The Making of Islamic Science

already appeared Arabic argument Aristotle aspects astronomical attempted became become beginning beliefs body branches called cause century chapter Christianity concept cosmology cosmos created creation dealing direct discourse early emerged entire established eternal Europe European example existence four geographical Greek heaven human ideas important Indian influence institutions intellectual interest Islam and science Islamic civilization Islamic scientific tradition issues kind knowledge known light living major material matter means medicine mentioned modern science motion move movement Muslim world nature observations original period Persian perspective philosophical physical position possible practical produced Prophet provides question Qur3an reason relationship religion religious remained result scholars science discourse scientists social sources specific texts theory things thought translation understanding universe various verses Western writings wrote