DJ Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part A: global and sectoral aspects contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA2014: 101-103
- 222.Saving carbon, improving health: NHS carbon reduction strategy. Sustainable Development Unit, Cambridge2009
- 223.Module: carbon hotspots. Sustainable development strategy for the health and care system 2014–2020. Sustainable Development Unit, London2014
- 224.Inventory of US greenhouse gas emissions and sinks: 1990–2009. EPA, Washington, DC2011
- 225.Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction and Availability of Energy-Saving Practices in the Special Context of a Hospital Environment: Yonsei University Health System.(accessed Dec 7, 2014).
- 226.Gundersen reaches first days of energy independence: first health system in nation to achieve this distinction.(accessed Dec 7, 2014).
- 227.NHS, Public Health and Social Care. A cross England health system statement for the UN Climate Summit. Sustainable Development Unit, Cambridge2014
- 228.The importance of health co-benefits in macroeconomic assessments of UK greenhouse gas emission reduction strategies.Clim Change. 2013; 121: 223-237
- 229.Scenarios of methane emission reductions to 2030: abatement costs and co-benefits to ozone air quality and human mortality.Clim Change. 2012; 114: 441-461
- 230.Pathways to deep decarbonization: interim 2014 report. SDSN and IDDRI, Washington, DC2014
- 231.Assessing transformation pathways.in: Edenhofer O Pichs-Madruga R Sokona Y Climate change 2014: mitigation of climate change contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA2014
- 232.Annex II: metrics & methodology.in: Edenhofer O Pichs-Madruga R Sokona Y Climate change 2014: mitigation of climate change contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA2014
- 233.Residential energy-efficient technology adoption, energy conservation, knowledge, and attitudes: an analysis of European countries.Energy Pol. 2012; 49: 616-628
- 234.The behavioural wedge.Significance. 2010; 7: 17-20
- 235.Scenarios of technology adoption towards low-carbon cities.Energy Pol. 2014; 66: 685-693
- 236.Ethiek en technologie: moreel actorschap en subjectiviteit in een technologische cultuur.Ethische Perspectiven. 2006; 16: 267-289
- 237.Energy technology perspectives 2012. IEA, Paris2012
- 238.Coal medium-term market report 2012. IEA, Paris2012
- 239.Weighing the risks of climate change mitigation strategies.Bull At Sci. 2012; 68: 67-78
- 240.Defining and meeting the carbon constraints of the 21st Century.Build Res Inform. 2000; 28: 159-175
- 241.Technological transitions and system innovations: a co-evolutionary and socio-technical analysis. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham2005
- 242.Invention and transfer of climate change-mitigation technologies: a global analysis.Rev Environ Econ Pol. 2011; 5: 109-130
- 243.Technology transfer through climate change: setting a sustainable energy pattern.Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2010; 14: 1546-1557
- 244.How climate change mitigation could harm development in poor countries.Wiley Interdiscip Rev Clim Change. 2014; 5: 161-168
- 245.Economics of adaptation.in: Field CB Barros VR Dokken DJ Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part A: global and sectoral aspects contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA2014: 945-977
- 246.Meteorology: improve weather forecasts for the developing world.Nature. 2013; 493: 17-19
- 247.Climate change and health: a tool to estimate health and adaptation costs. World Health Organization, Copenhagen2013
- 248.Climate, environment and health action plan and information system: policy monitoring and assessment. World Health Organzation, Copenhagen2011
- 249.Global health expenditure database.(accessed Dec 22, 2014).
- 250.World health statistics 2014.(accessed Sept 7, 2014).
