Zoroastrian Influence on Post-Exilic Jewish Belief and Practice The following bibliography endeavors to serve as an introduction and guide to the study of Persian influence on Judean beliefs and practices. Zoroastrianism is one of the oldest religions in the world and shares with Judaism its monotheism, dualism (i.e., a robust notion of a Devil—but with a positive appraisal of material creation), heaven(s) and hell(s), angels and demons, final judgment, a messianic figure, a holy spirit, concern with ritual purity, an idealization of wisdom and righteousness, and other doctrines, symbols, practices, and religious features. Zoroastrianism’s influence on Judaism can sometimes be perceived more clearly in other traditions that descend from Judeo-Iranian origins, such as Christianity, Gnosticism, Mithraism, Manichaeism, etc. Thus, some materials relating more directly to these later traditions have been included. Because of the introductory nature of this bibliography, one goal has been to be as broad as possible in scope. Because similar ideas can arise independently, some of the parallels between ancient Zoroastrianism and Jewish beliefs and practices are surely accidental. However, it is not the intent of this bibliography to provide original research or to identify which similarities are true instances of Persian influence on Jewish practices and doctrines and which are merely instances of two peoples who shared some cultural and religious traits developing in parallel. Instead, the goal of this bibliography is to arrange a representative body of the literature (dissertations, books, and articles) and websites that relate to this topic according to the format of the work. When possible, brief comments or annotations have been provided. Some are my own and others consist of citations or quotations of published reviews or abstracts. Books A Reader in Manichaean: Middle-Persian and Parthian. Acta Iranica 9. Téhéran-Lìege: Bibliothèque Pahlavi, 1975. Reviews: Heston, Wilma. Journal of the American Oriental Society 98, no. 2 (June 1978): 164-165. Tafazzoli, A. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 40, no. 3 (1977): 630-632. Afnán, Ruhi Muhsen. Zoroaster's Influence on Greek Thought. New York: Philosophical Library, 1965. Review: Fontenrose, Joseph. The Classical World 59, no. 6 (February 1966): 196-197. For the purposes of this study, one might seek out what are thought to be Hellenistic influences on Judaism and then refer to Afnán to find out if there might be a common, Persian source lying behind both. Berquist, Jon L. “Approaching Yehud: new approaches to the study of the Persian period.” Society of Biblical Literature Semeia studies (2007). Boyce, Mary. A History of Zoroastrianism. 3rd ed. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1996. Boyce, M., and F. Grenet. A History of Zoroastrianism. Vol. 3: Zoroastrianism under Macedonian and Roman Rule. Handbuch der Orientalistik 1/8/1/2/2 (1991). Reviews: Bivar, A. D. H. The Journal of Roman Studies 82 (1992): 265-267. Hutter, Manfred. Numen 41, no. 2 (May 1994): 202-204. Kreyenbroek, Philip G. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 57, no. 2 (1994): 388-391. Reviews of Vol. 1, The Early Period: Hadot, Jean. Archives de sciences sociales des religions 22, no. 44.2 (December 1977): 217-218. Wright, J. C. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 40, no. 3 (1977): 632-633. Review of Vol. 2, Under the Achaemenians: Yarshater, Ehsan. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, no. 1 (1984): 139-141. Brodbeck, Adolf. Zoroaster: Ein Beitrag Zur Vergleichenden Geschichte Der Religionen Und Philosophischen Systeme Des Morgen- Und Abendlandes. Leipzig: W. Friedrich, 1893. Review: S., F. C. S. The Philosophical Review 4, no. 1 (January 1895): 112-114. Cama, Kharshedji Rustomji. The Collected Works of K. R. Cama. Bombay: K. R. Cama Oriental Institute, 1968. This volume contains essays such as “Avesta and Genesis, or the relations of the Iranians to the Semites,” “Comparison of the Laws of Ormuzd with the Laws of Jehova,” “The Persian and Jewish Doctrines of the Resurrection and Immortality of the Soul,” and “The Jewish Angelology and Demonology based upon Parsism.” Campbell, Leroy A. Mithraic Iconography and Ideology. Etudes préliminaires aux religions orientales dans l'Empire romain t. 11. