The lexical evidence that Hurrian is an Indo-European language
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Arnaud Fournet (La Garenne Colombes)
1. Introduction
The paper lists the PIE roots that are represented in Hurrian. As will appear, most Hurrian words with
probable or securely established meanings are derived from PIE and have good comparanda in Indo-European
languages. For the most part, meanings are quoted from Richter’s Bibliographisches Glossar des Hurritischen,
even though Richter seems to oppose my approach of Hurrian (as an Indo-European language) and indicates that
my works listed in the References section of his Glossar are not taken into account in the main body of his book.
Besides, whenever possible, Urartian words or Substratic Armenian are added to the Hurrian data.
Contrary to an oft-repeated prejudice, which considers Hurro-Urartian an isolate family, there is no doubt
that it is fundamentally a new branch of the Indo-European family, as I have suspected and proposed for nearly
twenty years. The morphological evidence connecting Hurrian with the traditional reconstruction of PIE has
already been presented in the draft I coauthored with Allan Bomhard (Fournet–Bomhard 2010). The present
paper fully tackles the lexical part of the relationship, which was only tangentially dealt with in the original draft.
For the sake of clarity, the two branches of the Indo-European family are called: (Branch1) Hurro-Urartian
and (Branch2) Eteo-Indo-European, which comprises the Anatolian and Post-Anatolian subbranches. The word
‘Indo-European’ tends to be used in a quite lax fashion, applying either to some subset of Post-Anatolian-Split
languages or to Eteo-Indo-European as a whole. Here, a word is considered to be of Indo-European origin, only
if it is attested in at least one Near-Eastern language, be it Hurro-Urartian or Anatolian (stricto sensu).
2. Summary
Quite remarkably, the phonological density of PIE roots attested in Hurrian is quite high, and as a rule, most
CvC- combinations of PIE phonemes are usually reflected by Hurrian comparanda. In that respect, a clear divide
looms out among PIE phonemes in root-initial position:
- A first set is richly documented and combines with most other phonemes: *H4, *bh, *dh, *ğh, *H1, *H2, *l,
*m, *n, *H3, *p, *s, *w. These phonemes belong to the voiced aspirated, laryngeal and resonant series.
They represent the phonological core of PIE. It is unclear if word-initial *st should be considered a
phoneme on its own.
- A second set seems to be fairly rare: *gw, *gh, *ghw, *y, *kw.
- A third set is impossible root-initially: (*b,) *r.
- A fourth set only combines with laryngeals (*H) or resonants (*l, *r, *y, *w): *d, *ğ, *g, *gw. On the
contrary, the voiceless phonemes *ǩ, *k, *t do not seem to combine with laryngeals, though they seem to
combine with resonants. In other words, there is a kind of blurred complementary distribution between the
voiced series and the voiceless series. The phoneme *p behaves differently as it does not have a voiced
partner, so that *p is the only voiceless consonant that does not have combinatory restrictions.
To some extent, the paper has two simultaneous goals: it shows that Hurrian derives from PIE and it tries to
figure out what the phonology of the PIE roots was.
3. Lexical data: initial H4- (= Hittite, Hurrian ø)
PIE *H4ebh-, *H4ew- ‘some kind of oat or grass seed’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW *awiğ- ‘Grasart, Hafer’, Mallory–Adams 486 *Haewis ‘oats’
Three words listed in the Chicago Assyrian Dictionary can be compared with Latin avēna ‘oat’: (1) Hurrian
abahšini ‘CAD: cereal harvested when green’, (2) Hurrian abši ‘CAD: a grass seed [Nuzi]’, (3) Hurrian abuhuru
(or ? abuhušin) ‘CAD: a cereal [Middle Assyrian]’.
Though not explicitly described as Hurrian, the three words have regular Hurrian morphology.
PIE *H4ed- ‘at, to(ward)’ (a well-established root)
IEW 3 *ad- ‘zu, bei, an’, Mallory–Adams 484 *Haed- (WC) ‘at, to’
Hurrian -da- ‘Dative–Allative’ (Cf. Latin dominō-d)
According to Hurrian, the laryngeal is *H4.
PIE *H4eğ- ‘mener, guider’ (a well-established root)
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IEW 4–6 *ağ- ‘treiben, führen’, Mallory–Adams 484 *Haeğ- ‘to drive, fight’
Hurrian and Urartian ag- ‘to lead, bring’ (BGH 4–6)
According to Hurrian, the laryngeal is *H4.
PIE *H4eğw- ‘to carve, cut with an axe’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 9 *agwesi ‘Axt’, Mallory–Adams 484 *Haegwisy(e)Ha (WC) ‘axe’
Hurrian agul- ‘to carve, sculpt’ (BGH 6)
Hurrian agurni ‘carving, chiselling’ (BGH 6)
Urartian (reduplicated) kagul- ‘to write, inscribe’
According to Hurrian, the laryngeal is *H4.
PIE *H4eH4no- ‘ring’ (a well-established root)
IEW 47 *āno- ‘Ring’, Mallory–Adams 466 *ānos ‘circle, ring’
From this root are probably derived two words with insecure meanings: anni (< *H4eH4n-) ‘CAD: meaning
unknown [Nuzi] (? Hurrian word)’ and anuššani ‘CAD: an object in red gold [Qaṭna] (? Hurrian word)’.
PIE *H4eyğ- ‘goat’ (a well-established root)
IEW 13 *aiğ- ‘Ziege’, Mallory–Adams 485 *Haeiğ-s ‘goat’
Hurrian aigalluhi ‘CAD: a horned animal [El-Amarna] (Hurrian word)’ (BGH 118)
This horned animal is logically a goat-like animal. According to Hurrian, the laryngeal is *H4.
PIE *H4el- ‘to move about, get close to’ (a well-established root)
IEW 27 *al- ‘planlos umherschweifen, irren’, Mallory–Adams 485 *Hael- ‘to wander’
Hurrian al- ‘to get close to’ (BGH 11)
Hurrian uluh- ‘to be close to’ (BGH 485) (ul- < zero-grade)
Urartian ul- ‘to go’
Cf. Substratic Armenian աղտգ ałag, ełe(n)g ‘road, way’
According to Hurrian, the laryngeal is *H4.
PIE *H4el- ‘to speak, utter (loud)’ (a heretofore incorrectly reconstructed root)
IEW 29 alā ‘hallo’, 650–51 lā- ‘Schallwurzeln’, Mallory–Adams 485 *leHa- ‘to complain, cry out’
Hurrian and Urartian al- ‘to speak’ (BGH 10–11)
Hurrian alilan- ‘to shout, lament’ (BGH 10),
Hurrian elami ‘oath’ (BGH 80–81)
Cf. Substratic Armenian աղաղակ ałałak ‘cry, scream’
The root is more than just an onomatopeia, but a real verb. The vowel e in elami does not disprove *H4 because
some phonemes, especially l, n, y and h, cause a shift a > e.
PIE *H4el- ‘to feed, to grow (up)’ (a well-established root)
IEW 26–27 *al- ‘wachsen, nähren’, Mallory–Adams 485 (WC) *Hael- ‘to grow’
Hurrian eli ‘sister’, elakki ‘younger sister’ (BGH 80)
Hurrian ulan- ‘to (start to) eat’ (BGH 484) (ul- < zero-grade)
Urartian alsuiše ‘size’
The vowel e in eli does not disprove *H4 because some phonemes, especially l, n, y and h, cause a shift a > e. A
number of Indo-European kinship terms are based on verbs meaning ‘to feed, to suck, to breast-feed, etc.’
PIE *H4el- ‘other’ (a well-established root)
IEW 24–26 *al-: *alyos ‘anderer’, Mallory–Adams 485 *Haélyos ‘other’
Hurrian alaše ‘(if) otherwise’ (BGH 16)
Hurrian and Urartian uli ‘other’ (BGH 484) (ul- < zero-grade)
Hurrian ullui ‘on the other hand’ (BGH 488)
According to Hurrian, the laryngeal is *H4.
PIE *H4eldh- ‘an object carved in a trunk’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 31–32 *aldh- ‘Trog’, Mallory–Adams 487 *Hxoldhu- ‘(dugout) canoe, trough’
Hurrian aldabibi ‘CAD: a wooden box or chest’ (BGH 18)
According to Hurrian, the laryngeal is *H4.
PIE *H3/4em- ‘to go, reach’ (a new root)
Possibly linked to IEW 778 *om(ә)- ‘energisch vorgehen’
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Cf. Old Indien am- ‘to go (to)’, amani f. ‘road, path’, *amga, aṅga ‘member, limb’
Hurrian amm- ‘to arrive, reach’ (BGH 23–24)
Hurrian amumi ‘message’ (BGH 24)
Hurrian amumuni ‘CAD: city gate [Nuzi] (Hurrian word)’ (BGH 26)
According to Old Indian, the laryngeal is rather *H4.
PIE *H4em(m)- [babytalk] ‘(grand)mother’ (a well-established root)
IEW 36 *am(m)- ‘grandmother, aunt’, Mallory–Adams 484 *H4em- ‘mother’
Hurrian am(m)adi ‘grandfather, ancestor’ (BGH 25)
PIE *H4e(m)bh- ‘both’ (a well-established root)
IEW 34–35 *ambhō(u) ‘beide’, Mallory–Adams 468 *bhōu ‘both’
Hurrian aβiharrә ‘CAD: a measure of surface (= 1800 m2), a double hararnu’ (BGH 34)
According to Hurrian, the laryngeal is *H4. Mallory–Adams 310 holds *H4e(m)bh- to be a compound.
PIE *H4en-dh- ‘flower, bud, leaf’ (a well-established root)
IEW 40–41 *andh- ‘hervorstechen, sprießen, blühen’, Mallory–Adams 481 *H2éndhes- ‘± flower’
Hurrian ananuhi ‘mint’ (BGH 29)
Cf. Substratic Armenian անանուխ ananuḫ ‘mint’
According to Hurrian, the laryngeal is *H4 (not *H2, despite Albanian ënde ‘flower’)
PIE *H4enghw- ‘snake’ (a well-established root)
IEW 43 *angw(h)i- ‘Schlange, Wurm’, Mallory–Adams 486 *Haénghwis (WC) ‘snake’
Hurro-Hittite Illu-(w)i-angu ‘snake of destruction’ (BGH vacat)
Hurrian clarifies the exact shape of the root.
PIE *H4en(H)t- ‘door pillar, door frame’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 42 *anǝtā ‘Türpfosten’, Mallory–Adams 486 *HaénHxteHa ‘doorjamb’
Hurrian anduri ‘CAD: door (foreign word)’ (BGH vacat)
According to Hurrian, the initial laryngeal is *H4. As regards the internal laryngeal, only Old Indian ā́ tā (<
*H4ṇHt-) suggests its existence.
PIE *H4ens- ‘bridle, leather thong’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 48 *ans- ‘Zügel, Schlinge, Schleife’, Mallory–Adams 481 *H2énsiyo/eHa- ‘reins, handle’
Hurrian anušši ‘CAD: leather object, possibly (?) a shoe strap’ (BGH vacat)
According to Hurrian, the laryngeal is *H4 (not *H2).
PIE *H4er- ‘to count’ (a well-established root)
IEW 55–61 *ar- ‘Zahl, rechnen’, Mallory–Adams 487 *Harei(Hx)- ‘to count’
Hurrian erani ‘price’ (BGH 96)
Hurrian ern- ‘to equate, be of equal value’ (BGH 97)
According to Hurrian, the laryngeal is *H4. Vowel e does not disprove *H4 because some phonemes, especially l,
n, y and h, cause a shift a > e. Probably the same root as the next.
PIE *H4er- ‘to give, distribute’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 61 *ar- ‘zuteilen, (medio-passive) an sich bringen’, Mallory–Adams 507 *reH1- ‘to give’
Hurrian and Urartian ar- ‘to give’ (BGH 41–43)
Hurrian arani, erani ‘(?) treasure, gift, tribute’ (BGH 43)
According to Hurrian, the laryngeal is *H4. The reconstruction proposed by Mallory–Adams is false.
PIE *H4er- ‘nut’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 61 *ar- ‘Nuß’, Mallory–Adams 482 *H2er- (WC/PIE) ‘nut’
Hurrian armanni ‘CAD: (?) water chestnut (< ‘apple of the swamp)’ (BGH 47)
According to Hurrian, the laryngeal is *H4 (not *H2, despite Albanian arrë ‘walnut, nut tree’).
PIE *H4er- ‘tip, point’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 63 *ardh- ‘Stange’, 339 *erdh-1 ‘hoch; wachsen’, Mallory–Adams 486 *Haérdhis ‘point’
Hurrian arni ‘tip, (roof) top’ (BGH 48)
1 A strange reconstruction as no comparandum supports *H1.
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Cf. Mountain Ararat, Ugaritic [á r r] ‘a mythological mountain’ (DUL 105).
According to Hurrian, the laryngeal is *H4.
PIE *H4er- ‘(wheat) seed, flour’ (partly a new root)
IEW 66–67 *arenko- ‘Getreideart’, Mallory–Adams 486 *Haer- ‘to prepare, to put together’
Cf. Greek ἄρτος ‘bread’, Iranian *arta ‘flour’, Latin arinca ‘a kind of grain’, Irish arbar ‘cereal’, arān ‘bread’.
Urartian É ari ‘granary (= house of ari)’, armuzi ‘seed’
Cf. Hurrian arpani <É-it ar-pa-ni> ‘CAD: a kind of house [Nuzi] (? Hurrian word)’.
According to Urartian, the laryngeal is *H4.
PIE *H4er- ‘to join, joint’ (a well-established root, with multiple meanings)
IEW 55–61 *ar- ‘fügen, passen’, Mallory–Adams 486 *Haer- ‘to prepare, to put together’
Hurrian urnir(ni) ‘finger’ (BGH 499) (ur- < zero-grade)
According to Hurrian, the laryngeal is *H4. Probably the same root as the next.
PIE *H4er-dh- ‘to weave, assemble’ (a well-established root)
IEW 55–61 *ar- ‘fügen, passen’, Mallory–Adams 486 *Haer- ‘to prepare, to put together’
Hurrian ardarde ‘CAD: a textile treated in some special way [Nuzi] (Hurrian word)’, possibly (?) ‘a woven
garment’ (BGH 49–50)
According to Hurrian, the laryngeal is *H4. Cf. PIE *ser-.
PIE *H4erH3- ‘to plough’ (a well-established root)
IEW 62 *ar(ǝ)- ‘pflügen’, Mallory–Adams 486 *H2erH3- ‘(to) plough’
Hurrian aruthi ‘CAD: an (iron) utensil (foreign word)’: (?) plough’ (BGH 502)
Etymologically, the word aruthi should mean ‘plough’. According to Hurrian, the laryngeal is *H4. Hittite ḫarš-
‘to till (the soil)’ is unrelated and possibly borrowed from Semitic (Akkadian ḫarāṣu ‘to dig a furrow’). This root
confirms that the PIE speakers were fundamentally Near-Eastern farmers.
PIE *H4os-(p)- ‘kind of tree’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 55 *apsā ‘Espe’, Mallory–Adams 483 *H2/3osp- ‘aspen, poplar’
(?) Hurrian ašuhi ‘fir tree’ (BGH 51)
PIE *H4esk- ‘skin, hide’ (a new root)
Cf. Greek ἀσκός ‘animal skin, hide’.
Hurrian ašhi ‘skin’ (BGH 56)
Cf. the sumerogram ašgab ‘leather-worker’ (probably borrowed from Hurrian).
PIE *H4esp- ‘snake’ (a new root)
Cf. Greek ασπίς ‘Egyptian cobra (Coluber haié)’.
Hurrian apše ‘snake’ (BGH 40)
PIE *H4est- ‘woman, wife’ (a new root)
Cf. Indo-Iranian *strī ‘woman, wife, female’.