- 251.The cost of air pollution: health impacts of road transport. OECD, Paris2014
- 252.Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: a roadmap for moving to a competitive low carbon economy in 2050. European Commission, Brussels2011
- 253.REmap 2030: a renewable energy roadmap. IRENA, Abu Dhabi2014
- 254.Co-benefits of global greenhouse gas mitigation for future air quality and human health.Nature Clim Chang. 2013; 3: 885-889
- 255.A systems approach to evaluating the air quality co-benefits of US carbon policies.Nature Clim Change. 2014; 4: 917-923
- 256.Climate change: challenges and opportunities for global health.JAMA. 2014; 312: 1565-1580
- 257.Fuel poverty and human health: A review of recent evidence.Energy Pol. 2010; 38: 2987-2997
- 258.Quantifying the economic cost of unhealthy housing—a case study from England.in: Braubach M Jacobs DE Ormandy D Environmental burden of disease associated with inadequate housing: a method guide to the quantification of health effects of selected housing risks in the WHO European Region. World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen2011: 197-208
- 259.Multiple benefits of investing in energy efficient renovation of buildings: impact on public finances. Renovate Europe, Copenhagen2012
- 260.World energy outlook. IEA, Paris2012
- 261.Better growth, better climate. The Global Commission on the Economy and Climate, New York2014
- 262.World energy investment outlook. IEA, Paris2014
- 263.The global landscape of climate finance. Climate Policy Initiative, San Francisco2013
- 264.The social cost of carbon: valuation estimates and their use in UK policy.Integr Assess J. 2008; 8: 85-105
- 265.Planetary economics: energy, climate change and the three domains of sustainable development. Routledge, London2014
- 266.Key economic sectors and services.in: Field CB Barros VR Dokken DJ Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part A: global and sectoral aspects contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA2014: 659-708
- 267.Stern Review on the economics of climate change. HM Treasury, London2006
- 268.A review of the Stern Review on the economics of climate change.J Econ Lit. 2007; XLV: 703-724
- 269.Fat-tailed uncertainty in the economics of catastrophic climate change.Rev Environ Econ Policy. 2011; 5: 275-292
- 270.The structure of economic modeling of the potential impacts of climate change: grafting gross underestimation of risk onto already narrow science models.J Econ Lit. 2013; 51: 838-859
- 271.The choice of discount rate for climate change policy evaluation.Clim Change Econ. 2012; 3: 18
- 272.Mind the gap: quantifying principal-agent problems in energy efficiency. IEA, Paris2007
- 273.Energy economic developments in Europe: European economy. European Commission, Brussels2014
- 274.EU Energy, transport and GHG emissions: trends to 2050–reference scenario. European Commission, Luxembourg2013
- 275.Fund rankings 2013.(accessed Aug 25, 2014).
- 276.Investing in the clean trillion: closing the clean energy investment gap. Ceres, Boston2014
- 277.Institutional investors and green infrastructure investments: selected case studies. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris2013
- 278.The cash paradox: how record cash reserves are influencing corporate behaviour.http://dupress.com/articles/excess-cash-growth-strategies/(accessed Dec 20, 2014).Date: July, 2014
- 279.Millennium Development Goal 8, the challenge we face: MDG Gap Task Force Report 2013. United Nations, New York2013
- 280.The GLOBE climate legislation study: a review of climate legislation study: a review of climate change legislation in 66 countries. GLOBE International and the Grantham Research Institute, London School of Economics, London2014
- 281.State and trends of carbon pricing. World Bank, Washington, DC2014
- 282.Getting the prices right: from principle to practice. International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC2014
- 283.The Double Dividend Hypothesis of Environmental Taxes. Working Paper no.946. Centre for Economic Studies & the ifo Group, Munich2003
- 284.
International Energy Agency. World Energy Outlook. Paris; 2010.
- 285.The politics of fossil-fuel subsidies: global subsidies initiative & the international institute for sustainable development. Global Subsidies Initiative, International Institute for Sustainable Development, Geneva2009
- 286.World economic outlook. IMF, Washington, DC2010
- 287.The entrepreneurial state: debunking public vs private sector myths. Anthem Press, London2013
- 288.The impacts of sustainable public procurement: eight illustrative case studies. UNEP Sustainable Consumption and Production Branch, Paris2012
- 289.United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. IUCC, Geneva1992
- 290.The global climate change regime.in: Ekins P Bradshaw M Watson J Global energy: issues, potentials and policy implications. Oxford University Press, Oxford2015
- 291.The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change: a commentary.Yale J Int Law. 1993; 18: 451-558
- 292.Environmental diplomacy, negotiating more effective global agreements. Oxford University Press, New York1994
- 293.Why we disagree about climate change: understanding controversy, inaction and opportunity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge2009
- 294.Time for change? climate science reconsidered. Report of the UCL Policy Commission on Communicating Climate Science. UCL, London2014
- 295.The psychological distance of climate change.Risk Anal. 2012; 32: 957-972
- 296.Understanding carbon lock-in.Energy Pol. 2000; 28: 817-830
- 297.Institutionalizing delay: foundation funding and the creation of US climate change counter-movement organizations.Clim Change. 2014; 122: 681-694
- 298.Betsill. M. Cities and climate change: urban sustainability and global environmental governance. Routledge, New York2003
- 299.Cities, networks, and global environmental governance. Routledge, London2013
- 300.Governing from the middle: the C40 Cities Leadership Group.Corp Gov. 2010; 10: 73-84
- 301.Global Cities and the Transformation of the International System.Rev Int Stud. 2011; 37: 1923-1947
