Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
Abstract
The article contains sections titled:
1. |
Chloromethanes |
1.1. |
Physical Properties |
1.2. |
Chemical Properties |
1.3. |
Production |
1.3.1. |
Theoretical Bases |
1.3.2. |
Production of Monochloromethane |
1.3.3. |
Production of Dichloromethane and Trichloromethane |
1.3.4. |
Production of Tetrachloromethane |
1.4. |
Quality Specifications |
1.4.1. |
Purity of the Commercial Products and Their Stabilization |
1.4.2. |
Analysis |
1.5. |
Storage, Transport, and Handling |
1.6. |
Behavior of Chloromethanes in the Environment |
1.6.1. |
Presence in the Atmosphere |
1.6.2. |
Presence in Water Sources |
1.7. |
Applications of the Chloromethanes and Economic Data |
2. |
Chloroethanes |
2.1. |
Monochloroethane |
2.1.1. |
Physical Properties |
2.1.2. |
Chemical Properties |
2.1.3. |
Production |
2.1.4. |
Uses and Economic Aspects |
2.2. |
1,1-Dichloroethane |
2.2.1. |
Physical Properties |
2.2.2. |
Chemical Properties |
2.2.3. |
Production |
2.2.4. |
Uses and Economic Aspects |
2.3. |
1,2-Dichloroethane |
2.3.1. |
Physical Properties |
2.3.2. |
Chemical Properties |
2.3.3. |
Production |
2.3.4. |
Uses and Economic Aspects |
2.4. |
1,1,1-Trichloroethane |
2.4.1. |
Physical Properties |
2.4.2. |
Chemical Properties |
2.4.3. |
Production |
2.4.4. |
Uses and Economic Aspects |
2.5. |
1,1,2-Trichloroethane |
2.5.1. |
Physical Properties |
2.5.2. |
Chemical Properties |
2.5.3. |
Production |
2.5.4. |
Uses and Economic Aspects |
2.6. |
1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane |
2.6.1. |
Physical Properties |
2.6.2. |
Chemical Properties |
2.6.3. |
Production |
2.7. |
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane |
2.7.1. |
Physical Properties |
2.7.2. |
Chemical Properties |
2.7.3. |
Production |
2.7.4. |
Uses and Economic Aspects |
2.8. |
Pentachloroethane |
2.8.1. |
Physical Properties |
2.8.2. |
Chemical Properties |
2.8.3. |
Production |
2.8.4. |
Uses and Economic Aspects |
2.9. |
Hexachloroethane |
2.9.1. |
Physical Properties |
2.9.2. |
Chemical Properties |
2.9.3. |
Production |
2.9.4. |
Uses and Economic Aspects |
3. |
Chloroethylenes |
3.1. |
Vinyl Chloride (VCM) |
3.1.1. |
Physical Properties |
3.1.2. |
Chemical Properties |
3.1.3. |
Production |
3.1.3.1. |
Vinyl Chloride from Acetylene |
3.1.3.2. |
Vinyl Chloride from 1,2-Dichloroethane |
3.1.3.3. |
Vinyl Chloride from Ethylene by Direct Routes |
3.1.3.4. |
Vinyl Chloride from Ethane |
3.1.3.5. |
Vinyl Chloride by Other Routes |
3.1.4. |
Uses and Economic Aspects |
3.2. |
1,1-Dichloroethylene (Vinylidene Chloride, VDC) |
3.2.1. |
Physical Properties |
3.2.2. |
Chemical Properties |
3.2.3. |
Production |
3.2.4. |
Uses and Economic Aspects |
3.3. |
1,2-Dichloroethylene |
3.3.1. |
Physical Properties |
3.3.2. |
Chemical Properties |
3.3.3. |
Production |
3.3.4. |
Uses and Economic Aspects |
3.4. |
Trichloroethylene |
3.4.1. |
Physical Properties |
3.4.2. |
Chemical Properties |
3.4.3. |
Production |
3.4.4. |
Uses and Economic Aspects |
3.5. |
Tetrachloroethylene |
3.5.1. |
Physical Properties |
3.5.2. |
Chemical Properties |
3.5.3. |
Production |
3.5.4. |
Uses and Economic Aspects |
3.6. |
Analysis and Quality Control of Chloroethanes and Chloroethylenes |
3.7. |
Storage and Transportation of Chloroethanes and Chloroethylenes |
3.8. |
Environmental Aspects in the Production of Chloroethanes and Chloroethylenes |
4. |
Chloropropanes |
4.1. |
2-Chloropropane |
4.2. |
1,2-Dichloropropane |
4.3. |
1,2,3-Trichloropropane |
5. |
Chlorobutanes |
5.1. |
1-Chlorobutane |
5.2. |
tert-Butyl Chloride |
5.3. |
1,4-Dichlorobutane |
6. |
Chlorobutenes |
6.1. |
1,4-Dichloro-2-butene |
6.2. |
3,4-Dichloro-1-butene |
6.3. |
2,3,4-Trichloro-1-butene |
6.4. |