Hurrian ašte (< *astai) ‘woman, wife’ (BGH 59–60)
PIE *H4et(t)- ‘father’ (a well-established root)
IEW 71 *at(t)- ‘Vater, Mutter’, Mallory–Adams 466 *at- ‘father’
Hurrian attai, Urartian ate ‘father’ (BGH 66–68)
The original PIE word for ‘father’, *pHter being a Post-Anatolian innovation.
PIE *H4ew- ‘distant, away from’ (a well-established root)
IEW 72–73 *au- ‘herab, weg von’, Mallory–Adams 484 *H4eu ‘away (from)’
Hurrian awatti ‘distant, far’ (BGH 35–36)
PIE *H4ew- ‘that, other’ (a well-established root)
IEW 73–75 *au- ‘Pronominalstamm’,
Cf. Hittite uni- ‘that (one)’
Hurrian awinni ‘anyone’
Hurrian awešši ‘where?’
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PIE *H4ew- ‘to weave, tie’ (a well-established root)
IEW 75 *au- ‘flechten, weben’, Mallory–Adams 484 *H4eu- ‘to weave’
Hurrian zul-ud- (< ? *H4su- < *H4u-s-) ‘to untie’ (BGH 410)
PIE *H4ews- ‘to draw water’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 90 *aws- ‘schöpfen’, Mallory–Adams 482 *H2eu(H)s- ‘to draw water’
Hurrian ziz(z)ahi, ziz(z)uhi ‘sort of jar’ (z < *H4s-) (BGH 397)
Hurrian zuzuhe ‘pitcher’ (z < *H4s-) (BGH 423)
According to Hurrian, the laryngeal is *H4 (not *H2).
PIE *H4ews- ‘to shine (dawn, gold, silver)’ (a well-established root)
IEW 86–87 *awes- ‘leuchten’, Mallory–Adams 486 *H4ewes- ‘to shine’
Hurrian ušhuni, išuhni ‘silver’ (BGH 108)
Hurrian zuzuhe ‘star’ (z < *H4s-) (BGH 423)
4. Lexical data: initial *bh- (= Hurrian β, Urartian b)
Pre-Hurrian *bh is usually recognizable at the alternation #w-/#p-, here conventionally written β.
This PIE phoneme normally combines with any other phoneme, except *H3.
PIE *bheH4- ‘to speak’ (a well-established root)
IEW 105–06 *bhā- ‘sprechen’, Mallory–Adams 467 *bheHa- (WC) ‘to speak’
Hurrian βaši ‘mouth’ (BGH 305)
Urartian bauše ‘word’
PIE *bhe ‘without’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 112–13 *bhe ‘außer, außerhalb, ohne’, Mallory–Adams 466 *b(h)eğh- ‘without’
Hurrian suffix -b-(ur)- ‘not (one of the verbal Negations)’
PIE *bhe/o ‘P2 sg’ (a new root)
IEW 1097–98 *(te)-bh(e)i ‘Dative P2 sg’
Hurrian βe- ‘P2sg (thou, thee)’ (BGH 309)
In the Post-Anatolian branch, this morpheme is residual.
PIE *bheH4-l- ‘to deceive, be false’ (a new root)
Cf. Latin falsus ‘false’, Greek ἀποφώλιος ‘worthless, futile’
Hurrian βal- ‘false, wrong’ (BGH 291–92)
PIE *bhed- ‘right (side)’ (a new root)
Cf. Tocharian pāci ‘right (side)’
Hurrian βandi, βendi ‘right (side)’ (BGH 293–95)
(?) Urartian bedini ‘aside’
In the Post-Anatolian branch, this root has been replaced by *(H)reğ-t-.
PIE *bhed- ‘good’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 106 *bhad- ‘gut’
Urartian badusi ‘perfection’ (< *bhod-)
PIE *bhedh- ‘to dig’ (a well-established root)
IEW 113–14 *bhedh- ‘in die Erde stechen, graben’, Mallory–Adams 466 *bhedh- ‘to dig, burrow’
Cf. Gaulish bedo- ‘canal’.
Hurrian βilli, Urartian pili ‘canal’ (< *bhedh-li) (BGH 292)
Cf. Substratic Armenian պեղել peł-el ‘to dig’.
PIE *bhedh- ‘bed’ (a new root)
Cf. Germanic *bedda- ‘bed’
Hurrian wizzae ‘CAD: <wi-iz-za-e-na> ‘a bed [Nuzi] (Hurrian word)’ (< *bhedh-s-) (BGH 317)
Usually considered to be derived from *bhedh- ‘to dig’, but this may be a separate root.
PIE *bheH1- ‘to heat, fry’ (a scarcely attested root)
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IEW 113 *bhē- ‘wärmen, rösten’
Hurrian βandarini ‘cook’ (< *bhoH1-nt-) (BGH 294)
PIE *bheH2- ‘to strike’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 111–12 *bhāt-, *bhāu- ‘schlagen, stoßen’
Hurrian βah- ‘to destroy’ (BGH 286–87)
Cf. Substratic Armenian բախել baḫ-el ‘to strike, beat’
PIE *bheH2- ‘to shine, be good’ (a well established root)
IEW 104–05 *bhā- ‘glänzen, leuchten, scheinen’, Mallory–Adams 467 *bheH2- ‘to shine’
Cf. Luwian piha- ‘splendor’
Hurrian βahri ‘good’ (BGH 288–90)
Cf. Substratic Armenian բարի bari ‘good’2
PIE *bhel- ‘to be clear’ (a well established root)
IEW 120 *bhel- ‘glänzend, weiß’, Mallory–Adams 467 *bhel- ‘to shine’
Cf. Tocharian В palsk-, pälsk, A päl(t)sk ‘to think’
(?) Hurrian pal- ‘to know’3 (BGH 291)
Probably a metaphoric use: cf. Mandarin míngbái ‘to understand [lit. clear-white]’.
PIE *bhel- ‘to speak’ (a well established root)
IEW 1203–24 *bhel- ‘schallen, reden, brüllen, bellen’
Hurrian pal- ‘to speak’4 (BGH 291)
Cf. Substratic Armenian պաղատել pałat-el ‘to beg, implore’
PIE *bhen- ‘mountain peak’ (a new root)
Cf. Celtic *bando- ‘peak, top’ (Matasovic 54)5
Hurrian βabani, Urartian baba ‘mountain’ (BGH 295–97)
PIE *bho ‘that one’
IEW 113 *bhe/o ‘Partikel’ (an adverbial formative of pronominal origin)
Cf. Hittite aba- ‘that’ (< *Ho-bh-o-)
Hurrian padi ‘none, no matter which’ (BGH 306)
In the Post-Anatolian branch, this pronoun is reduced to adverbial formations.
PIE *bher- ‘to bear, carry’ (a well established root)
IEW 128–32 *bher- ‘tragen, bringen’, Mallory–Adams 467 *bher- ‘to carry’
Hurrian pabari ‘basket’ (< reduplicated *po-bhor-) (BGH 297)
PIE *bher- ‘youth, servant’ (a new root)6
Cf. IEW 128–32 *bher- ‘tragen, bringen’, Mallory–Adams 467 *bher- ‘to carry’
Cf. Albanian bir ‘son’, burrë ‘man’, Gothic barn ‘son’, Old Lithuanian bérnas ‘child’
Cf. Old Indian bhṛtya- ‘servant’
Hurrian βurami, Urartian bura ‘servant, slave’ (BGH 327–28)
PIE *bher- ‘to cook, bake’ (a well established root)
IEW 132–33, 137 *bher- ‘rösten, backen, kochen’, Mallory–Adams 467 *bher- ‘to seethe, bubble, roast’
Hurrian βarini ‘baker’ (BGH 298)
PIE *bher- ‘to get angry’ (a new root)7
IEW 143–45 *bher(w)- ‘to boil, to be wild’, Mallory–Adams 468 *bhreu- ‘to seethe, boil, brew’
Hurrian βar- ‘to be offended, angered’ (BGH 297–98)
Cf. (? Substratic) Armenian բարկանալ barkan-al ‘to boil, get angry’
2
The cluster simplification -ḫr- > -r- is attested in Iranian loanwords as well.
3 All attestations have <pa-> as initial sign.
4 All attestations have <pa-> as initial sign. Another possibility is PIE *spel- (IEW 985).
5 Cf. Uralic Mordvin *pando- ‘mountain’ (of probable Indo-European origin).
6
Probably a derived meaning of *bher- ‘to bear, carry’ > ‘to be pregnant, born’.
7 Probably a derived meaning of *bher- ‘to cook, bake’.
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PIE *bheres- ‘to hasten, move fast’ (a well established root)
IEW 143 *bheres- ‘schnell’
Hurrian βariš- ‘to go, reach’8 (BGH 298)
PIE *bher-(ğh)- ‘high, strong’ (a well established root)
IEW 140–41 *bhereğh- ‘hoch, Berg’
Cf. Latin fortis, Ancient Latin forctus ‘strong’, Hittite parku- ‘high’
Hurrian βuru ‘strong’
Urartian burgana- ‘stronghold, fortress’
Cf. Kassite buri-(yaš) = Akkadian bēl (matāti) ‘lord of the lands’
Cf. Substratic Armenian բուրգն burgn ‘tower, pyramid’
PIE *bheH3-r- ‘(to see/be) clear’ > (Eteo-Indo-European) *bherH1- ‘(to be) bright’ (a well established root)
IEW 139–40 *bhrēğ-, 141–42 *bhrēǩ- ‘glänzen’, Mallory–Adams 467 *bherHx-ğ- ‘to shine, gleam’
Hurrian βur- ‘to see’ (< zero-grade *bhH3-r-) (BGH 325–328)
Hurrian βurullini ‘seer’ (BGH 327)
(?) Hurrian ur- ‘to happen, appear, become’ (BGH 495–96)
Cf. Balto-Slavic *bhrēg-sk- ‘break of day’
Hurrian βuruhli ‘east’ (< *bhrH1-g-) (BGH 330–31)9
Logically, Hurrian h reflects *g, not *H.
PIE *bhes- ‘naked’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 163 *bhos- ‘nackt’, Mallory–Adams 468 *bhosós (WC) ‘bare, naked’
Hurrian βišali ‘naked’10 (BGH 156)
The vocalism of βišali is a bit odd as βašali or βešali would be expected.
Quite frequently, *bhu- > Hurrian u-, instead of βu. It is unclear what the conditioning factor is (? *bhu- / *bho-).
PIE *bheuğ(h)- ‘to bend (especially a limb)’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 152–53 *bheug(h)- ‘biegen’, Mallory–Adams 468 *bheug- ‘to bend (an object)’
Cf. Old Indian bhuja- ‘arm’
Hurrian ugri ‘foot’ (< *bhuğ(h)-) (BGH 483)
Hurrian ugul- ‘to kneel down’ (< *bhuğ(h)-) (BGH 482)
Hurrian is only consistent with *ğ(h) and excludes *g(h).
PIE *bheug/ğ- ‘to flee, scare’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 152 *bheug- ‘fliehen’, Mallory–Adams 468 *bheug- (WC) ‘to flee’
Cf. Lithuanian bugti ‘to be afraid’
Hurrian ugul- ‘to fear, be afraid’ (BGH 482)
Hurrian is only consistent with *ğ(h) and excludes *g(h).
PIE *bhi ‘in(side)’ (a well established root)
IEW 34–35, 287 *(m)bhi ‘um-herum, zu beiden Seiten’
Cf. PIE *-bh(y)os ‘Ablative suffix’
Hurrian a-ga-bi ‘on this side’ (< *a-ğho-bhi) (BGH 6–7)
Hurrian -b/w-i (Gen. sg), -b/w-a (Dat. sg)11
Hurrian e-ša-bi, i-ša-bi ‘on that side’ (< *y(o)-so-bhi) (BGH 102–03)
The morpheme is only attested as a suffix (or case-marker) in Hurrian.
PIE *bhrūğ- ‘to collect, pluck (especially fruit)’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 173 *bhrūğ-12 ‘Frucht, genießen, gebrauchen’
Hurrian pugl- ‘(?) to gather, collect, pluck’ (< *bhrūğ-)
With cluster simplication in Hurrian (*β < *bhr-)
8 The suffix -iš- can be understood as intensive.
9 Laroche (1980:299) hesitates between east and south. The meaning east is the correct one.
10 Neu’s (1996) reading <ù-bi hé-ša-a-li> must be emended to <ù bi-i!-ša-a-li>.
11
Urartian shows that the original Genitive was -i, without extra -bh.
12 Pokorny reconstructs *bhrūg- but there is no attestation in satem languages.
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PIE *bhud-, [babytalk] *bho-bh- ‘baby, child’ (a new root)
Cf. IEW 91–92 *baba ‘Lallwort’
Cf. Albanian bebë, English baby, Swedish babbe ‘baby, kid’
Hurrian βutki (< ? *bhoud-ki) ‘son’ (BGH 333)
Possibly the same as the next root.
PIE *bhud-, (Post-Anatolian Kortlandt variant) *bhuH(1?)- ‘to be(come)’ (an emended root)
IEW 146–50 *bheu(ә)- ‘wachsen, gedeihen’, Mallory–Adams 467 *bheu(Hx)- ‘to come into being, be ; to grow’
Hurrian βud- ‘to create, form’ (< ? *bhoud-) (BGH 332–33)
The laryngeal is a (Kortlandt effect) lenited dental.
PIE *bhudh- ‘to wake up, make aware’ (a well established root)
IEW 150–52 *bheudh- ‘to wach sein, wecken, beobachten’, Mallory–Adams 467 *bheudh- ‘to pay attention, be
observant’
Hurrian βud-ang- ‘to announce, denounce’ (< ? *bhoudh-) (BGH 334)
The meaning and function of the suffix -ang- are unknown.
PIE *bhuHx- ‘to grow, till (the earth)’ (a well established root)
IEW 146–50 *bheu- ‘wachsen, gedeihen’, Mallory–Adams 467 *bheu(Hx)- ‘to come into being, to be ; to grow’
Cf. Old Indian bhūmī- f. ‘world’
Hurrian βaihi ‘some kind of field or plot of land’ (< ? *bhouH-i-) (BGH 285)
Hurrian umini <u-u-mi-i-ni>13 ‘country’ (< *bhuH-miH-) (BGH 488–89)
The laryngeal is unclear.
PIE *bhu-s- ‘to swell’
IEW 98–102 *bheu-s- ‘aufblasen, schwellen’
Cf. English bosom (< *būs-mo(n)-)
Hurrian βušši ‘(?) trunk, bosom’ (BGH 332 ‘[Ober-] Körperteil’)
5. Lexical data: initial *d- (= Hurro-Urartian t)
It must be emphasized that the second consonant C2 is usually sonantic: *Hx, *y, *l, *r, *w. Our hypothesis is
that, originally, PIE did not have voiced initial consonants and that the Eteo-Indo-European branch developed
voiced initial consonants through a conditioned change involving the second consonant. As a result, roots like
*deǩṃ ‘ten’ are not (cannot! be) of PIE dating. Rather unsurprisingly, *deǩṃ has no Anatolian reflex. The
creation of voiced initial consonants is an isogloss that separates Hurro-Urartian from Eteo-Indo-European.
PIE *teH4-i-, (Eteo-Indo-European) *deH4-i- ‘to divide, measure’ (a well established root)
IEW 175–79 *dē(i)- ‘teilen, zerschneiden, zerreißen’, Mallory–Adams 469 *deH4(i)- ‘to cut up, divide’
The Eteo-Indo-European root *(s)teH4i- ‘to steal’ has a Hittite reflex: taja-, daja-.
Hurrian ta(y)ari ‘CAD: a measuring rod and its measure [Nuzi] (? Hurrian word)’
Hurrian teli ‘tax’ (BGH 434)
Hurrian tid- ‘to divide, share, count’ (< *deH4-id-) (BGH 464)
PIE *te(H1)-, (Eteo-Indo-European) *de(H1)- ‘down, downward’ (a well established root)
IEW 181–83 *de, *do ‘Demonstrativstamm’, Mallory–Adams 469 *de, do ‘toward’
Note that there is no Eteo-Indo-European root **teH1-.