- 302.Between local innovation and global impact: cities, networks, and the governance of climate change.Can Foreign Pol J. 2013; 19: 288-307
- 303.City diplomacy: the expanding role of cities in international politics. Netherlands Institute of International Relations, The Hague2007
- 304.Climate change and financial instability seen as top global threats. Pew Research Center, Washington, DC2013
- 305.‘Think globally, act locally’? Climate change and public participation in Manchester and Frankfurt.Local Environ. 1999; 4: 317-329
- 306.Exploring the dimensionality of trust in risk regulation.Risk Anal. 2003; 23: 961-972
- 307.The consumption of a finite planet: well-being, convergence, divergence and the nascent green economy.Environ Resour Econ. 2013; 55: 475-499
- 308.Reducing the future to climate: a story of climate determinism and reductionism.Osiris. 2011; 26: 245-266
- 309.Climate change and society: the chimera of behaviour change technologies.Sociology. 2012; 46: 109-125
- 310.Individual understandings, perceptions, and engagement with climate change: insights from in–depth studies across the world.Wiley Interdiscip Rev Clim Chang. 2011; 2: 547-569
- 311.Emotional anchoring and objectification in the media reporting on climate change.Public Underst Sci. 2010; 19: 717-731
- 312.A meta-analysis of fear appeals: implications for effective public health campaigns.Health Educ Behav. 2000; 27: 591-615
- 313.Climate change and moral judgement.Nature Climate Change. 2012; 2: 243-247
- 314.Indigenous Australians' knowledge of weather and climate.Clim Change. 2010; 100: 337-354
- 315.The politics of climate change. John Wiley and Sons, Cambridge2009
- 316.Public perception, knowledge and policy support for mitigation and adaption to climate change in Costa Rica: comparisons with North American and European studies.Mitig Adapt Strategies Glob Change. 2013; 18: 303-323
- 317.Public attitudes toward climate change: findings from a multi-country poll. Background note to the world development report 2010. World Bank, Washington, DC2009
- 318.Changing human behavior to prevent disease: the importance of targeting automatic processes.Science. 2012; 337: 1492-1495
Article Info
Publication History
Published: June 22, 2015
Identification
Copyright
© 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
ScienceDirect
Access this article on ScienceDirectLinked Articles
- Climate and health: preparing for Paris
- President Hollande of France this week called it an “historic” step forward. He was referring to China's agreement to compliance checks on whatever deal is struck during COP21—the 21st session of the Conference of the Parties to the 1992 Framework Convention on Climate Change, which begins later this month in Paris. The agreement of China and the US, the world's two biggest emitters of greenhouse gases, is crucial if the goal of the meeting—to keep global temperature rises below 2°C—is to be achieved.
- Full-Text
- Achieving a cleaner, more sustainable, and healthier future
- In 2009, as countries prepared to negotiate a global climate treaty in Copenhagen, Denmark, the front cover of the first Lancet Commission on Health and Climate Change1 issued a stark warning: “Climate change is the biggest global health threat of the 21st century”.1 This warning was not heeded: the overall agreement fell short of the necessary ambition, and health was noticeable by its absence from the negotiations. However, over the longer term, the Commission made its mark, contributing to a gradual but increasing engagement of the health community.
- Full-Text
- Tackling climate change: the greatest opportunity for global health
- “Tackling climate change could be the greatest global health opportunity of the 21st century.”1 This finding, the central message of the second Lancet Commission on Health and Climate Change, attempts to answer the stark conclusion of the first Lancet Climate Change Commission, published in 2009—namely, that “Climate change is the biggest global health threat of the 21st century.”2
- Full-Text
- Reduce short-lived climate pollutants for multiple benefits
- Deep cuts in carbon dioxide emissions are urgently needed to prevent dangerous climate change, but they must be complemented by reductions in short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs), which produce a strong global warming effect but have relatively brief atmospheric lifetimes (figure). SLCPs generally cause more radiative forcing per kg than carbon dioxide, and their mitigation could have a greater effect on climate change in the near term (in some cases almost immediately)—eg, by reducing the melting of snow and ice.
- Full-Text
- Climate change and health
- Climate change and health
- The Lancet Commission on Climate Change1 calls on health professionals to mobilise and lead against climate change, as they have before against health threats such as tobacco and HIV/AIDs. However, shortfalls in current undergraduate curricula may mean tomorrow's doctors are ill-equipped to lead in this area.
- Full-Text
- Climate change and health
- The Lancet Commission on Health and Climate1 strongly urged the health sector to tackle climate change, especially from a mitigation perspective, which is a step forward from the traditional focus on health sector adaptation. We laud the authors' portrayal of climate change not just as the “biggest global health threat”,2 but also the “greatest global health opportunity”, terms that resound with both a sense of urgency and optimism, qualities that are the hallmark of global health.
- Full-Text
- Climate change and health
- The report of the 2015 Lancet Commission on Health and Climate Change1 is timely and welcome, particularly because of the emphasis on the health benefits of transition to sustainable ways of living. However, there is little in the report on the potential role of indigenous and local knowledge in both adaptation and mitigation responses for human health. This lack of attention is not confined to the health sector, and has been observed in other societal sectors that are the target of adaptation and mitigation efforts.
- Full-Text