2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene |
6.4.1. |
Physical Properties |
6.4.2. |
Chemical Properties |
6.4.3. |
Production |
6.4.3.1. |
Chloroprene from Butadiene |
6.4.3.2. |
Chloroprene from Acetylene |
6.4.3.3. |
Other Processes |
6.4.4. |
Economic Importance |
6.5. |
Dichlorobutadiene |
6.5.1. |
2,3-Dichloro-1,3-butadiene |
6.5.2. |
Other Dichlorobutadienes |
6.6. |
3-Chloro-2-methyl-1-propene |
6.6.1. |
Physical Properties |
6.6.2. |
Chemical Properties |
6.6.3. |
Production |
6.6.4. |
Quality Specifications and Chemical Analysis |
6.6.5. |
Storage and Shipment |
6.6.6. |
Uses |
6.7. |
Hexachlorobutadiene |
7. |
Chlorinated Paraffins |
7.1. |
Physical Properties |
7.2. |
Chemical Properties and Structure |
7.3. |
Production |
7.4. |
Analysis and Quality Control |
7.5. |
Storage and Transportation |
7.6. |
Toxicology, Environmental Impact and Regulation |
7.7. |
Uses |
7.8. |
Summary |
8. |
Nucleus-Chlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons |
8.1. |
Chlorinated Benzenes |
8.1.1. |
Physical Properties |
8.1.2. |
Chemical Properties |
8.1.3. |
Production |
8.1.3.1. |
Monochlorobenzene |
8.1.3.2. |
Dichlorobenzenes |
8.1.3.3. |
Trichlorobenzenes |
8.1.3.4. |
Tetrachlorobenzenes |
8.1.3.5. |
Pentachlorobenzene |
8.1.3.6. |
Hexachlorobenzene |
8.1.4. |
Quality and Analysis |
8.1.5. |
Storage and Transportation |
8.1.6. |
Uses |
8.2. |
Chlorinated Toluenes |
8.2.1. |
Physical Properties |
8.2.2. |
Chemical Properties |
8.2.3. |
Production |
8.2.3.1. |
Monochlorotoluenes |
8.2.3.2. |
Dichlorotoluenes |
8.2.3.3. |
Trichlorotoluenes |
8.2.3.4. |
Tetrachlorotoluenes |
8.2.3.5. |
Pentachlorotoluene |
8.2.4. |
Quality and Analysis |
8.2.5. |
Storage and Transportation |
8.2.6. |
Uses |
8.3. |
Chlorinated Biphenyls |
8.3.1. |
Physical and Chemical Properties |
8.3.2. |
Disposal |
8.3.3. |
Analysis |
8.3.4. |
Storage and Transportation |
8.3.5. |
Uses |
8.4. |
Chlorinated Naphthalenes |
8.4.1. |
Physical Properties |
8.4.2. |
Chemical Properties |
8.4.3. |
Production |
8.4.4. |
Quality and Analysis |
8.4.5. |
Storage and Transportation |
8.4.6. |
Use |
8.5. |
Environmental Protection |
8.6. |
Economic Facts |
9. |
Side-Chain Chlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons |
9.1. |
Benzyl Chloride |
9.1.1. |
Physical Properties |
9.1.2. |
Chemical Properties |
9.1.3. |
Production |
9.1.4. |
Quality Specifications and Analysis |
9.1.5. |
Storage and Transportation |
9.1.6. |
Uses |
9.2. |
Benzal Chloride |
9.2.1. |
Physical Properties |
9.2.2. |
Chemical Properties |
9.2.3. |
Production |
9.2.4. |
Quality Specifications and Analysis |
9.2.5. |
Storage and Transportation |
9.2.6. |
Uses |
9.3. |
Benzotrichloride |
9.3.1. |
Physical Properties |
9.3.2. |
Chemical Properties |
9.3.3. |
Production |
9.3.4. |
Quality Specifications and Analysis |
9.3.5. |
Storage and Transportation |
9.3.6. |
Uses |
9.4. |
Side-Chain Chlorinated Xylenes |
9.4.1. |
Physical and Chemical Properties |
9.4.2. |
Production |
9.4.3. |
Storage and Transportation |
9.4.4. |
Uses |
9.5. |
Ring-Chlorinated Derivatives |
9.6. |
Economic Aspects |
10. |
Toxicology and Occupational Health |
10.1. |
Aliphatic Chlorinated Hydrocarbons |
10.1.1. |
Chloromethanes |
10.1.2. |
Chlorinated C2 Hydrocarbons |
10.1.3. |
Chloropropanes and Chloropropenes |
10.1.4. |
Chlorobutadienes |
10.1.5. |
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Degradation |
10.2. |
Chlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons |
10.2.1. |
Chlorinated Benzenes |
10.2.2. |
Chlorotoluenes |
10.2.3. |
Polychlorinated Biphenyls |
10.2.4. |
Chlorinated Naphthalenes |
10.2.5. |
Benzyl Chloride |
10.2.6. |
Benzoyl Chloride |
10.2.7. |
Benzotrichloride |
10.2.8. |
Side-Chain Chlorinated Xylenes |