Hurrian tumwa ‘below’ (BGH 469)
PIE *teH1-, (Eteo-Indo-European) *deH1- ‘to bind, attach’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 186 *dē(i)- ‘binden’, Mallory–Adams 469 *deH1- ‘to bind’
Note that there is no Eteo-Indo-European root **teH1-.
Hurrian tašli ‘(a component of) reins’ (BGH 450)
Cf. Urartian tašm- ‘to capture’.
PIE *tey(w)-, (Eteo-Indo-European) *dey(w)- ‘to shine (sun), daylight’ (a well established root)
IEW 183 *dei- ‘hell glänzen, schimmern, scheinen’, Mallory–Adams 469 *dei- ‘to shine, be bright’
Note that there is no Eteo-Indo-European root **tey-.
13 A very rare instance of double plene writing in a Hurrian word.
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Hittite Šiwat supposes *diw-, as *ti > zi.
Hurrian dŠi-megi ‘Sun-god (lit. master of daylight)’ (< *ty-meğh-i) (BGH 379)
Hurrian šu(wi) ‘day’ (< *tyw-) (BGH 415)
Hurrian dTeššub, Urartian Teiseba, Kassite Tišpak ‘Storm-god’ (< *tey-swbh-)
PIE *teyH4-, (Eteo-Indo-European) *deyH4- ‘to swing, move’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 187 *deyә-, *dyā- ‘sich schwingen, herumwirbeln, eilen, nacheilen, streben’
Note that there is no Eteo-Indo-European root **tey-.
Hurrian tid- ‘to attack, have a fight’ (BGH 464)
PIE *tel-, (Eteo-Indo-European) *del- ‘long’ (a well established root)
IEW 196–97 *del- ‘lang’, Mallory–Adams 470 *dl-onghos ‘long’
Note that there is no root **tel- attested in Anatolian.
Hurrian telami, talmi ‘high, big’ (BGH 432–35)
Cf. Armenian թեղաւշ theławš14, թեղօշ thełoš ‘(green) oak’, թեղի thełi ‘elm’.
PIE *tel-, (Eteo-Indo-European) *del- ‘to split ; branch’ (a well established root)
IEW 194–96 *del- ‘spalten, schnitzen, kunstvoll behauen’, Mallory–Adams 470 *del- ‘to carve, split, cut’
Note that there is no root **tel- attested in Anatolian.
Hurrian tuli ‘vine, vineyard’ (BGH 467)
PIE *teH3-, (Eteo-Indo-European) *deH3- ‘to give’ (a well established root)
IEW 223–26 *dō- ‘geben’, Mallory–Adams 469 *deH3- ‘to give’
Note that there is no Eteo-Indo-European root **teH3-.
Hurrian taš- ‘to give’ (BGH 449–50)
Hurrian taše, Urartian taše ‘offering, gift’ (BGH 449)
PIE *teH3-, (Eteo-Indo-European) *deH3- ‘span (of hand)’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 203 *dōr- (< *deH3-r-) ‘Spanne der Hand’
Note that there is no Eteo-Indo-European root **teH3-.
Hurrian šu(m)mi ‘hand’ (< *t(o)H3-m-) (BGH 413)
PIE *ter-, (Eteo-Indo-European) *der- ‘to remove (especially the skin)’ (a well established root)
IEW 206–11 *der- ‘schinden, die Haut abziehen’, Mallory–Adams 470 *der- ‘to tear off, flay’
The Eteo-Indo-European root *ter- ‘three’ has a Hittite reflex: teri-.
Hurrian tarinni ‘in relationship with belts (? leather-made)’ (BGH 444–45)
PIE *ter-, (Eteo-Indo-European) *dreHa- (> *drā-), *drew-, *drem- ‘to run > to flow’ (a well established root)
IEW 204–06 *der- ‘laufen, treten, trippeln’, Mallory–Adams 470 *drewentiH2- (< *dreu- ‘to run’) ‘river name’
Hurrian tarmani ‘well, spring’ (BGH 446)
Cf. Urartian tar(a)mele ‘well, spring’
Cf. Armenian (medieval hapax) տարմաձուր tarma-jur ‘spring water’
PIE *tor-u-, (Eteo-Indo-European) *dor-u- ‘a tree (especially oak)’ (a well established root)
IEW 214–17 ‘Baum (Eiche)’, Mallory–Adams 470 *dóru ‘wood, tree’
The Eteo-Indo-European root *ter- ‘three’ has a Hittite reflex: teri-.
Hurrian taraphu ‘a kind of material, wood used to make chairs’ (BGH 444)
PIE *teu-, (Eteo-Indo-European) *deu- ‘to achieve, be powerful’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 218–19 *deu- ‘mächtig’
The Eteo-Indo-European root *teu-t- ‘people’ has a Hittite reflex: tuzzi ‘troops’.
Hurrian tun- ‘to prevail over, overpower’ (BGH 469–70)
Hurrian tun-id- ‘to be able to’ (BGH 470)
Hurrian tuppi, tupki ‘strong, powerful’ (BGH 444, 471–72)
PIE *teu-, (Eteo-Indo-European) *deu- ‘to adore’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 218–19 *deu- ‘(religiös) verehren’
Hurrian tuw- ‘to worship, invoke’ (BGH 471)
14 Formally a Hurrian superlative: telawuši.
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PIE *teu-H2?-, (Eteo-Indo-European) *deu-H2?- ‘to put on (clothes)’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 217–18 *deu- ‘anziehen’
Cf. Old Indian upā-du- = Greek ἐνδύω, ἀποδύω, περιδύω ‘to put on/off’
Hurrian šuhheli ‘offcuts (of textile)’ (BGH 404)
Hurrian šuhulhi ‘(?) a wool or textile’ (BGH 405)
PIE *tu-, (Eteo-Indo-European) *du-s ‘bad’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 227 *dus- ‘übel, miß-’, Mallory–Adams 471 *dus- ‘bad’ (as prefix)
Hurrian šube, šurbe ‘bad, evil’ (BGH 421)
Hurrian šunide ‘bad’ (BGH 414)
PIE *t(o)w-, (Eteo-Indo-European) *d(o)w- ‘two / four’ (a well established root)
IEW 228–32 *dwō(u) ‘zwei’, Mallory–Adams 470 *dweH3(u) ‘two’
Note that Hittite and Hurrian have the meaning ‘four’.15
Cf. Hittite duyanalli- ‘fourth’, Irish dáu ‘two’
Hurrian tumni ‘four’ (< *tow-mn-) (BGH 468–69)
6. Lexical data: initial *dh- (= Hurrian t, Urartian d)
As a rule, PIE *dh is spirantized into š by (Proto-)Hurrian i/y, u/w.
This PIE phoneme normally combines with any other phoneme, except *H3.
PIE *dhabh- ‘(?) to melt (a metal)’ (a potential root)
IEW 233–34 *dhabh- ‘passend fügen, passend’, Mallory–Adams 471 *dhabros (WC) ‘craftsman’
Hurrian taβ- ‘to melt’ (BGH 438–40)
Hurrian tab(a)li ‘blacksmith’ (BGH 439–40)
Hurrian tabir(n)i, tabrenni ‘metal-melter’ (BGH 439–40)
Cf. Substratic Armenian դարբին darbin ‘blacksmith’.
The meaning ‘to melt (a metal)’ cannot be of PIE dating: ‘to adjust, assemble’ is possible.
PIE *dheH4-l- ‘to blossom, be green, tree’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 234 *dhāl- ‘blühen, grünen’, Mallory–Adams 471 *dhal- ‘sprout’
Cf. Greek θάλλω, Perf. τέθηλα, Doric τέθᾱλα shows the presence of a laryngeal.
Hurrian tali ‘wood, tree’ (BGH 431)
PIE *dhed- > [Kortlandt] *dheH1- ‘to breast-feed’ (a well established root)
IEW 242 *dheH1- ‘saugen, säugen’, Mallory–Adams 471 *dheH1- ‘to suck(le)’
PIE *dhid- > [Kortlandt] *dhiH1- ‘son, daughter’
Hurrian šiduri ‘girl’ (< *dhid-) (BGH 400–01)
(?) Hurrian zezze, zizzi ‘breast’ (BGH 397–98)
Hurrian tidiy- ‘to breast-feed’ (< *dheid-) (BGH 456)
Cf. Substratic Armenian ծիծ cic ‘breast’.
PIE *dheğ(h)- ‘beautiful, good’ (a new root)
Cf. Celtic *dago- ‘good’ (Matasovic 86–87)
Hurrian tagi ‘beautiful, luminous’ (BGH 428–29)
Hurrian tegibe ‘bright, shining (like a metal)’ (BGH 429)
PIE *dheg-s- ‘to show’ (a scarcely attested root)
Cf. Avestan daxša- ‘to teach, show’ (Mallory–Adams 354)
Hurrian teh-an- ‘to show’ (BGH 428–29)
PIE *dheghw- ‘to burn’ (a well established root)
IEW 240–41 *dheghw- ‘brennen’, Mallory–Adams 471 *dheghw- ‘to burn’
Hurrian tagulathi ‘(?) candlestick, lamp’ (BGH 429)
PIE *dheH1- ‘to put’ (a well established root)
IEW 235–39 *dhē- ‘setzen, stellen, legen’, Mallory–Adams 471 *dheH1- ‘to put, place’
15 Hittite tān ‘for the second time, again’ and <ta-a UD-ti> ‘on the second day’ are not clearly related to this root.
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Hurrian šiyal- ‘to place, stockpile’ (< (?) *tiy- < *dhH1-) (BGH 367)
PIE *dheH1- ‘to say’ (a scarcely attested root)
Cf. Hittite te-, Balto-Slavic *dē- ‘to say’.
Hurrian, Urartian ti- ‘to speak’ (BGH 453–55)
Hurrian tiβ- ‘to say’ (BGH 454)
Hurrian tiβe ‘word’ (BGH 454–55)
Cf. Urartian tini- ‘name’
Cf. Substratic Armenian թիվ thiv ‘number’.
PIE *dheH1- ‘to sting’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 243–44 *dhēigw- ‘stechen’, Mallory–Adams 471 *dheigw- ‘to stick, set up’
(?) Hurrian tame ‘flea’ (BGH 435)
PIE *dheH1-s- ‘divine’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 259 dhēs- ‘in religiösen Begriffen’, Mallory–Adams 471 *dheH1s- ‘god’
Hurrian tašmi ‘divine, pious, saint’ (BGH 454)
PIE *dhey-H4- ‘to see’ (a well established root)
IEW 243 dhei̯ ǝ-, dhi̯ ā-, dhī- ‘sehen, schauen’
Hurrian ši <ši-(ˀ)-i>16 ‘eye’ (< *dhy-(Hx)-i) (BGH 365)
PIE *dhel- ‘to wound, kill’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 247 *dhel-g(h)- ‘schlagen’, Mallory–Adams 471 *dhelg- (NW) ‘to sting, pierce’
Hurrian til- ‘to fell, destroy’ (BGH 459)
PIE *dhem(H1)- ‘dark’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 247–48 *dhem(ә)- ‘düster, dunkel’
Cf. Greek θέμερος (*dhemH1-), Irish dem, Norwegian daam (*dhēmo-) ‘dark’
Hurrian timer(r)i, timri ‘dark, black’ (BGH 459)
PIE *dhen- ‘palm (of hand)’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 249 *dhen- ‘Fläche der Hand’, Mallory–Adams 471 *dhénṛ (WC) ‘palm (of hand)’
(?) Hurrian šuni ‘hand’ (BGH 413–14)
(Pre?-PIE *dheH3-17 >) PIE *dheH1- ‘to do’ (a well established root)
Not the same as PIE *dheH1- ‘to put’ or ‘to say’
Hurrian (Ugarit) tin- ‘to do’ (BGH 437–38)
Hurrian tiβe ‘thing’ (BGH 454–55)
It is dubious that Hurrian, Urartian tan- ‘to do’ can be derived from this root. Urartian does not devoice initials.
Besides Caucasic Nakh tan- ‘to do’ is probably related to Hurrian, Urartian tan- ‘to do’ .
PIE *dher- ‘trunk, chest’ (a new root)
Cf. Greek θώρᾱξ, θώρηξ ‘trunk, chest, cuirass’
Hurrian turše ‘lung(s)’ (< *dhṛs-) (BGH 478)
PIE *dher- ‘to go down, sink’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 251–52 *dher- ‘trüber Bodensatz einer Flüssigkeit [typically dregs, yeast]’
Cf. Albanian drā f. ‘dregs in the oil’, Old English dærst(e), dræst f. ‘dregs, yeast’
Hurrian tur- ‘go down’ (BGH 475)
PIE *dheu-H1/2- ‘smoke, soul, dust’ (a well established root)
IEW 261–67 *dheu̯(ǝ)-, *dhu̯ē- ‘stieben, wirbeln, besonders von Staub, Rauch, Dampf’
Hurrian šuni ‘(?) soul, spirit’ (< *dhu-) (BGH 413–14)
Hittite tuhhima- ‘smoke’ suggests *H2 instead of *H1, so both laryngeals are probably suffixes.
PIE *dheugh- ‘(to) milk’ (a scarcely attested root)
16
The laryngeal may be *H4 or less probably *H1.
17 This preform is explained in §.
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IEW 271 *dheugh- ‘melken’ (most clearly in Indo-Iranian and Greek)
Hurrian šuh(h)unni ‘nurse, foster-mother’ (< *dhugh-) (BGH 404)
PIE *dheugh- ‘to touch, make’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 271 *dheugh- (quite mixed up)
Cf. especially Greek τεύχω ‘to make, produce’
Hurrian šuhni ‘wall’ (< *dhugh-) (BGH 405)
Hurrian šuhni ‘wall’ cannot be derived from the root *dheiğh- ‘to knead, paste (clay)’ and must be derived from
another root.
PIE *dheu-es- ‘to blow, breathe’ (a derived root)
IEW 268–71 *dhew-es- ‘blasen’, Mallory–Adams 473 *dhwes- ‘to breathe, spirit’
(?) Hurrian tiša ‘heart (as the seat of spirit)’ (< ? *dheu-is-)
PIE *dhoH2-n- ‘sort of cereal (? millet)’ (a scarcely attested root)
Mallory–Adams 2006:472 *dhoH2néHa- ‘(harvested) grain’
Hurrian tuhni ‘millet’ (BGH 466)
Hurrian tuhurai ‘a kind of bread’ (BGH 466)
PIE *dhreu-k/g- ‘tree (trunk), pole’ (a new root)
Cf. Old Norse draug-r ‘tree’, Slavic *dryūk- ‘pole’
Hurrian šuhitu ‘spear’ (< *dh(r)ug-) (BGH 407)
PIE *dhwes- ‘a (smallish) deer-like animal’ (a derived root)
Cf. Albanian dash ‘sheep’ (< *dhwosi-), Latin bestia, Germanic *deuzán ‘beast’
Hurrian šešwe ‘lamb, kid’ (< *dhwes-) (BGH 398)
This root is probably derived from *dheu-es- ‘to blow, breathe’ (cf. anima ~ animal).
7. Lexical data: initial *ğ- (= Hurrian k)
As is regular with voiced initial phonemes, C2 is sonantic: *Hx, *l, *n, *w.
PIE *ǩenu-, (Eteo-Indo-European) *ğenu- ‘knee’ (a well established root)
IEW 380 *ğenu- ‘Knie’, Mallory–Adams 474 *ğonu- ‘knee’
Note that there is no Post-Anatolian root *ǩen- attested in Anatolian.
Hurrian kunz- ‘to kneel down’ (< *ğṇ-s-) (BGH 223–24)
There is no reason to consider Hurrian kunz- to be borrowed from Akkadian kanāšu.
