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Images from The Rawlins
Gallery
The King Violoncello by Andrea Amati, Cremona, Mid-16th Century
Note: Click on any structural area of the instrument to see a close-up of that area.
NMM 3351. Violoncello, The King, by Andrea Amati, Cremona, mid-16th century. Witten-Rawlins Collection, 1984.
Listen to an excerpt from the live King cello demonstration by Joshua Koestenbaum (2005) at the NMM conference, The Secrets, Lives, and Violins of the Great Cremona Makers 1505-1744.
It was in the workshop of Andrea Amati (ca. 1505-1577) in Cremona, Italy, in the middle of the 16th century that the form of the instruments of the violin family as we know them today first crystallized. The King, as it is now called, is the earliest bass instrument of the violin family known to survive, built perhaps as early as 1538, originally with only three strings. About 1560, it was painted to serve as one of a set of 38 stringed instruments built by Andrea Amati that were painted and gilded for the French court of King Charles IX (d. 1574) - his mother was Catherine de' Medici, a member of the Italian family that directed the destiny of Florence (and, after 1569, of Tuscany) from the fifteenth century to 1737 - with the King's emblems and mottoes. The set was used until it was dispersed during the French Revolution (1789). Only a few instruments from the set have survived.
Painting on Back of 'Cello
Note: Click on any painted area of the back to see a close-up of that area.
The King was cut down in size--looking closely at the paintings on the back, one can see that wood was removed down the center, leaving the woman, representing "Justice," without a waist or left arm--and "modernized" by Sébastian Renault, a Parisian luthier, in 1801.
Bass Side of 'Cello
Note: Click on any area of the bass side of the cello to see a close-up of that area.
The letters on the bass side spell the word, "PIETATE" (Latin for piety). The letter, "K," in the center rib stands for "Karolus" (King Charles IX of France).
The cello's neck was replaced in 1801, but the original scroll and pegbox were kept, retaining not only the original decoration, but also preserving the evidence that the instrument once had only three strings.
Treble Side of 'Cello
Note: Click on any area of the treble side of the cello to see a close-up of that area.
The letters on the treble side spell the word "IVSTICIA" (or "JUSTICIA," Latin for justice). The letter, "K," in the center rib stands for "Karolus" (King Charles IX of France).
The King was exhibited in London in 1872 and 1904, and in New York in 1968. In 1982, it was featured in an exhibition mounted for the Ente Triennale Internazionale degli Strumenti ad Arco at the Palazzo Comunale di Cremona, October 9-18. See: Andrea Mosconi and Laurence C. Witten, Capolavori di Andrea Amati (Cremona: Ente Triennale Internazionale degli Strumenti ad Arco, 1984), pp. 53-58 and 69. According to Charles Beare, the prominent London violin expert who heard the 'cello played in 1982, "I think the sound that came out of that instrument was perhaps the greatest 'cello sound I have ever heard outside of one or two of the great Strad 'cellos."
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Technical drawing of The King cello available from the Gift
Shop
Consult the Luthier's Library for additional measurements and photos
Related Links
Individual Instruments
NMM 3366. Violin by Andrea Amati, Cremona, ca. 1560
NMM 3370. Viola by Andrea Amati, Cremona, ca. 1560
NMM 5260. Violin by Andrea Amati, Cremona, 1574
Comparative Views
Comparison of the Treble and Bass Sides of Four Andrea Amati instruments
Comparison of the Soundholes of Four Andrea Amati instruments
Comparison of the Pegbox/Scroll Views of Four Andrea Amati instruments
Checklists
Checklist of Bowed Stringed Instruments by Andrea Amati, Cremona
Checklist of Bowed
Stringed Instruments Made Before 1800
Checklist of 16th- and 17th-Century
Instruments
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