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1968. Review: Pascal, C. Bennett. The Classical World 63, no. 5 (January 1970): 170. Although the work dwells on much that is late and non-Jewish, it is grounded in a knowledge of the earlier belief systems and can provide insight into those very systems by discussing what later forms they produced. Carter, George William. Zoroastrianism and Judaism. New York: AMS Press, 1970.  Reviews: Ginzberg, Louis. The Harvard Theological Review 13, no. 1 (January 1920): 89-92. Hoschander, Jacob. “Review: Survey of Recent Biblical Literature: V. Archaeology.” The Jewish Quarterly Review 17, no. 2. New Series (October 1926): 199-231. Shirley Jackson Case. The American Journal of Theology 24, no. 4 (October 1920): 524. Smith, John Merlin Powis. The American Journal of Theology 23, no. 3 (July 1919): 397. Chattopadhyaya, Kshetresh Chandra. Studies in Vedic and Indo-Iranian Religion and Literature. 1st ed. Vārāṇasī: Bhāratīya Vidyā Prakāśana, 1976. Christianity, Judaism and Other Greco-Roman Cults: Studies for Morton Smith at Sixty. Studies in Judaism in late antiquity v. 12. Leiden: Brill, 1975. Review: Brock, S. P. “Review: [untitled].” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 39, no. 1 (1976): 165-166. See especially the third and fourth parts of the series. Part Three contains an article entitled “Qumran and Iran: The State of Studies.” Part Four contains the essay “Iconoclasm among the Zoroastrians.” Congrès international d'études mithriaques. Études Mithriaques: Actes Du 2e Congrès International, Téhéran, Du 1er Au 8 Septembre 1975. Acta Iranica ; 17 : 1. sér., Actes de congrès v. 4. Téhéran: Bibliothèque Pahlavi, 1978. Congrès mondial d'iranologie. Commémoration Cyrus: Actes Du Congrès De Shiraz 1971 Et Autres Études Rédigées à L'occasion Du 2500e Anniversaire De La Fondation De l'Empire Perse. Acta Iranica 1. sér., v. 1-. Téhéran: Bibliothèque Pahlavi, 1974. Dhalla, Maneckji Nusservanji. History of Zoroastrianism. New York: Oxford University Press, 1938. Review: Young, T. Cuyler. “Review: [untitled].” The Journal of Religion 19, no. 3 (July 1939): 250-252. Duchesne-Guillemin, Jacques. Religion of Ancient Iran. Bombay: Tata Press, 1973. This work contains a systematic and organized account of almost every aspect of the religion that might interest one. Furthermore, it addresses comparative questions, not only of influence on later systems, but also the retention of early Indo-Iranian beliefs. See especially the chapters, “Iran and Israel,” “Iran and the Sources of Christianity,” and “Iran and Gnosticism.” Enoch Seminar. Enoch and Qumran Origins: New Light on a Forgotten Connection. Grand Rapids, Mich: Eerdmans, 2005. The papers in this work mention throughout the influence of Persian thought on the Jewish thinkers whose works were preserved at Qumran. Some of the papers, mentioned specifically in the “Articles” section, go into significant depth on the topic. Essential Papers on Israel and the Ancient Near East. Essential papers on Jewish studies. New York: New York University Press, 1991. Frye, Richard Nelson. Persia. Revised ed. London: Allen & Unwin, 1968. Garthwaite, Gene R. The Persians. The peoples of Asia. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub, 2005. Glasson, T. F. Greek Influence in Jewish Eschatology; with Special Reference to the Apocalypses and Pseudepigraphs. Biblical monographs 1. London: S. P. C. K, 1961. Henning, W. B. Selected Papers. Acta Iranica 14-15:2. sér. ; v.5-6. Téhéran: Bibliothèque Pahlavi, 1977. Hinnells, John R. “Mithraic studies : proceedings of the First International Congress of Mithraic Studies, v 2” (1975). Review: Ogilvie, R. M. The Classical Review 27, no. 1. New Series (1977): 48-49. International Colloquium on Apocalypticism, Kungl. Vitterhets, historie och antikvitets akademien, and Uppsala universitet. Apocalypticism in the Mediterranean World and the Near East: Proceedings of the International Colloquium on Apocalypticism, Uppsala, August 12-17, 1979. Tübingen: Mohr, 1983. Review: Aune, David E. “Review: New Directions in Apocalypticism.” History of Religions 25, no. 1 (August 1985): 93-95. Seaford, Richard. The Classical Review 35, no. 1. New Series (1985): 203. Irano-Judaica: Studies Relating to Jewish Contacts with Persian Culture Throughout the Ages. Jerusalem: Ben-Zvi Institute for the Study of Jewish Communities in the East, 1982. Kellens, Jean. “La religion iranienne à l'époque achéménide : actes du Colloque