PIE *ǩeudh-, (Eteo-Indo-European) *ğeudh- ‘to push, harm’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 466–67 *gwedh- ‘stoßen, verletzen, zerstören’
Hurrian kud- ‘(intr.) to fall ; (tr.) to slaughter’ (< *ğudh-) (BGH 231–32)
PIE *ǩiHx-, (Eteo-Indo-European) *ğiHx- ‘sea’ (a new root)
IEW 355–56: Germanic *kī-[θ]l- ‘sea bay’, English kill.
Cf. PIE *ǩey- ‘to lie, deposit’.
Hurrian kiyaši ‘sea’ (< *ğiHx-os-) (BGH 200–01)
The exact nature of the laryngeal is unclear.
PIE *ǩleH4-d-, (Eteo-Indo-European) *ğleH4-d- ‘to say (aloud)’ (a new root)
Cf. Old Irish ad-glād-ur ‘I say’, Greek γλάζω ‘to sing’
Cf. PIE *ǩel- ‘stem’.
Hurrian kad- ‘to say’ (< *ğleH4d-) (BGH 195–96)
8. Lexical data: initial *g- (= Hurrian h)
As is regular with voiced initial phonemes, C2 is sonantic: *Hx, *l, *u.
PIE *geH4-(u)- ‘to rejoice’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 353 *gāu- ‘sich freuen, sich freudig brüsten’, Mallory–Adams 473 *geH4-(u)- ‘to rejoice’
Hurrian hudanni ‘happy fate’ (BGH 195–96)
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PIE *gel- ‘to speak out’ (a well established root)
IEW 350–51 *gal-, 428 *ghel- ‘rufen, schreien’, Mallory–Adams 473 *gal- ‘to call out, speak’
Hurrian hel-, hil- ‘to say, speak’ (BGH 147–48)
PIE *geu-l- ‘fire’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 399 *g(e)u-l- ‘glühende Kohle’, Mallory–Adams 473 *g(e)ulo- ‘fire, glowing coal’
Hurrian hiuri ‘smoke’ (BGH 160)
9. Lexical data: initial *g w- (= Hurrian h)
As is regular with voiced initial phonemes, C2 is sonantic: *y, *w.
PIE *gweu-d- ‘wool (coat)’ (a new root)
Cf. Greek βεῦδος ‘woman’s dress’, West Germanic *kotta ‘coat’.
Hurrian hidri ‘CAD: a quality of wool [Alalaḫ]’ (BGH 150)
PIE *gweyH1?- ‘leather’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 469 gʷēi- (or gʷei̯ ǝ-), gʷī- ‘Haut, Fell’
Hurrian heyali ‘leather’ (< *gweyHx-ol-) (BGH 144)
The exact nature of the laryngeal is unclear.
10. Lexical data: initial *ğh- (= Hurrian k)
This PIE phoneme normally combines with any other phoneme, except *H3.
PIE *ğh-e/i ‘(proximal) deictic: this one near me’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 418 *ğh-e/i ‘enklitische Partikeln (usually added to P1sg)’
Cf. Latin mihi, Hittite ammuk.
Hurrian a-ga-bi ‘on this side’ (< *o-ğho-bhi) (BGH 6–7)
Hurrian a-kki, a-gi ‘the one, the other’ (< *o-ǩi, *o-ğhi) (BGH 8–9)
PIE *ğhebh- ‘to take, seize’ (unclear reconstruction)
IEW 407–09 *ghabh- ‘fassen, nehmen’, Mallory–Adams 474 *ghabh- ‘to take, seize’
Hurrian kabal- ‘(?) to plunder, confiscate’ (BGH 187)
This item presupposes to set Balto-Slavic and Old Indian data apart (*gheH4-bh-).
PIE *ğhe(n)d- ‘to take, seize’ (unclear reconstruction)
IEW 437–38 *ghe(n)dh- ‘fassen, anfassen, ergreifen’, Mallory–Adams 475 *ghendh- (WC) ‘to seize, take in’
Cf. Greek χανδάνω ‘to take in, hold, comprise, contain’ (which disproves *dh).
Hurrian kederi ‘CAD: preferential share (of an estate) [Nuzi] (foreign word)’ (in wills)
This item presupposes to set Albanian gjendem, gjet ‘to find’ apart.
PIE *ğheH1- ‘to (let) go’ (a well established root)
IEW 418–19 *ğhē- ‘verlassen, fortgehen’, Mallory–Adams 475 *ğheH1- ‘to leave’
Hurrian kir- ‘to free, emancipate’ (< *ğhH1-r-) (BGH 210–11)
PIE *ğhei- ‘to send, throw’ (a well established root)
IEW 424–25 *ğhei- ‘antreiben, lebhaft bewegen’, Mallory–Adams 475 *ğhei- ‘to impel’
(?) Hurrian kiu- ‘to commission, put in charge’ (BGH 199)
PIE *ğhel- ‘branch, a kind of tree (especially aspen, plane)’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 434 *ğhel-, Mallory–Adams 475 *ğhel- ‘plough’
Cf. Armenian joł ‘pole’, Old Indian halá- ‘plough’, Lithuanian žúolis ‘log, trunk’.
Hurrian kalmar(h)i ‘CAD: a tree [Nuzi] (Hurrian word)’ (BGH 181)
Cf. Substratic Armenian կաղամախ kałamaḫ ‘aspen’, Greek (Hes.) καλαμίνδαρ ‘plane tree’ .
PIE *ğher- ‘spear, stake’ (a well established root)
IEW 445–46 *ğher- ‘starren ; Stacheltier’, Mallory–Adams 476 *ğher-s- ‘bristle ; hedgehog’
Cf. phonetic variant IEW 440 *gher- ‘hervorstechen’.
Hurrian kari ‘spear, stake’ (BGH 188, 189)
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PIE *ğher- ‘to enclose (especially a garden or town)’ (a well established root)
IEW 442–43 *ğher- ‘fassen, umfassen, einfassen’, 444 *ğh/gher-dh- ‘umfassen, umzäunen, umgürten’
Cf. Lithuanian žárdas ‘barn, stable’.
Hurrian kerhe ‘CAD: citadel, fortified area within a city’ (BGH 212)
(?) Hurrian kurdišši ‘CAD: barn, storage place for straw [MA, NA] (foreign word)’ (BGH 229)
PIE *ğher- ‘to grow, green, grass’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 454 *ghrē-, *ghrō-, *ghrǝ-18 ‘wachsen, grünen ; Gras’
Cf. Mallory–Adams 492 *ǩer- ‘to grow, greyish blue, greyish green’.
Hurrian karaphi ‘fallow land’ (BGH 189)
PIE *ğhes-r- ‘hand, forearm’ (a well established root)
IEW 447–48 *ğhes-r- ‘Hand’, Mallory–Adams 476 *ğhes-r- ‘hand’
Hurrian kušri ‘(?) forearm’ (BGH 231)
PIE *ğhew- ‘to pour’ (a well established root)
IEW 447–48 *ğhew- ‘gießen’, Mallory–Adams 476 *ğheu- ‘to pour’
(?) Hurrian keuri ‘CAD: metal cauldron’
PIE *ğhrezdh- ‘barley’ (a derivative of *ğher- ‘spear, stake’)
IEW 446 *ğhrezd(h)- ‘die Stachlige, das Grannenkorn, Gerste’, Mallory–Adams 476 *ğhrésdh(i) ‘barley’
(?) Hurrian (NINDA) kaz(za)mi ‘a kind of bread’ (k- < *ğhr-) (BGH 192)
PIE *ğhur- ‘bran, husk’ (a new root)
Cf. Greek κυρήβια ‘bran, husk’, Latin furfur ‘bran’, Hittite kurimpa- ‘residue, dregs’.
Hurrian kuribi(n)ni ‘(?) bran, husk’ (< *ğhur-)
11. Lexical data: initial *gh- (= Hurrian h)
This PIE phoneme normally combines with any other phoneme, except *H3.
PIE *ghe ‘deictic’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 418 *gh-e/i ‘enklitische Partikeln’ (Cf. *ğh-e/i)
Hurrian henni ‘now’ (< *ghe-nni) (BGH 151)
PIE *gheH4-bh- ‘to take’ (a new root)
IEW 407–09 *ghabh- ‘fassen, nehmen’, Mallory–Adams 474 *ghabh- ‘to take, seize’
Cf. Old Indian gábhasti- ‘hand, forearm’, Balto-Slavic *gāb- ‘to seize ; armful’.
Hurrian ha- ‘to take’ (BGH 117)
PIE *ghal- ‘stone’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 518 *kaghlo- ‘Stein, Kiesel, Hagel’, Mallory–Adams 475 *ghel(H2)-d- ‘hail’
Cf. Greek κάχληξ, (unreduplicated) French gal(et), Irish gall ‘stone’.
Hurrian halwu ‘CAD: border wall’ (BGH 120–21)
PIE *ghel- ‘to sing’ (a well established root)
IEW 428 *ghel- ‘rufen, schreien’, Mallory–Adams 475 *ghel- (WC) ‘to cry out, sing’
Hurrian halmi ‘sing’ (BGH 119)
PIE *gher- ‘to sting, prick’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 440 *gher- ‘hervorstechen’
Hurrian harwar(r)ahi ‘pitchfork’ (BGH 134)
PIE *gher-(dh)- ‘to walk’ (a well established root)
IEW 456–57 *ghredh- ‘schreiten’, Mallory–Adams 475 *ghredh- ‘step, to go’
Hurrian hari ‘road’ (BGH 132–33)
PIE *ghew- ‘to call, invoke (especially gods)’ (a scarcely attested root)
18 Data also allow *ğh as initial.
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IEW 454 *ghou-s- ‘tönen, hören’ (a scarcely attested root)
Cf. Germanic *guda- (< *ghu-tó-, with short u) ‘god’.
Hurrian hawuhi ‘prayer’ (BGH 127)
Two roots must be separated: *ğheuH(2?)- and *gheu-.
Cf. IEW 413 *ğhau- ‘rufen, anrufen’, Mallory–Adams 476 *ğheu(Hx)- ‘to call to, invite, invoke’.
12. Lexical data: initial *ghw- (= Hurrian h)
This phoneme seems to be exceedingly rare.
PIE *ghw(e)iH1?-s- ‘rope, string’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 489 gwheiǝ-, *g whī- ‘Ader, Sehne, Band’, Mallory–Adams 479 *ghwiHx-(slo-) (WC) ‘sinew, thread’
Cf. Serb žȉca ‘string’ (which suggests *H1 or *H2).
Hurrian hizmi ‘belt’ (z < *H1s-) (BGH 150)
PIE *ghweH4i- ‘bright’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 488–89 *gwhēi-, *gwhǝi- ‘hell, leuchtend’, Mallory–Adams 479 *ghwaidrós (WC) ‘bright, shining’
Hurrian heššammi ‘(?) lustre, divine splendor’ (BGH 157–58)
Hurrian hišmi ‘bright, shining’ (BGH 157–58)
Cf. *kwey-.
13. Lexical data: initial *H1- (= Hittite, Hurrian ø)
This PIE phoneme normally combines with any other phoneme, except *H3.
PIE *H1e- ‘P1sg, I’ (a well established root)
IEW 291 *e-ğ(h)o- ‘ich’, Mallory–Adams 478 *H1eğ- ‘I’
Hurrian ište ‘P1sg, I’ (< *H1-s-) (BGH 107–08)
Hurrian išaš ‘P1sg, I’ (< *H1-s-) (BGH 107–08)
Indo-European languages do not have the same extension: *s(o), *ğ(o), *ğh(o).
PIE *H1ed- ‘to eat’ (a well established root)
IEW 287 *ed- ‘essen’, Mallory–Adams 477 *H1ed- ‘to eat’
Hurrian ezharini, isharini ‘cook’ (< ? *H1ed-sk- ‘(lit.) who makes eat’) (BGH 102)
PIE *H1edh- ‘stick, needle’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 289–90 *edh- ‘spitz’
Hurrian adanni ‘CAD: a piece of jewelry (in gold): (?) a broach or fibula’19 (BGH 68)
PIE *H1eğ(w)- ‘to drink’ (a well established root)
Mallory–Adams 478 *H1ēğw- ‘to drink’
Hurrian aganni ‘CAD: a large bowl’ (BGH 7)
(?) Hurrian angurinni ‘CAD: a metal household object’ (BGH 9)
Hurrian egušši ‘drinkable, pure (water)’ (BGH 77)
PIE *H1eg- ‘to burn’ (a well established root)
IEW 293 *eg- ‘Feuer’
Hurrian ahri ‘incense’ (BGH 2)
Hurrian ahrušhi ‘incense-burner’ (BGH 2–3)
PIE *H(1?)oH(1?)s- ‘mouth’ (a well established root)
IEW 784–85 *ōus-, *ǝus ‘Mund, Mündung, Rand'’
(?) Hurrian ašt- ‘to correspond, answer’ (< ? *H(1?)oH(1?)s-t-) (BGH 58–59)
PIE *H(1)eH2l- ‘amber’ (? a new root)
Cf. Greek ἤλεκτρον ‘amber’.
Hurrian ehlibakki ‘CAD: a precious stone (Hurrian word): (?) amber’ (< *H(1)eH2-l-) (BGH 76)
This may also be a wanderwort of unknown origin.
19 Cf. Ugaritic [á d r] ‘fibula’ (DUL 22).
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PIE *H1ey- ‘to go’ (a well established root)
IEW 293–97 *ey- ‘gehen’, Mallory–Adams 478 *H1ei- ‘to go’
Hurrian i- ‘to go, suit’ (BGH 73)
Hurrian itt- ‘to go’ (BGH 110–11)
Hurrian ittaranni ‘runner, messenger’ (BGH 110–11)
PIE *H1eyk- ‘to be able, powerful’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 298–99 *eyk- ‘zu eigen haben, vermögen’
Hurrian ihalzi ‘(?) allmighty (said of Teššub)’ (BGH 75)
PIE *H1eǩ(w)- ‘rapid, horse, hawk’ (a well established root)
IEW 301–02 *eǩ(w)- ‘Pferd’, Mallory–Adams 478 *H1éǩwos ‘horse’
Hurrian akkanni ‘CAD: (1) wild ass, (2) a bird’ (< *H1oǩ-)
PIE *H1el- ‘oil, oliva’ (a new root)
Cf. Latin oliva, Greek ἔλαιον, ἐλαία.
Hurrian uli ‘(?) oil’ (< *H1l-) (BGH 485)
PIE *H1el- ‘hungry, needy’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 307 *el- ‘hungrig, schlecht’, 310 *elg- ‘armselig, dürftig’
Hurrian eleštihhuri ‘CAD: a profession or title [Nuzi] (Hurrian word): (?) poor, needy’ (BGH 82)
PIE *H1el-(n)- ‘deer-like animal’ (a well established root)
IEW 302–04 *el-en- ‘Hirsch’, Mallory–Adams 478 *H1elH1ēn ‘red deer’
Hurrian ellari ‘sheep’ (< *H1el-n-) (BGH 83)
Hurrian ilwai, (?) ilbi ‘sheep’ (< *H1l-bh-) (BGH 82–83)
PIE *H1em- ‘to take’ (a well established root)
IEW 310–11 *em- ‘nehmen’, Mallory–Adams 478 (NW) *H1em- ‘to take, distribute’
Hurrian eman- ‘to take (Passive: to forfeit)’ (BGH 84)
PIE *H1en- ‘(from) inside ; Genitive–Ablative’ (a well established root)
IEW 311–14 *en- ‘in’, Mallory–Adams 478 *H1en(i)- ‘in, into’
Eteo-Indo-European -n ‘Genitive plural’
Hurrian archaic -ni, later -da/šta-n ‘Ablative’
PIE *H1e/o-n- ‘deictic: that (one)’ (a well established root)
IEW 319–21 *en-, *on- ‘jener’, Mallory–Adams 478 *H1en- ‘that’
Hurrian anami ‘thus’ (BGH 29)
Hurrian anni, Urartian ini ‘this’, Hurrian ani ‘that’ (BGH 29–30)
PIE *H1ep- ‘to take, seize’ (a well established root)
IEW 50–51 *ǝp-/*ēp- ‘fassen, nehmen, erreichen’, Mallory–Adams 478 *H1ep- ‘to take, seize, grasp’
Hurrian ipp- ‘(?) to receive, seize’ (BGH ipp- 92, [í p] 517)
PIE *H1ep- ‘to cook’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 325 *eph- ‘kochen’
Only in Greek and Armenian.
Hurrian ephe ‘oven’ (BGH 92)
This root may be a wanderwort of Semitic origin (Cf. Akkadian epēu).
PIE *H1er- ‘bird’ (a well established root)
IEW 325–26 *er-, *or- ‘Adler’, Mallory–Adams 484 *H3or- ‘eagle’
Hurrian eradi ‘bird’ (BGH 98)
PIE *H1er- ‘to rise, raise’ (a well established root)
IEW 326–332 *er-, *or- ‘sich in Bewegung setzen, erregen, in die Höhe bringen’, 339 *er-dh- ‘hoch, wachsen’
Hurrian er-(ul)- ‘to augment, grow’ (BGH 96–97)
PIE *H1er- ‘to move’ (a scarcely attested root)
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IEW 336–37 *er- ‘umherirren’, Mallory–Adams 479 *H1er- ‘to set in motion’
Hurrian arul- ‘to lead’ (BGH 42–43)
Hurrian aruššul- ‘to hurry up’ (BGH 42–43)
Hurrian irnuh-, ernuh- ‘(?) to send’ (BGH 97)
PIE *H1er- ‘to flow’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 336–37 *er- ‘fließen, umherirren’, Mallory–Adams 479 *H1ers- ‘to flow’
Hurrian Aranzah, Araššihu (< *H1or-o(n)t-) ‘the River Tigris’
Hurrian arinni ‘(water) spring’ (BGH 45–46)
Another hypothesis to account for Hurrian is PIE *wer- ‘water, river’.
PIE *H1erǩ(w)- ‘to pray, praise’ (a well established root)
IEW 340 *erǩw- ‘lobpreisen’, Mallory–Adams 479 *H1erkw- ‘to praise’
Hurrian irg-am- ‘(?) to announce ; (?) to praise’ (Dietrich–Mayer 2010:246)
Hurrian irgi ‘(?) praise, eulogy’ (Dietrich–Mayer 2010:246)
PIE *H1ers- ‘to flow, pour’ (a well established root)
IEW 336–37 *ers- ‘fließen’, Mallory–Adams 479 *H1ers- ‘to flow’
Hurrian erši ‘cultic object: (?) kind of pitcher’ (BGH 101)
PIE *H1es- ‘to be sitting, resting’ (a well established root)
IEW 342–43 *es- ‘sitzen’, Mallory–Adams 479 *H1es-, *H1ēs- ‘to sit’
Hurrian ašš- ‘(?) to be sitting’ (BGH 51)
PIE *H1es- ‘blood’ (a well established root)
IEW 343 *es-ṛ/n- ‘blut’, Mallory–Adams 479 *H1es- ‘(flowing) blood’
Hurrian zurgi ‘blood’ (< *H1s-rğ-) (BGH 51)
PIE *H1ew- ‘no, not, empty’ (a new root)
Cf. Greek οὐ(κ) ‘not’
Hurrian suffix -u-kk- ‘not (one of the verbal Negations’
Hurrian uya, Urartian ui ‘no’ (BGH 481)
PIE *H1i- ‘anaphoric (Latin is, ea, id)’
IEW 281 *(e)i ‘der, er’, Mallory–Adams 479 *H1idHa ‘here’, *H1itHa ‘thus’
Hurrian inna- ‘then ; when’ (BGH 86)
Hurrian inu- ‘(conjunction) as’ (BGH 90)
PIE *H1o- ‘adverbial or deictic particle’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 280–81 *ē/ĕ, *ō/ŏ adnominale und adverbale Partikel, etwa ‘nahe bei, zusammen mit’
Hurrian adi ‘thus, now’ (< *H1o-dh-) (BGH 68)
Hurrian a-ga-bi ‘on this side’ (< *o-ğho-bhi) (BGH 6–7)
Hurrian a-kki, a-gi ‘the one, the other’ (< *o-ǩi, *o-ğhi) (BGH 8–9)
Hurrian ai- ‘if, only if’ (BGH 1)
PIE *H1op-os- ‘work’ (a well established root)
IEW 780 *op- ‘arbeiten, zustande bringen’, Mallory–Adams 487 *Hxópes- ‘work’
Hurrian ipš- ‘to work, make’ (Dietrich–Mayer 2010:240)
PIE *H1or- ‘angry, bad-tempered’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 339 *H1ergh- ‘arg’
Hurrian ari ‘bad, jealous’ (BGH 45)
PIE *H1?ordh- ‘town, to inhabit’ (a new root)
Cf. Latin urbs ‘town’, West Germanic *ard- ‘abode, dwelling’
Hurrian ardi ‘town’ (BGH 49)
PIE *H1reu-dh- ‘red’ (a well established root)
IEW 872–73 *reudh- ‘rot’, Mallory–Adams 480 *H1reudh- ‘(bright) red’
Hurrian urudhi, var. Akk. (w)erû ‘copper’ (BGH 502)
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PIE *H1(e)/gh(e)-nu- ‘now’
IEW 770 *nu- ‘nun’, Mallory–Adams 502 *nu- ‘now’
Hurrian henni ‘now’ (BGH 151)
Hurrian undu ‘now, then’ (BGH 492)
Hurrian unnu, unni ‘now’ (BGH 491)
14. Lexical data: initial *H2- (= Hittite, Hurrian h)
This PIE phoneme normally combines with any other phoneme.
PIE *H2eb- ‘river’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 1 *ab- ‘Wasser, Fluß’, Mallory–Adams 481 *H2eb(h)- ‘river’
(hydronym) Khabur ‘a major tributary of the Euphrates in Syria’
PIE *H2ed- ‘beam’ (a new root)
Cf. Latin asser ‘wooden beam’, assis ‘plank, board’.
Hurrian hedenni ‘shaft (of charriot)’ (BGH 160)
PIE *H2ey- ‘metal’ (a well established root)
IEW 15–16 *ay-os ‘Metall (Kupfer, Eisen)’, Mallory–Adams 486 *Haeyes ‘metal > copper > bronze’
Hurrian heyari ‘gold’ (BGH 145–46)
Cf. Old-Indian híraṇya-m ‘gold’.
PIE *H2ey- ‘young, small’ (a well established root)
IEW 510–11 *yeu- ‘jung’, Mallory–Adams 487 *Hayeu- ‘young’
Hurrian (Subarian) hayani ‘small’ (BGH 118)
PIE *H2ey- ‘one, entire, all’ (a new root)
IEW 286 *oy-n/k/w-o- ‘ein’, Mallory–Adams 480 *H1oinos ‘one’
Hurrian heyari ‘all’ (BGH 145)
PIE *H2el- ‘to feed, grow’ (a well established root)
IEW 26–27 *al- ‘wachsen; wachsen machen, nähren’, Mallory–Adams 485 *Hael- (WC) ‘to grow’
Hurrian heldi ‘high, tall’ (BGH 146–47)
PIE *H2em- ‘day(light), sun’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 35 *āmer- ‘Tag’, Mallory–Adams 481 *H2eHx-mer- ‘day’
Hurrian Hami ‘(sun)-god’ (translates Hittite Šuwaliya)
PIE *H2en- ‘to beget’ (a new root)
Cf. Hittite ha-aš-ša-aš ‘offspring’ (< *H2ons-o-s)
Hurrian han- ‘to beget’ (BGH 125–26)
PIE *H2er(w)- ‘to dig, ditch (incl. as a boundary)’
IEW 338 *ereu-, Mallory–Adams 484 *H3reuk- ‘to dig’
Hurrian aβi-harrә ‘a measure of area (= 1800 m2)’ (BGH 34)
Hurrian hararni ‘a half aβiharri (= ca. 900 m2)’ (BGH 132)
The laryngeal is *H2 in spite of Greek ὀρύσσω ‘to dig’ (expected a > o assimilated to next u).
PIE *H2ew-d(h)- ‘to move over’ (a new root)
Not the same root as *H4ew- (IEW 72–73).
Cf. Hittite pe-hude- ‘to lead, to bring, to conduct (there)’.
Hurrian hewad- ‘to travel’ (BGH 153)
PIE *H2ow- ‘sheep’ (a well established root)
IEW 784 *owi- ‘Schaf’, Mallory–Adams 482 *H2ówis ‘sheep’
Hurrian hawirni ‘lamb’ (BGH 129)
PIE *H2ew- ‘wind, air’ (a well established root)
IEW 81–84 aw(e)-, awē-, wē- ‘wehen, blasen, hauchen’, Mallory–Adams 482 *H2weH1- ‘to blow, wind’
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Hurrian hawurni ‘sky, atmosphere’ (BGH 130–31)
PIE *H2ews- ‘dawn’ (a well established root)
IEW 86–87 *awes- ‘leuchten, besonders vom Tagesanbruch’, Mallory–Adams 486 *Haéusōs ‘dawn’
Hurrian huš-utt- ‘to shine’ (BGH 174)
15. Lexical data: initial *y- (= Hurrian i/e)
PIE *yo- ‘anaphoric’ (a well established root)
IEW 281–86 *yo- ‘paradigmatisch verbundene Pronominalstamme: der, er’, Mallory–Adams 522 *yó- ‘who,
what, that’
Hurrian emeni ‘whoever’ (< *yo-me/o-ni) (BGH 73)
Hurrian ešabi, išabi ‘on that (other) side’ (< *y(o)-so-bhi) (BGH 102–03)
Hurrian iya- ‘who, which’ (< *H1i-yo-) (BGH 73)
PIE *yeH4- ‘to pray’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 506–07 *yet- ‘worauf losgehen, streben, eifrig angehen’, Mallory–Adams 521 *yéHa- (E) ‘to ask for, beg’
Hurrian izzihi ‘(cultual term) : (?) sort of prayer’ (< *yeH4-s-) (BGH 105)
Hurrian izzurši ‘(cultual term) : (?) sort of prayer’ (< *yeH4-s-) (BGH 109)
PIE *yebh- ‘to copulate’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 298 *eibh-, *oibh-, *yebh- ‘futuere’, Mallory–Adams 521 *yébh- ‘to copulate’
Hurrian eβri, euri ‘lord, king’ (BGH 92–95)
The semantic change is the same as in *ğen(H)- ‘to generate’ > English king.
PIE *yağ- ‘pure, sacred’ (a well established root)
IEW 501–02 *yağ- ‘religiös verehren’, Mallory–Adams 521 *yağ- (GA) ‘to honour, worship’
Hurrian itk- ‘sacred, pure’ (< *iğ-t-) (BGH 114–15)
PIE *yeH1g(e)w- ‘(muscle) strength’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 503 *yēgwā ‘Kraft, Jugendkraft’, Mallory–Adams 521 *yeH1gweHa ‘power, youthful vigor’
Hurrian eheβš- ‘to contract (a muscle), to have a cramp’ (< *yeH1gew-s-) (BGH 74–75)
A quite complex root with four consonants.
PIE *yeH2- ‘to cure, save’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 503 *yēk- ‘heilen’, Mallory–Adams 521 *yak(k)- (WC) ‘to cure, make well’
Cf. Greek ἄκος ‘remedy’.
Hurrian eh(e)li ‘health, salvation’ (< *yeH2-l-) (BGH 75–76)
PIE *(yo)mon- ‘main droite’ (an unclear root)
Cf. IEW 740–41 *mә-r/n- ‘Hand’,
Hurrian eman ‘ten’ (< *yomon-) (BGH 83–85)
Hurrian eman looks like Semitic *yaman ‘right hand’, but the meaning ‘ten’ is unattested in Semitic.
PIE *yos- ‘earth, land’ (a new root)
Cf. Latin īnsula ‘island’.
Hurrian eše ‘earth’ (< *yos-) (BGH 103–04)
Cf. Kassite yaš ‘land’.
16. Lexical data: initial *ǩ- (= Hurrian k)
This PIE phoneme normally combines with any other phoneme, except *H3.
Besides, it must be noted that *ǩ is frequently followed by a non-laryngeal vowel *a.
PIE *ǩad- ‘to fall’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 516 *ǩad- ‘fallen’, Mallory–Adams 481 *ǩad- ‘to fall’
Hurrian kadih- ‘to fall’ (BGH 232)
With a non-laryngeal *a.
PIE *ǩagh- ‘hedge, city wall’ (a scarcely attested root)
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IEW 518 *kaghi̯ o- ‘Einhägung’, Mallory–Adams 487 *kagh- ‘hedge, enclosure’
Cf. Germanic *hag- ‘hedge’, Celtic *kagyo- ‘pen, enclosure’, Celtic *kagro- ‘enclosure, fort’.
Hurrian kahašši ‘meaning uncertain: (?) city wall, rampart’ (BGH 179)
The initial cannot be *k (in spite of Old Indian kákṣā f. ‘rampart’). With a non-laryngeal *a.
PIE *ǩey- ‘to put, lay’ (a well established root)
IEW 539 *ǩei- ‘liegen; Lager, Heimstätte’, Mallory–Adams 492 *ǩei- ‘to lie’
Hurrian ki(u)-, ki(b)-, ke(u)- ‘to put’ (BGH 199–200)
PIE *s-ǩeyp- ‘post, tail, penis’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 543 *s-ǩeip- ‘Pfahl, spitzes Holz oder Stein’
Hurrian kipšanti ‘(?) a kind of tree or post’ (BGH 210)
PIE *ǩel- ‘stem, stalk, straw’ (a well established root)
IEW 552–53 *ǩel- ‘dünner Schaft, Pfeil, steifer Halm’, Mallory–Adams 488 *ǩolHx- ‘stalk, stem, straw’
Hurrian kilubinni, kulubinni ‘CAD: bundle of straw’
PIE *ǩel- ‘to raise, be high’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 544 *kel- ‘ragen, hoch (heben)’, Mallory–Adams 488 *kel- ‘to raise’, 489 *kel(H1)- ‘to lift, raise up’
Hurrian kel- ‘to raise, rise’ (BGH 204–05)
The initial is possibly rather *ǩ rather than *k.
PIE *ǩam-, *ǩem- ‘vault, roof’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 524–25 *kam- ‘wölben, biegen’, Mallory–Adams 488 *kamar- (GA) ‘vault’
Cf. Greek καμάρα ‘vault’, Gothic himins ‘heaven’.
Hurrian (d)kemi ‘a kind of wall: (?) vault’ (BGH 206)
The initial cannot be *k. The root is unattested in satem languages.
PIE *ǩen- ‘ash(es)’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 559–63 *kenis, *konis ‘Asche’, Mallory–Adams 489 *kenHxis ‘ash’
Hurrian kenni-wi ‘describes horses: (?) gray, ash-coloured’ (BGH 207)
The initial cannot be *k. The root is unattested in satem languages.
PIE *ǩap-, *ǩep- ‘to seize, catch’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 527–28 *kap- ‘fassen’, Mallory–Adams 488 *kap- (NW) ‘to seize’
Hurrian kebli ‘hunter, trapper’ (with bl < pl)20 (BGH 200)
The initial cannot be *k, which means Old Indian kapaṭī ‘double handful’ is unrelated. With a non-laryngeal *a.
PIE *ǩap-, *ǩep- ‘to pour, fill up’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 527–28 *kap- ‘fassen’, Mallory–Adams 489 *kelp- (WC/PIE) ‘jug, pot’
Cf. Greek κάλπις ‘pitcher, urn’, Latin calpar ‘wine cask’, Celtic *kel(p)urno- ‘milk jug’.
Hurrian kapp- ‘to pour, fill up’ (BGH 186)
Hurrian kapparni ‘pitcher (in copper)’, kappi ‘bowl’ (BGH 186)
The initial cannot be *k. The root is unattested in satem languages. With a non-laryngeal *a.