de Liège, 11 décembre 1987,” no. 5. Iranica Antiqua (1990). Kellens, Jean, and Prods Oktor Skjærvø. Essays on Zarathustra and Zoroastrianism. Bibliotheca Iranica: Zoroastrian Studies Series (Bibliotheca Iranica: Zoroastrian Studies Series): 1 (2000): xvi, 131 pp. König, Franz. Zarathustras Jenseitsvorstellungen Und Das Alte Testament. Wien: Herder, 1964. Kraeling, Carl H. Anthropos and Son of Man: A Study in the Religious Syncretism of the Hellenistic Orient. New York: Columbia University Press, 1927. The book dwells first on the Hellenistic environment, exploring the doctrine of the primal or cosmic Man in Manichean thought, in other Gnostic systems, and in Mandean tradition. Then it seeks the origin of the doctrine in Iranian and Jewish belief systems and, finally, considers the relation of the full tradition to NT speculation about the Son of Man. Meherjirana, Erachji Sohrabji. A Guide to the Zoroastrian Religion: A Nineteenth Century Catechism with Modern Commentary. Studies in world religions 3. Chico, CA: Scholars Press, 1982. Review: Duchesne-Guillemin, J. International Journal of Middle East Studies 17, no. 1 (February 1985): 142-144. Mills, Lawrence Heyworth. Avesta Eschatology Compared with the Books of Daniel and Revelations: Being Supplementary to Zarathushtra, Philo, the Achæmenids and Israel. Chicago: The Open Court, 1908. ---. Our Own Religion in Ancient Persia, Being Lectures Delivered in Oxford Presenting the Zend Avesta as Collated with the Pre-Christian Exilic Pharisaism, Advancing the Persian Question to the Foremost Position in Our Biblical Research. Leipzig: F.A. Brockhaus, 1913. Review: Moore, George F. The Harvard Theological Review 7, no. 4 (October 1914): 614. Monumentum Georg Morgenstierne. Acta Iranica v. 7. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1981. Review: Sims-Williams, Nicholas. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 49, no. 2 (1986): 432. Monumentum H. S. Nyberg. Acta iranica : deuxième série, Hommages et opera minora. Téhéran: Bibliothèque Pahlavi, 1975. Review: Szemerényi, Oswald. Gnomon 49, no. 2 (March 1977): 202-204. Moulton, James Hope. Early Zoroastrianism: Lectures Delivered at Oxford and in London, February to May 1912. London: Williams and Norgate, 1913.  Reviews: Hopkins, E. Washburn. The Harvard Theological Review 8, no. 2 (April 1915): 258-260. Rouse, W. H. D. The Classical Review 30, no. 5/6 (September 1916): 163-165. Lecture IX is entitled “Zarathushtra and Israel.” ---. The Treasure of the Magi: A Study of Modern Zoroastrianism. The religious quest of India. London: H. Milford, Oxford university press, 1917. Neusner, J. Purity in Rabbinic Judaism. A Systematic Account : The Sources, Media, Effects, and Removal of Uncleanness. South Florida Studies in the History of Judaism 95 (1994). Officina Magica: Essays on the Practice of Magic in Antiquity. IJS studies in Judaica v. 4. Leiden: Brill, 2005. Orientalia. Acta Iranica v. 9. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1984. Papers in Honour of Professor Mary Boyce. Acta Iranica v. 10-11. Leiden: Brill, 1985. Review: Steblin-Kamenskij, I. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 50, no. 2 (1987): 376-378. Pfeiffer, Robert Henry. History of New Testament Times, with an Introduction to the Apocrypha. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 1972. Review: Goldin, Judah. Jewish Social Studies 13, no. 1 (January 1951): 74-76. Rowley, H. H. The Jewish Quarterly Review 40, no. 3. New Series (January 1950): 303- 305. Reitzenstein, Richard. Hellenistic Mystery-Religions: Their Basic Ideas and Significance. Pittsburgh theological monograph series 18. Pittsburgh, Pa: Pickwick Press, 1978. Root, Margaret Cool. The King and Kingship in Achaemenid Art: Essays on the Creation of an Iconography of Empire. Acta Iranica 19. Leiden: Diffusion E. J. Brill, 1979. Sanjānā, Dārāb dastur Peshotan. Indo-Iranian Studies, Being Commemorative Papers Contributed by European, American and Indian Scholars in Honour of Shams-Ul-Ullema Dastur Darab Peshotan Sanjana. London: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & co.; [etc., etc.], 1925. Scheftelowitz, I. Die Altpersische Religion Und Das Judentum; Unterschiede, Übereinstimmungen Und Gegenseitige Beeinflussungen. Giessen: A. Töpelmann, 1920. Review:  Hoschander, Jacob. “Review: Survey of Recent Biblical Literature: V. Archaeology.” The Jewish Quarterly Review 