PIE *ǩapr- ‘goat’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 529 *kapro- ‘Ziegenbock, Bock’, Mallory–Adams 488 *kapros ‘he-goat’
Hurrian kapšušihuru ‘a kind of sheep’ (BGH 188)
The initial cannot be *k, which means Old Indian kápṛth- ‘penis’ is unrelated. With a non-laryngeal *a.
PIE *ǩer- ‘finger’ (a new root)
Cf. Celtic *karno- ‘hoof’, Welsh carn ‘handle’.
Hurrian kiretti ‘finger’ (BGH 212)
PIE *ǩer- ‘to grow, long’ (a well established root)
IEW 577 *ǩer- ‘wachsen (machen), nähren’, Mallory–Adams 492 *ǩer- ‘to grow’
Hurrian keri ‘long’ (BGH 211–12)
20 A similar voicing is attested in Hurrian kabli ‘copper’ (< *kap-l-).
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PIE *ǩerk- ‘to hinder’ (a new root)
Cf. Latin carcer ‘jail’.
Hurrian karh- ‘(?) to obstruct, hinder’ (BGH 190)
With a non-laryngeal *a.
PIE *ǩes- ‘to cut’ (a well established root)
IEW 586 *ǩes- ‘schneiden’, Mallory–Adams 492 *ǩes- ‘to cut’
Hurrian kašmušhi ‘CAD: a metal object: (?) kind of knife’ (BGH 194)
Hurrian kaz- ‘to wound, scratch’ (z < st) (BGH 191)
PIE *ǩew- ‘hollow, deep’ (a well established root)
IEW 592–94 *ǩou̯o-s ‘hohl’, *ǩou̯ǝlo-s ‘hohl, tief’, Mallory–Adams 492 *ǩeu(Hx)- ‘to hollow out’
Hurrian kul(a)muri ‘tief’ (BGH 191)
With a non-laryngeal *a. Cf. Latin cavus ‘hollow’.
PIE *ǩ-i- ‘deictic : this one here’ (a well established root)
IEW 609–10 *ğhes-r- ‘Hand’, Mallory–Adams 493 *ǩi-s ‘this one’
Hurrian a-kki, a-gi ‘the one, the other’ (< *o-ǩi, *o-ğhi) (BGH 8–9)
Cf. PIE *ğh-e/i ‘(proximal) deictic: this one near me’ (a scarcely attested root)
17. Lexical data: initial *k- (= Hurrian h)
This PIE phoneme normally combines with any other phoneme, except *H3.
PIE *keH4d- ‘to harm, rob, kill’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 516 *kad- ‘schädigen, berauben, verfolgen’,
Cf. Old Indian kadana- ‘destruction, killing, slaughter’.
Hurrian had- ‘to kill’ (BGH 142–43)
Cf. Substratic Armenian հատանել hatanel ‘to cut’, հատ hat ‘bit, slice’.
Cf. Greek κεκαδών (Participle) ‘robbing, stealing’.
Hurrian hathari ‘(place of a) burglary’ (BGH 143–44)
PIE *keH4ito- ‘shaggy plant, especially heather’ (IEW521)
Hurrian hišši ‘sprout, scion’ (BGH 157)
Cf. Substratic Armenian քիստ khist ‘barb (of ear)’.
PIE *kab-, *kap- ‘container’ (a scarcely attested root, possibly a wanderwort)
Cf. IEW 529–30 *kap- ‘sort of pan’: Old Indian kapā́ la- ‘cup, jar’, Latin capula, capsa, etc.
Hurrian √hab- ‘some kind of container’ in CAD:
habannatu ‘a container [Mari, El.Amarna]’
habanu, habalu ‘a wooden container [UR III]’
habarahu <giš ha-ba-ra-hu> ‘a wooden box or case’
habib(t)u ‘earthen container’
habnu ‘describing an earthen container’
habû <ha-bu-u> ‘a small earthen jug for storage’
The CAD generally does not indicate that these words are probably Hurrian.
PIE *kağh/keg- ‘goat’ (possibly a wanderwort)
IEW 517–18 *kağ- ‘Ziege’, Mallory–Adams 490 *koğhéHa (WC) ‘goat’
Hurrian hehuši ‘a sacrificial animal: (?) a goat’ (BGH 146)
The second consonant is unclear: g in Hurrian but ğh in Slavic (*koza).
PIE *ker- ‘to turn’ (a well established root)
IEW 584 *kert-, kerǝt-, krāt- ‘drehen’, Mallory–Adams 510 *(s)kerbh- ‘to turn’
Cf. Gothic haurds (< *kṛtis) ‘door’.
Hurrian (Subarian) harali ‘door’ (BGH 132)
Hurrian herinuhi ‘door (flapper)’ (BGH 154)
PIE *kes- ‘to scratch, itch’ (a well established root)
IEW 585–86 *kes- ‘kratzen, kämmen’
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Hurrian heše ‘grindstone’ (BGH 154)
PIE *k/ǩes- ‘couper’ (a well established root)
IEW 585–86 *kes- ‘knife’, Mallory–Adams 510 *ǩes- ‘to cut’
Cf. Greek ξυρόν, Old Indian kṣurá- ‘knife’.
Hurrian hašeri ‘épée, poignard’ (BGH 139)
Comparanda support both initials *k/ǩ.
18. Lexical data: initial *kw- (= Hurrian k(u))
This phoneme seems to be quite rare.
PIE *kʷei- ‘white, shining’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 628–29 *kʷei-s/d- ‘leuchten, hell, weiß’
Hurrian Kušuh ‘Moon-god’ (< *kʷy-s-)
Hurrian kušurni ‘a feature of goddesses: (?) luminous, shining’ (< *kʷy-s-) (BGH 231)
Cf. *ghʷeH4i-.
PIE *kweli- ‘young woman’ (a new root)
Cf. Tocharian A kuli / B kl(y)īye ‘woman’, Irish caile ‘a country woman’, Greek παλλακή ‘young woman’,
παλλακίς ‘concubine’
Hurrian Kulitta ‘a servant of Šauška’
PIE *kʷer- ‘to make, achieve’ (a well established root)
IEW 641–42 *kʷer- ‘machen, gestalten’, Mallory–Adams 494 *kʷer- ‘to do, make, build’
Hurrian kur- ‘to make, produce’ (BGH 226)
Hurrian kurhu ‘workshop’ (BGH 226)
PIE *kʷer- ‘to burn’ (an emended root)
IEW 571–72 *ker- ‘brennen, glühen, heizen’, Mallory–Adams 489 *ker- ‘to burn’
Cf. Old Indian kūḍay-āti (*kurd-) ‘to singe’, Lithuanian kùr-ti (*kur-) ‘to heat’, kerš̃ tas (*kwer-) ‘anger’, Gothic
haúri ‘coal’, Old Norse hyrr ‘Fire’ (*kur-yo-).
Hurrian kuri ‘anger, fury’ (BGH 227)
19. Lexical data: initial *l- (= Hurrian n)
This PIE phoneme normally combines with any other phoneme.
PIE *leH4-(u)- ‘gain, benefit’ (a well established root)
IEW 655 *lau- ‘brennen, glühen, heizen’, Mallory–Adams 495 *lau- (NW) ‘benefit, prize’
Hurrian nadagušri ‘produce, yield (of a field)’ (BGH 269)
Hurrian našše ‘wealth, abundance’ (BGH 268)
PIE *leb(h)- ‘to lick, sip’ (a well established root)
IEW 651 *lab(h)- ‘schlürfend, schnalzend, schmatzend lecken’, Mallory–Adams 495 *lab- (WC) ‘to lick’
Hurrian lal(l)am(b)uri ‘plat à base de bouillie d’orge’ (< *lo-lobh-) (BGH 234)
The reconstruction of the labial is unclear.
PIE *leğ- ‘to leak, melt’ (an emended root)
IEW 664 *leg- ‘tröpfeln, sickern, zergehen’, Mallory–Adams 495 *leg- (WC) ‘to drip, trickle’
Cf. Old Irish legaim ‘to melt’, Germanic *leka- ‘to leak’.
Armenian lič ‘lake, bog’ is unrelated and does not prove *g.
Hurrian nakk- ‘to melt (a metal)’ (< *loǩ-) (BGH 234)
Hurrian -kk- is irregular as single -k- is expected.
PIE *leg- ‘to gather, take’ (an emended root)
IEW 658 *leğ- ‘zusammenlesen, sammeln’, Mallory–Adams 495 *leğ- ‘to gather’
Only Albanian suggests *ğ instead of *g, so it may be an early Italic borrowing.
Hurrian nahh- ‘to take, retain’ (< (?) *log-) (BGH 259)
Hurrian -hh- is irregular as single -h- is expected.
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PIE *legh- ‘to lay, lie’ (a well established root)
IEW 658–59 *legh- ‘(sich) legen, liegen’, Mallory–Adams 495 *legh- ‘to lie’
Hurrian nahh- ‘to sit, inhabit’ (< (?) *logh-) (BGH 259–61)
Hurrian -hh- is irregular as single -h- is expected.
PIE *leH1- ‘to let go’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 666 *lē(i)- ‘nachlassen’, Mallory–Adams 496 *leH1d- ‘to leave’
Hurrian nakk- ‘to free, emancipate’ (< *loH1-ǩ-) (BGH 261–63)
PIE *leH2- ‘to pour’ (a well established root)
IEW 692 *low(ә)- ‘waschen’, Mallory–Adams 496 *leH2- ‘to pour, wet, make flow’
Cf. Hittite lahuzzi ‘he pours’.
Hurrian nahelli ‘(?) a kind of pitcher’ (BGH 261)
PIE *leybh- ‘liver’ (a new root)
Cf. Germanic *librō- ‘liver’.
Hurrian nibašuri ‘(part of the) liver’ (BGH 274–75)
PIE *lel-, *len- ‘to sing’ (a new root)
Cf. Latin lallō ‘to lull to sleep’, English lullaby.
Hurrian Ninatta ‘music player, servant of the goddess Šauška’
PIE *leyg/ğ- ‘to bind’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 668 *leig/ğ- ‘binden’, with contradictory comparanda (ğ in Albanian but g in Slavic).
Hurrian nihari ‘dowry, trousseau’ (BGH 270–71)
Hurrian negri ‘lock, bolt’ (BGH 272–73)
Hurrian has reflexes for both stops, *g and *ğ.
PIE *(H3)leyg- ‘poor, few’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 667 *leyg- ‘dürftig, elend, Krankheit’, Mallory–Adams 483 *H3ligos ‘ill, bad’
(?) Hurrian nigali ‘skinny, thin’ (BGH 272)
Unclear as *g should become h. Besides, Greek ὀλίγος seems to have an initial laryngeal.
20. Lexical data: initial *m- (= Hurrian m)
This PIE phoneme normally combines with any other phoneme.
PIE *me/o- ‘anaphoric’ (a scarcely attested root)
Mallory–Adams 497 *me/o- ‘interrogative, relative’
Cf. Anatolian conjunction -ma, Celtic *mo, Tocharian A mänt ‘how’.
Hurrian emeni ‘whoever’ (< *yo-me/o-ni) (BGH 73)
Hurrian -ma(n) ‘(enclitic) and’ (BGH 237)
PIE *meH4-g/ğ- ‘to be able, powerful’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 695 *magh- ‘können, vermögen, helfen’, Mallory–Adams 497 *magh- ‘to be able’
(?) Hurrian megi ‘lord, master (of Ebla)’
Unclear as *g should become h.
PIE *me(m)bh- ‘to blame, reproach’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 725 *membh- ‘tadeln’.
Hurrian mammuri ‘tormentor, malefactor’ (BGH 272)
PIE *med- ‘to measure, be wise’ (a well established root)
IEW 705–06 *med- ‘messen, ermessen’, Mallory–Adams 498 *med- ‘to measure, weigh’
Hurrian mad- ‘to be wise’ (BGH 248–49)
Hurrian madi ‘wisdom’ (BGH 248)
PIE *măğ- ‘to knead, form’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 696–97 *măğ- ‘kneten, drücken, streichen’.
Hurrian magandihi ‘a kind of bread’ (BGH 239) (BGH 239)
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PIE *meH4-gh- ‘to desire, autorize’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 695 *mag- ‘können, vermögen, helfen’,
(?) Hurrian magunni ‘desire, need’ (BGH 239)
Unclear as *gh should become h.
PIE *magh- ‘young person, youth’ (a well established root)
IEW 696 *magh- ‘jung’, Mallory–Adams 497 *maghu- ‘young (wo)man’
Hurrian mahil- ‘CAD: (? to take a) concubine’ (Cf. BGH 237)
PIE *mey- ‘to exchange’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 710 *mei- ‘wechseln, tauschen’, Mallory–Adams 498 *mei- ‘to exchange’
Hurrian mid- ‘to pay’ (< *my-d-) (BGH 252)
PIE *meyğw- ‘to change, move over’ (a scarcely attested root)
Probably derived from *mey-.
IEW 713 *meyğw- ‘wechseln, tauschen, eine Ortsveränderung vornehmen’
Hurrian miguhhe ‘(?) modified, displaced (said of a city door)’ (BGH 250)
PIE *mel- ‘to move’ (a scarcely attested root)
Cf. IEW 721–22 *mel-, *melǝ-, *mlō- ‘hervorkommen, erscheinen, hochkommen’
Cf. Greek βλώσκω, μολεῖν ‘to go or come’, Slavic *mol- ‘to show up, emerge’.
Hurrian melahh- ‘to expel, drive away’ (BGH 250)
PIE *mel- ‘black’ (a well established root)
IEW 720–21 *mel- ‘dunkeln, unreinen, schmutzigen Farbentonen’
(?) Hurrian ídMala ‘the Anatolian name of the upper Euphrates’ (Cf. Turkish Kara-su)
PIE *mel- ‘to grind, hit’ (a well established root)
IEW 716–19 *mel- ‘zermalmen, schlagen, mahlen’,
Hurrian malladi ‘chopping or slicing tray, trencher’ (BGH 240)
PIE *men- ‘to remain’ (a well established root)
IEW 729 *men- ‘bleiben, (sinnend) stillstehen’, Mallory–Adams 499 *men- ‘to remain, stay’
Hurrian man- ‘to be’ (BGH 241)
PIE *mer- ‘to die’ (a well established root)
IEW 735 *mer- ‘sterben’, Mallory–Adams 499 *mer- ‘to die’
Hurrian mar-all- ‘to kill’ (BGH 243)
PIE *m(e)uH- ‘wet, to wash’ (a well established root)
IEW 741–43 *meu(ә)- ‘feucht, waschen, reinigen’, Mallory–Adams 499 *m(e)uHx- ‘to wash’
Hurrian muli ‘river’ (BGH 253)
Cf. Urartian muna ‘river’.
21. Lexical data: initial *n- (= Hurrian n)
This PIE phoneme normally combines with any other phoneme.
PIE *ne- ‘no, not’ (a well established root)
IEW 756–58 *ne ‘Satznegation ’, Mallory–Adams 501 *ne- ‘not’
Hurrian na- ‘to refuse’ (BGH 259)
PIE *neH4- ‘to be useful, helpful’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 754 *nā- ‘helfen, nützen’
Hurrian niri ‘good’ (BGH 275–77)
PIE *ney(H)- ‘low’ (a well established root)
IEW 311–14 *ni-, *nei- ‘nieder’
Hurrian ninudi ‘(gods of) lower rank’
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PIE *nen(t)- ‘to overpower, dare’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 755 *nent- ‘wagen, sich erkühnen’, Mallory–Adams 500 *nant- (WC) ‘to combat, fight’
Cf. Tocharian A nati ‘power, strength’.
Hurrian nan- ‘to win, overpower’ (BGH 265)
PIE *ner- ‘left (side)’ (a new root)
Cf. Germanic *nurθ- ‘north’, Umbrian nertru ‘sinistru’.
Hurrian nariya ‘five’ (BGH 267)
Cf. Hurrian eman ‘ten’ (right hand).
PIE *ner- ‘(to move) rapidly’ (a new root)
Cf. Lithuanian nìrti ‘to hurry up’, Old Indian nṛ́tyati ‘to dance’.
Hurrian nirušae ‘fast, rapidly’ (BGH 267)
PIE *nara-, *nera- ‘mother’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 754 *nana, nena ‘Lallwort [Mutter, etc]’, Mallory–Adams 501 *n-H4en- ‘(old) woman, mother’
Hurrian nera- ‘mother’ (BGH 267)
PIE *(H1)new- ‘nine, 9’ (a well established root)
IEW 318 ‘’, Mallory–Adams 480 *H1new- ‘nine’
Hurrian niš ‘nine, 9’ (meaning contested by BGH 279–80)
PIE *H1(e)/gh(e)-nu- ‘now’ (a well established root)
IEW 770 *nu- ‘nun’, Mallory–Adams 502 *nu- ‘now’
Hurrian henni ‘now’ (BGH 151)
Hurrian undu ‘now, then’ (BGH 492)
Hurrian unnu, unni ‘now’ (BGH 491)
22. Lexical data: initial *H3- (= Hittite, Hurrian ø)
This PIE phoneme normally combines with nearly any other phoneme.
PIE *H3ebh- ‘fore, front’ (a new root)
Cf. IEW 781 *opi, Mallory–Adams 479 *H1opi ‘near, on’: Latin ob- ‘opposite (side)’
Hurrian aβi ‘[noun] face, head, [prep.] before’ (BGH 36–37)
PIE *H3ed- ‘to hate’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 773 *od- ‘Widerwille, Haß’, Mallory–Adams 483 *H3ed- ‘to hate’
Hurrian adirha ‘(being) in conflict’ (BGH 65–66)
PIE *H3eǩ- ‘to think about, care for’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 774 *oǩ- ‘überlegen’
Hurrian ak[k]-ugar- ‘to care for (each other)’
PIE *H3elH1- ‘to die, destroy’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 777 *ol-(e)- ‘vernichten’, Mallory–Adams 483 *H3elH1- ‘to destroy’
Hurrian ull- ‘to destroy’ (< *H3lH1-) (BGH 486)
Hurrian ullul- ‘to die’ (< *H3lH1-) (BGH 486)
PIE *H3nobh- ‘navel, hub’ (a well established root)
IEW 314–15 *enebh- ‘Nabel’, Mallory–Adams 484 *H3nobh- ‘navel, nave’
Old Irish imbliu (< *ambliyōn-) ‘navel’ does not prove *H1 (cf. imb ‘butter’ < *H3engw-)
(?) Hurrian or (maybe) Mittani-Aryan ubbara ‘a feature of wheels: (?) hub’ (BGH 493)
PIE *H3er-s- ‘behind, ass’ (a well established root)
IEW 340 *e/ors- ‘Hinterer, Schwanz’: Hittite arra- ‘behind, buttocks’
Hurrian urunni ‘behind, rear’ (BGH 501)
Hurrian urundalli ‘rear, posterior’ (BGH 501)
PIE *H3ez-d- ‘branch’ (a scarcely attested root)
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IEW 785–86 *ozdo- ‘Ast’, Mallory–Adams 482 *H2ósdos ‘branch’
Hurrian ašdiwelte ‘crossbeam’ (BGH 62)
PIE *H3leH1- ‘to die, destroy’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 777 *ol-(e)- ‘vernichten’, Mallory–Adams 483 *H3elH1- ‘to destroy’
Hurrian Illu-[(w)i-angu] ‘(snake of) destruction’ (< metathetic *H1lH3-)
PIE *H3reH1-ğ- ‘ruler’ (a well established root)
IEW 854–57 *rēĝ-s ‘König’, Mallory–Adams 484 *H3rēğ- ‘ruler, king’
Hurrian irrupi, irrubi ‘CAD: chief, lord’ (< metathetic *H1reH3-bh-)
23. Lexical data: initial *p- (= Hurrian p)
This PIE phoneme normally combines with any other phoneme, including *H3.
PIE *pel- ‘to flow, pour’ (a well established root)
IEW 798–801 *pel- ‘gießen, fließen, aufschütten, füllen’
Hurrian pala ‘canal’ (BGH 292)
PIE *pent- ‘to tread, walk’ (a well established root)
IEW 808–09 *pent- ‘treten, gehen’, Mallory–Adams 503 *pent- ‘to find one’s way’
Hurrian pend- ‘laisser rentrer, laisser revenir’ (BGH 311)
PIE *per-, *preH2- ‘first, (be)fore’ (a well established root)
IEW 810–16 *per- [a confused lump], Mallory–Adams 503 *per(Hx)- ‘first’
Hurrian pahi ‘head’ (BGH 287–88)
Cf. Kassite barhu ‘head’.
The laryngeal is *H2.
PIE *per- ‘to carry/bring over, to go through’ (a well established root)
IEW 816–17 *per- ‘hinüberführen oder -bringen oder -kommen’, Mallory–Adams 503 *per- ‘to pass through’
Hurrian parhi ‘dooryard’ (BGH 301)
PIE *per- ‘to strike, injure’ (a well established root)
IEW 818–19 *per-(g)- ‘schlagen’, Mallory–Adams 503 *per- ‘to strike’
Hurrian par(i)li ‘crime’ (BGH 300)
PIE *peuH- ‘pure, clean’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 827 *peu(ә)- ‘reinigen, läutern, sieben’, Mallory–Adams 504 *peu(Hx)- ‘clean’
Hurrian purapši ‘preast, purificator’ (< *pu-r-)
PIE *pneu- ‘to breathe’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 838–39 *pneu- ‘keuchen, atmen’, Mallory–Adams 505 *pneu- ‘to snort, sneeze’
Hurrian βuhhi, βunhi ‘nose’ (< *bun- < *pnu-)
24. Lexical data: *r- (= Hurrian r)
This phoneme is impossible word-initially in Hurrian.
25. Lexical data: initial *s- (= Hurrian s), *st- (= Hurrian z)
This PIE phoneme normally combines with any other phoneme, including *H3.
PIE *seğh- ‘to save, to overcome’ (a well established root)
IEW 888–89 *seğh- ‘einen in Kampf überwältigen, Sieg’, Mallory–Adams 508 *seğh- ‘to hold fast, conquer’
Hurrian šagr- ‘to protect, save’ (BGH 343–44)
Cf. Kassite sagarakti ‘to save, redeem’.
PIE *seH1- ‘to bind’ (a well established root)
IEW 891–92 *seH1- ‘binden’
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(?) Hurrian šatti ‘together’ (BGH 364)
PIE *seH1- ‘to sow’ (a well established root)
IEW 889–91 *sē- ‘säen’, Mallory–Adams 508 *seH1- ‘to sow’
(?) Hurrian šišihe ‘spade, shovel’ (< *sH1-sH1-)
Hurrian -he is an instrumental suffix, not the reflex of *H1.
PIE *seH2- ‘health, life’ (a very scarcely attested root)
IEW 880 (only Italic) *sānos ‘gesund, heil’
Hurrian šuhuri, šehurni ‘life’ (BGH 403)
Cf. Urartian šehiri ‘alive’.
PIE *seH3- ‘one’ (a new root)
Cf. Hittite šia- ‘one’ (Hoffner–Melchert 2008:154).
Hurrian šu- ‘one’ (< *sH3-) (BGH 406–08)
Hurrian šugam- ‘to unite, unify’ (< *sH3-) (BGH 406)
This root is the ancient PIE word for ‘one’, which the non-Anatolian branch replaced by *H2ey- ‘entire > one’.
PIE *sekw- ‘to say’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 897–98 *sekw- ‘sagen’, Mallory–Adams 508 *sekw- (WC) ‘to say, recount publicly’
(?) Hurrian kul- ‘to say’ (< *skw-l-) (BGH 218–19)
PIE *sey-b- ‘[imperfective] to flow, [perfective] dry out’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 894 *sei-p/b- ‘ausgießen, seihen, rinnen, tröpfeln’ (a scarcely attested root)
Hurrian šib- ‘to dry out’ (BGH 389)
Cf. Latin siccus ‘dry’ (< *seikw- ‘to flow’).
PIE *sel- ‘gray, (to reduce to) ashes’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 879 *sal- ‘schmutziggrau’
Hurrian šalmi ‘ash’ (BGH 346)
Hurrian šulli ‘charcoal’ (BGH 411)
PIE *selH2- ‘to hear’ (a very scarcely attested root)
Cf. Proto-Celtic *sell- ‘to hear’: Breton selaou.
Hurrian šalh- ‘to hear, understand’ (BGH 345–46)
PIE *sem- ‘simple, whole’
IEW 902–05 *sem- ‘eins, in eins zusammen’, Mallory–Adams 508 *sem ‘at one time, once’
Hurrian šum(m)- ‘to assemble’ (BGH 412)
Hurrian šummi ‘all, entire’ (BGH 412)
PIE *sept- ‘seven’ (a well established root)
IEW 909 *septṃ ‘sieben’, Mallory–Adams 509 *septṃ́ ‘seven’
(?) Hurrian šindi ‘seven’ (< *sept- influenced by šini ‘two’) (BGH 387–88)
PIE *ser- ‘to move quickly, flow’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 909–10 *ser- ‘strömen, sich rasch und heftig bewegen’,
Hurrian šuram- ‘to hurry up’ (BGH 418)
Hurrian šurr- ‘to reach, move toward’ (BGH 418)
PIE *ser- ‘to bind together, line up’ (a well established root)
IEW 911 *ser- ‘aneinander reihen, knüpfen’, Mallory–Adams 509 *ser- ‘to line up’
Hurrian šir- ‘to be equal to, correspond’ (BGH 418)
Hurrian širi ‘number, figure’ (BGH 418)
Hurrian šuri ‘mat’ (BGH 419)
The same semantics is exemplified by Latin ordō- ‘to weave’ ~ Greek ἀριθμητικός (< PIE *H4er-dh-).
PIE *sew- ‘to flow, liquid’ (a well established root)
IEW 912–13 *sew- ‘Saft, Feuchtes, regnen, rinnen’, Mallory–Adams 509 *seu(Hx)- ‘to express a liquid’
Hurrian šiye, šiwe ‘water, river’ (BGH 418)
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PIE *(s)leH4-gw- ‘to take, hold’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 958 *(s)lagw- ‘fassen, ergreifen’, Mallory–Adams 510 *(s)lagw- (WC) ‘to take, hold’
(?) Hurrian ulluh- ‘to take, retain’ (< (?) *lH4-gw-) (BGH 486)
PIE *so- ‘anaphoric’ (a well established root)
IEW 978–79 *so- ‘demonstrative stem: ὁ, ἡ’, Mallory–Adams 511 *so ‘that one’
Hurrian ešabi, išabi ‘on that (other) side’ (< *y(o)-so-bhi) (BGH 102–03)
PIE *speH(2?)- ‘flat piece of wood’ (a well established root)
IEW 980 *sp(h)ē- ‘langes, flaches Holzstück’, Mallory–Adams 512 *spHaen- (WC) ‘flat-shaped piece of wood’
Hurrian šipihe, šiwahe ‘spade’ (BGH 390)
Hurrian is consitent with *H2.
PIE *spel- ‘to speak’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 985 *spel- ‘laut, nachdrücklich sprechen’, Mallory–Adams 512 *spel- ‘to say aloud, recite’
Hurrian pal- ‘to say, speak’ (BGH 291)
PIE *(s)teğ- ‘to cover (body, roof)’ (a well established root)
IEW 1013–14 *(s)teg- ‘decken’, Mallory–Adams 512 *(s)teg- (WC/PIE) ‘to cover’
Hurrian tag(a)ruwai ‘kind of garment: (?) toga’ (BGH 430)
Hurrian suggests that the stop is *ğ, not *g.
PIE *steH3- ‘mouth’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 1035 *stomen ‘Mund’, Mallory–Adams 513 *stómṇ ‘mouth’
Hurrian zaš-ul-, zaz-ul- ‘to feed’ (< *stoH3-s-) (BGH 360–61)
PIE *steH4- ‘to condense, compact’ (a well established root)
IEW 1010–11 *stāi- ‘verdichten, zusammendrängen, stopfen’
Hurrian zaz- ‘(?) to press clay (to make bricks)’ (< *stH4-stH4-) (BGH 360–61)
PIE *s-te(H4)bh- ‘pillar, to support, stay’ (a well established root)
IEW 1011–13 *stebh- ‘Pfosten, Pfeiler, stützen, versteifen, feststellen’,
Hurrian zab- ‘(?) to support, stay’ (< *s-to(H4)bh-) (BGH 351)
Hurrian tabri ‘chair’ (< *to(H4)bh-) (BGH 441–42)
PIE *steH4-g- ‘to stand’ (a well established root)
IEW 1004–10 *stā- ‘stehen, stellen’, Mallory–Adams 513 *steH2- ‘to stand’
(?) Hurrian zah- ‘to pile up (tiles)’ (< *steH4-g-) (BGH 341)
PIE *s-tem- ‘to cut, separate’, *tem- ‘temple, ἄδυτον’ (a well established root)
IEW 1062–63 *tem- ‘schneiden’
Hurrian zamm- ‘to rip, tear’ (BGH 348)
Hurrian tamalki, tamanki ‘(?) offering or sanctuary’ (BGH 435)
Hurrian tumabirni, tumamerni ‘(?) sort of temple: ἄδυτον’ (BGH 468)
Cf. Latin templum.
PIE *s-ter-n- ‘forehead’ (a new root)
Cf. Germanic *stirn- ‘forehead’.
Hurrian terini ‘forehead’ (BGH 461)
PIE *steu- ‘to praise, adore’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 1035 *steu- ‘laut preisen’, Mallory–Adams 513 *steu- (GA) ‘to praise’
Hurrian zušši ‘(?) praise’ (BGH 422)
PIE *s-teu-ğ/k- ‘to cut, ax off’ (a well established root)
IEW 1032–34 *s-teu- ‘stoßen, schlagen’, Mallory–Adams 513 *steu-p- ‘to strike’
Hurrian zugi ‘small, short’ (BGH 408)
PIE *s-teu-p- ‘to strike’ (a well established root)
IEW 1032–34 *s-teu- ‘stoßen, schlagen’, Mallory–Adams 513 *steu-p- ‘to strike’
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Hurrian zuppi ‘(?) club, bludgeon’ (BGH 417)
Hurrian tuwal- ‘to strike, beat’ (BGH 471)
PIE *s-treu- ‘to strew, spread’ (a well established root)
IEW 1029–31 *ster-, *streu- ‘ausbreiten, ausstreuen’, Mallory–Adams 513 *ster- ‘to spread’
(?) Hurrian tudigi ‘heap of refuse’ (< *trou-) (BGH 408)
PIE *sud-, sunt- ‘south’ (a scarcely attested root)
Cf. Germanic *sunθ- ‘south’ (Kroonen 492).
Hurrian šudu, šudanani ‘CAD: south’
PIE *sweHx-nu- ‘son, to beget’ (a well established root)
IEW 913–14 *seu(ә)- ‘gebären’, Mallory–Adams 509 *seu-(Hx)- ‘to bear a child’
Hurrian šeni, šena ‘brother’ (< *sweHx-n-) (BGH 408)
PIE *sweyd- ‘sweat’ (a well established root)
IEW 1043 *sweid- ‘schwitzen’, Mallory–Adams 514 *sweid- ‘sweat’
Hurrian šišhau ‘sweat’ (BGH 398)
PIE *sweks- ‘six’ (a well established root)
IEW 1044 *sweks- ‘sechs’, Mallory–Adams 509 *ksweǩs- ‘six’
Hurrian šeši ‘six’ (< *swe(k)s-) (BGH 396–97)
PIE *swel- ‘to swallow’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 1045 *swel-k- ‘schlingen, essen, trinken’
Hurrian šali ‘daughter’ (BGH 344)
Hurrian šall- ‘to swallow’ (BGH 344)
PIE *swer- ‘to say, swear’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 1049 *swer- ‘sprechen, reden’, Mallory–Adams 514 *(s)wer- ‘to say, speak’
Hurrian šar- ‘to request, to desire’ (BGH 355)
PIE *swer- ‘to cut, pierce’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 1050 *swer- ‘schneiden, stechen, schwären, eitern’,
Hurrian šawri ‘weapon : (?) spear, sword’ (< *sowr-)
Hurrian šur- ‘to slaughter, kill’ (BGH 418)
Cf. Substratic Armenian սուր sour ‘sword’.