17, no. 2. New Series (October 1926): 199-231. Shaked, Shaul, and Amnon Netzer. “Irano-Judaica II : studies relating to Jewish contacts with Persian culture throughout the ages” (1990). Review: Paper, Herbert H. Journal of the American Oriental Society 112, no. 1 (March 1992): 146. Smith, Morton. Palestinian Parties and Politics That Shaped the Old Testament. Lectures on the history of religions new ser., no. 9. New York: Columbia University Press, 1971. Reviews: Davies, G. I. Vetus Testamentum 45, no. 3 (July 1995): 424-425. Hanson, Paul D. Journal of the American Oriental Society 94, no. 2 (June 1974): 278- 279. See especially pp. 110 ff. Studies on the Ancient Palestinian World; Presented to Professor F. V. Winnett on the Occasion of His Retirement 1 July 1971. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1972. Review: Morton Smith. The American Historical Review 78, no. 2 (April 1973): 410-411. This volume contains the essay “Israel’s Eschatology from Amos to Daniel.” Sykes, Percy Molesworth. A History of Persia. 3rd ed. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1969. Review: F., J. P. B. The Journal of Hellenic Studies 35 (1915): 277-280. The Cambridge History of Iran. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968. Reviews of pertinent vols.: Frye, Richard N. Iranian Studies 20, no. 1 (1987): 82-86. ---. International Journal of Middle East Studies 21, no. 3 (August 1989): 415-419. Steblin-Kamenskij, I. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 50, no. 1 (1987): 147-148. Vol. II especially contains the articles, “The Old Eastern Iranian World View According to the Avesta” and “The Religion of Achaemenian Iran.” The Cambridge History of Judaism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984.  Review of Vol. I, Introduction: The Persian Period: Williamson, H. G. M. Vetus Testamentum 35, no. 2 (April 1985): 231-238. Chapter 12 specifically addresses the subject, “Iranian influence on Judaism: first century B.C.E. to second century C.E.” This article makes many fine points and contains a variety of useful references to the literature. The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha. Edited by J. H. Charlesworth. 1st ed. Garden City, N.Y: Doubleday, 1983. Reviews (the first two relate to NT Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha, which retain much valuable material for the study of earlier beliefs and practices): Kilpatrick, G. D. Novum Testamentum 29, no. 1 (January 1987): 94-96. Klijn, A. F. J. Vigiliae Christianae 42, no. 3 (September 1988): 307-308 Kraft, Robert A. Journal of Biblical Literature 106, no. 4 (December 1987): 736-739. Murphy, Frederick J. Journal of Biblical Literature 107, no. 2 (June 1988): 339-342. Silberman, Lou H. The Biblical Archaeologist 51, no. 1 (March 1988): 57-58. It is particularly strong in its treatment of the presence of Zoroastrian influence in the Sibylline Oracles. The Wisdom of the Sasanian Sages (Dēnkard VI). Persian heritage series no. 34. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press, 1979. The Zend-Avesta. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 1972. Reviews: Bloomfield, Maurice. “On the Rev. L. F. Mills' Edition of the Gâthâs.” The American Journal of Philology 3, no. 12 (1882): 499-505. Wilhelm, Eugen. The American Journal of Philology 10, no. 1 (1889): 91-94. ---. The American Journal of Philology 14, no. 2 (1893): 238-240. Volumes I and III contain introductory essays that mention some Zoroastrian influences on other faiths, such as Manichaeism. The Indices in volumes II and III are useful ways to navigate the sacred texts of Zoroastrianism intelligently and efficiently; however, since the Sacred Books of the East can be searched online, the value of the indices has diminished. Varia 1977. Acta Iranica 16. Téhéran: Bibliothèque Pahlavi, 1977. Watts, James W. “Persia and Torah: the theory of imperial authorization of the Pentateuch,” no. 17. Society of Biblical Literature Symposium (2001). Reviews: Heard, R. Christopher. Journal of Biblical Literature 122, no. 3 (Autumn 2003): 555-558.  