PIE *syuHx- ‘to sew’ (a well established root)
IEW 915–16 *syū- ‘nähen’, Mallory–Adams 515 *syuH1- ‘to sew’
Hurrian šull- ‘to bind’ (< *syuHx-l-) (BGH 410)
26. Lexical data: initial *t- (= Hurrian t, also š[i/u])
This PIE phoneme seems to be in complementary distribution with *d, to a large extent.
PIE *s-tey- ‘sharp, spike’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 1015 *s-tey- ‘spitzig’, Mallory–Adams 513 *steig- ‘prick’
Hurrian tiyaluri ‘CAD: (white) cedar’ (BGH 458–59)
Hurrian tiyari ‘spindle’ (BGH 456–57)
Hurrian tiyari ‘CAD: (white) cedar’ (BGH 458–59)
PIE *tak/ǩ-s- ‘to weave’ (a well established root)
IEW 1058–59 *teǩθ- ‘flechten’, Mallory–Adams 515 *teǩs- ‘to fabricate’
Hurrian tahapši ‘(?) kind of (saddle) mat’ (< *tog-) (BGH 424–25)
Hurrian tehuššu ‘sort of fabric or textile’ (< *teg-) (BGH 4585)
According to Hurrian the velar *g.
PIE *tel- ‘plank, board’ (a well established root)
IEW 1061 *tel- ‘flach, flacher Boden, Brett’, Mallory–Adams 515 *telHx-om ‘floor (of planks)’
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Hurrian tulburi ‘(?) plank, board’ (< *tḷ-bh-) (BGH 467)
PIE *tel(H2)- ‘to carry (away)’ (a well established root)
IEW 1060 *telә, *tlā- ‘aufheben, wägen, tragen’, Mallory–Adams 515 *telH2- ‘to lift, raise’
Hurrian tal- ‘to remove ; to purify (of a sin)’ (BGH 430–31)
PIE *tap- ‘to press down’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 1056 *tap- ‘niederdrücken, zusammendrücken’
Hurrian tabš-, tašb- ‘to bring down, destroy’ (< *top-s-) (BGH 442–43)
Hurrian tapš- ‘low’ (< *top-s-) (BGH 442–43)
PIE *ter- ‘to pierce, rub’ (a well established root)
IEW 1071–74 *ter- ‘reiben, durchbohren’, Mallory–Adams 516 *ter(H1/i)- ‘to pierce, rub’
Hurrian taruallinnu ‘(?) pestle’ (BGH 449)
PIE *ter-H2- ‘to be strong, overpower’ (a well established root)
IEW 1074–75 *terә-, *trā- ‘überwinden, hinüberbringen’, Mallory–Adams 516 *terH2- ‘to overcome’
Hurrian tura(h)hi ‘male, virile’ (< *tr-H2-) (BGH 476–77)
PIE *ter-s- ‘dry’ (a well established root)
IEW 1078 *ter-s- ‘trocknen, verdorren, Durst, dürsten’, Mallory–Adams 516 *ters- ‘dry’
Hurrian taršuwani ‘mankind [< lit. dry-earth-ling]’ (BGH 447–48)
PIE *teu- ‘to protect, care’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 1079 *teu- ‘betrachten, schützen’, Mallory–Adams 516 *teu- ‘to look on with favour’
Hurrian šuwari ‘(?) servant [= Semitic abdu]’ (< *tu-)
PIE *teu-t- ‘all (people)’ (a well established root)
IEW 1080 *teu-tā ‘Menge Volkes’, Mallory–Adams 516 *teutéHa ‘the people (? under arms)’
Hurrian šui, šuwani ‘all’ (< *tu-(H)-) (BGH 402)
PIE *trem- ‘to shake, tremble’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 1092–93 *trem- ‘trippeln, trampeln, zittern’, Mallory–Adams 517 *trem- ‘to shake, tremble (in fear)’
Hurrian tum- ‘(?) to shudder, wriggle’ (< *trṃ-) (BGH 468)
27. Lexical data: initial *w- (= Hurrian ø/u)
This PIE phoneme normally combines with any other phoneme, and normally mutes out in Hurrian. Some items
nevertheless have preserved initial *w.
PIE *weH4-dh- ‘to go’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 1109 *wādh-, *wǝdh- ‘gehen, schreiten’, Mallory–Adams 517 *wadh- ‘to wade’
Hurrian ušš-(ul)- ‘to go, bring’ (< *uH4-s-) (BGH 502–03)
Hurrian ušt- ‘to go away, take away’ (< *uH4-st-) (BGH 502–03)
PIE *weH4-dh- ‘to guarantee, conclude an agreement’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 1109 *wadh- ‘Pfand, Pfand einlösen’
Hurrian ud- ‘to protect, guarantee’ (< *uH4-dh-) (BGH 507)
PIE *weH4-ğ- ‘to strike, split’ (a scarcely attested root)
Mallory–Adams 517 *wağ- ‘to split’
Cf. Tocharian A, B wāk- ‘to burst, split apart, separate’, Greek (ϝ)ἄγνυμι ‘to break’.
Cf. IEW 1181 *wrāg- (with infixed -r-) ‘schlagen, stoßen’.
Hurrian dU.GUR ‘the sword or vajra of the war-god Indra-Nergal’ (< *u(H)ğ-) (BGH 483)
Hurrian wag- ‘(?) to attack, strike’ (< *woğ-) (BGH 290)
PIE *web(h)- ‘to kill, weapon’ (a new root)
Cf. Germanic *wēpnam ‘weapon’, Mallory–Adams 518 *wēben ‘cutting weapon, knife’
Hurrian ub- ‘to kill, slaughter’ (< *ubh-) (BGH 499–500)
Hurrian urb- ‘to kill, sacrify’ (< metathetic *ubh-r-) (BGH 499–500)
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Hurrian urb(ar)ini ‘butcher, sacrificator’ (< metathetic *ubh-r-) (BGH 499–500)
PIE *webh- ‘to err, wander’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 1114–15 *webh- ‘sich hin und her bewegen, wabern’
Hurrian ube ‘idiot, insane’ (< *ubh-) (BGH 494)
PIE *webh- ‘to weave’ (a well established root)
IEW 1114 *webh- ‘weben, flechten, knüpfen’
Hurrian ušpah(h)i ‘string ; weaving (< *ubh-s-) (BGH 505)
PIE *wed- ‘water’ (a well established root)
IEW 78–81 *awed- ‘benetzen, befeuchten, fließen’, Mallory–Adams 520 *wódṛ ‘water’
Hurrian wudarini ‘dish-washer’ (< (?) *wod-) (BGH 334)
PIE *wed- ‘belly, bowel’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 1104–05 *udero- ‘Bauch’, Mallory–Adams 517 *udero- ‘abdomen, stomach’
Hurrian edi- ‘body, (one)self’ (< *wed-) (BGH 112–13)
Hurrian ištani ‘among’ (< *wed-(s)t-) (BGH 107)
PIE *wed- ‘country, valley’ (a scarcely attested root)
Cf. Hittite udne ‘country’, Armenian գետին getin ‘ground’.
Hurrian ude ‘(?) valley’ (< *ud-) (BGH 508)
PIE *wedh- ‘to strike’ (a well established root)
IEW 1115 *wedh- ‘stoßen, schlagen’, Mallory–Adams 520 *wedh- ‘to push, strike’
Hurrian id- ‘to destroy, thrash’ (< *wedh-) (BGH 109–10)
PIE *weğh- ‘to transport (in chariot)’ (a well established root)
IEW 1118–20 *weğh- ‘bewegen, ziehen, fahren’, Mallory–Adams 518 *weğh- ‘to bear, carry, ride’
Hurrian wag-an- ‘(?) to send’ (< *woğ-) (BGH 290)
PIE *wegw- ‘wet, humid’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 1118 *wegw- ‘feucht, netzen’, Mallory–Adams 518 *wegw- (WC) ‘wet’
Hurrian uhuli ‘(?) drinking-cup’ (< *ugw-) (BGH 482)
Cf. Substratic Greek ὄλλιξ ‘drinking-cup’.
PIE *weH2- ‘to cry, alas, woe’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 1110–11 *wai ‘wehe!’, Mallory–Adams 518 *weH2-b- (NW) ‘to cry, scream’
Hurrian uh- ‘to shout, deplore’ (< *uH2-) (BGH 482)
PIE *weyH- ‘(vital) force’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 1123–24 *wīs ‘Kraft’, Mallory–Adams 518 *weiHx- ‘strong, strength’
Cf. Greek ἴς, Latin vīs ‘force’.
Hurrian inni ‘vital force, energy’ (< *wiH-n-) (BGH 88)
PIE *weys- ‘dirty, poisonous’ (a well established root)
IEW 1134 *weis- ‘zerfließen, fließen, unreinen Säften, Gift’, Mallory–Adams 518 *weis- ‘to ooze out, stink’
Hurrian iše ‘dirt, taint’ (< *w(e)ys-) (BGH 105)
PIE *wel- ‘to turn, roll’ (a well established root)
IEW 1140–44 *wel- ‘drehen, winden, wälzen’, Mallory–Adams 519 *wel- ‘to turn, wind, roll’
Cf. Tocharian A (pl) walyi, B yel ‘worm’.
Hurrian wali [Mari] ‘(?) worm’ (< *wol-) (BGH 292)
Hurrian wali has an exceptional retention of initial *w.
PIE *wel-H2?- ‘wool’ (a well established root)
IEW 1139–40 *wel(ә)- ‘Haar, Wolle’, Mallory–Adams 519 *wlH2neHa- ‘wool’
Hurrian alali ‘sort of (over)coat’ (< *wol-)
Hurrian alluri ‘garment: (?) coat’ (< *wol-)
Cf. Greek ἄλλιξ, -ικος (f.) ‘a kind of short-sleeved coat’.
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PIE *wel-H2- ‘to injure, harm’ (a well established root)
IEW 1144–45 *wel- ‘reißen = ritzen, verwunden, Wunde’, Mallory–Adams 519 *wel-(H2)- ‘to strike, tear at’
Hurrian ulmi ‘weapon’ (< *ul-(H2)-) (BGH 485)
PIE *(s)wen-dh- ‘to go (away)’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 1147–48 *(s)wen-dh- ‘schwinden’
Hurrian un- ‘to come, bring’ (< *un-) (BGH 490)
Cf. Urartian nun(a)- ‘to come’.
PIE *wer-(dh)- ‘to utter, word’ (a well established root)
IEW 1162–63 *wer- ‘feierlich sagen, sprechen’
Hurrian erdi ‘(?) tongue’ (< *wer-dh-) (BGH 101)
Hurrian wirwirišti ‘magical formula (of liberation)’ (BGH 314)
PIE *wer-ğ- ‘to work’ (a well established root)
IEW 1168–69 *wer-ğ- ‘wirken, tun’, Mallory–Adams 519 *werğ- ‘to work’
Hurrian ur-(um-ušt)- ‘to be busy with’ (< *ur-) (BGH 495–96)
PIE *wer-H2- ‘true’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 1165–66 *werә- ‘vertrauenswert, wahr’, Mallory–Adams 518 *weH1r-(os) (NW) ‘true’
Hurrian urhi ‘true’ (< *ur-H2-) (BGH 497–98)
PIE *wer- ‘to enclose’ (a well established root)
IEW 1168 *wer-ğ- ‘abschließen, einschließen, Hürde’, IEW 1160–62 *wer-t- ‘verschließen, bedecken’
Hurrian wәrub-ath-am ‘fait d’être emprisonné’ (BGH 314)
Hurrian urbi, urwi ‘enclosure, sheepfold’ (BGH 500)
PIE *wes- ‘to dress, put on’ (a well established root)
IEW 1172–73 *wes- ‘kleiden’, Mallory–Adams 519 *wes- ‘to be dressed, dress’
Hurrian ašlagi ‘kind of garment’ (< *wos-l-) (BGH 57)
PIE *wos- ‘good’ (a well established root)
IEW 1174–75 *wesu ‘gut’, Mallory–Adams 520 *wesu ‘excellent, noble’
Hurrian uštai ‘hero’ (< *ust-) (BGH 503)
PIE *wes- ‘to eat (a lot)’ (a well established root)
IEW 1171 *wes- ‘schmausen’, Mallory–Adams 519 *wes- ‘to graze’
Hurrian ašuhi ‘meal’ (< *wos-)
PIE *wes-no- ‘price, buy’ (a well established root)
IEW 1173 *wes- ‘Kaufpreis, kaufen, verkaufen’, Mallory–Adams 520 *wesno- ‘purchase’
Hurrian iši ‘contract’ (< *wes-)
PIE *wi(H)r- ‘(free) man’ (a scarcely attested root)
IEW 1177–78 *wīro- ‘man, hero’, Mallory–Adams 520 *wiHxr-(os) ‘man, husband’
Hurrian wiradi ‘noble ; freeman’ (< *wi(H)r-) (BGH 313)
28. Conclusion
Quite remarkably, the phonological density of PIE roots attested in Hurrian is quite high, and as a rule, most
CvC- combinations of PIE phonemes are usually reflected by Hurrian comparanda. In that respect, a clear divide
looms out among PIE phonemes in root-initial position:
- A first set is richly documented and combines with most other phonemes: *H4, *bh, *dh, *ğh, *H1, *H2, *l,
*m, *n, *H3, *p, *s, *w. These phonemes belong to the voiced aspirated, laryngeal and resonant series.
They represent the phonological core of PIE. It is unclear if word-initial *st should be considered a
phoneme on its own.
- A second set seems to be fairly rare: *gw, *gh, *ghw, *y, *kw.
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- A third set is impossible root-initially: (*b,) *r.
- A fourth set only combines with laryngeals (*H) or resonants (*l, *r, *y, *w): *d, *ğ, *g, *gw. On the
contrary, the voiceless phonemes *ǩ, *k, *t do not seem to combine with laryngeals, though they seem to
combine with resonants. In other words, there is a kind of blurred complementary distribution between the
voiced series and the voiceless series. The phoneme *p behaves differently as it does not have a voiced
partner, so that *p is the only voiceless consonant that does not have combinatory restrictions.
Of course these conclusions are only preliminary and may be emended, as our understanding of Hurrian,
Urartian and Substratic Armenian will no doubt improve in the future.
Hurro-Urartian is the new frontier of Indo-European studies. Together with Anatolian languages, this new
group of Indo-European languages will doubtless allow new breakthroughs in the understanding of PIE.
References
BGH = Bibliographisches Glossar des Hurritischen
CAD = Chicago Assyrian Dictionary
Fournet, Arnaud
2019 Nouveau glossaire du hourrite. Thebookedition.
Fournet, Arnaud & Bomhard, Allan R.
2010 The Indo-European Elements in Hurrian. La Garenne Colombes–Charleston.
Gamkrelidze, Thomas, V & Ivanov, Vjaceslav V.
1995 Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: A Reconstruction and Historical Analysis of a Proto-
Language and Proto-Culture. Walter de Gruyter. (Reprint 2010)
Hoffner, Harry A. & Melchert, Craig H.
2008 A Grammar of the Hittite Language. Part I: Reference Grammar. Eisenbrauns.
Kroonen, Guus
2013 Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic. Brill.
Laroche, Emmanuel
1980 Glossaire de la langue hourrite. Klincksieck.
Mallory, James & Adams, Douglas
1997 Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. Routledge.
2006 The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World. Oxford
University Press
Richter, Thomas
2012 Bibliographisches Glossar des Hurritischen. Harrassowitz.
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