Porten, Bezalel. Journal of the American Oriental Society 123, no. 2 (June 2003): 389- 391. Wesendonk, Otto Günther von. Urmensch Und Seele in Der Iranischen Überlieferung; Ein Beitrag Zur Religionsgeschichte Des Hellenismus. Hannover: H. Lafaire, 1924. West, M. L. The East Face of Helicon: West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997. Yamauchi, E. M. Persia and the Bible (1996). Reviews: Hoglund, Kenneth G. The Biblical Archaeologist 54, no. 2 (June 1991): 115-116. Russell, James R. The Jewish Quarterly Review 83, no. 1/2. New Series (October 1992): 256-261. Skjærvo̵, P. Oktor. Journal of the American Oriental Society 114, no. 3 (September 1994): 499-504. Zaehner, R. C. Concordant Discord: The Interdependence of Faiths: Being the Gifford Lectures on Natural Religion Delivered at St. Andrews in 1967-1969. Gifford lectures 1967/69. Oxford: Clarendon P, 1970. Review: Smith, Wilfred Cantwell. “Review: Programme Notes for a Mitigated Cacophony.” The Journal of Religion 53, no. 3 (July 1973): 377-381. ---. The Dawn and Twilight of Zoroastrianism. 1st ed. The Putnam history of religion. New York: Putnam, 1961. Review: Shaked, S. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 27, no. 2 (1964): 447-449. Zaehner’s book is the first I ever read on the subject. His treatment of the “Dawn” of Zoroastrianism specifically addresses such themes as, “The Two Spirits in the Dead Sea Scrolls,” “Heaven and Hell,” “Influence on Judaism,” “Prototype of the Holy Spirit,” “Zoroaster and Animal Sacrifice,” etc. He attempts to carefully distinguish between early material and later, Zurvanian innovations. Articles Ahdut, Eli. “Jewish-Zoroastrian polemics in the Babylonian Talmud.” Irano-Judaica IV (1999). Applegate, Lloyd R. “Zoroastrianism and Its Probable Influence on Judaism and Christianity..” Journal of Religion & Psychical Research 23, no. 4 (October 2000): 184. Bach, Robert. “Esra 1 : der Verfasser, seine "Quellen" und sein Thema..” Gottes Recht als Lebensraum (1993): 41-60. Barr, J. “The Question of Religious Influence : The Case of Zoroastrianism, Judaism, and Christianity.” Journal of the American Academy of Religion 53, no. 2 (June 1985): 201- 235. Beck, Roger. “The mysteries of Mithras: A new account of their genesis..” Journal of Roman Studies 88 (January 1998): 115. Bianchi, Ugo. “Gnostizismus und die Religionsgeschichte : Gesichtspunkte zur Erforschung der Ursprünge der Gnosis..” Gnosis und Gnostizismus (1975): 601-625. ---. “Mithra and the question of Iranian monotheism..” Études mithriaques (1978): 19-46. Bickerman, Elias Joseph. “The edict of Cyrus in Ezra 1.” Journal of Biblical Literature 65, no. 3 (1946): 249-275. Blenkinsopp, Joseph. “The mission of Udjahorresnet and those of Ezra and Nehemiah..” Journal of Biblical Literature 106, no. 3 (1987): 409-421. Blois, François de. “Dualism in Iranian and Christian Traditions.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 10, no. 1. Third Series (April 2000): 1-19. Boyce, Mary. “On the Antiquity of Zoroastrian Apocalyptic.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 47, no. 1 (1984): 57-75. Boyd, James W., and Donald A. Crosby. “Is Zoroastrianism dualistic or monotheistic..” Journal of the American Academy of Religion 47, no. 4 (December 1979): 557-588. Burrows, Millar. “Syncretism and the Old Testament.” Journal of Bible and Religion 9, no. 1 (February 1941): 10-16. Choksy, Jamsheed. “Hagiography and Monotheism in History: Doctrinal Encounters between Zoroastrianism, Judaism and Christianity.” Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations 14, no. 4 (October 2003): 407-421. Choksy, Jamsheed K. “To Cut Off, Purify, and Make Whole: Historiographical and Ecclesiastical Conceptions of Ritual Space..” Journal of the American Oriental Society 123, no. 1 (January 2003): 21-41. Colpe, Carsten. “Priesterschrift und Videvdad : ritualistische Gesetzgebung für Israeliten und Iranier..” Meilenstein (1995): 9-18. Corduan, Winfried. “The Date of Zoroaster : Some Apologetic Considerations..” Presbyterion 23, no. 1 (Spr 1997): 25-42. Crüsemann, Frank. “Le Pentateuque, une Tora : prolégomènes à l'interprétation de sa forme finale..” Pentateuque en question (1989): 339-360. Darrow, William R. “Keeping the waters dry : the semiotics of fire and water in the Zoroastrian Yasna..” Journal of the American Academy of Religion 56, no. 3 (Fall 1988): 417-442. “Death, Burial & Afterlife in the Biblical World: How the Israelites & Their Neighbors Treated the Dead..” Death, Burial & Afterlife in the Biblical World: How the Israelites & Their Neighbors Treated the Dead. (January 1, 2001): NoPg. Duchesne-Guillemin, Jacques. “Apolcalypse juive et apocalypse iranienne..” Soteriologia dei culti orientali nell'Imperio Romano (1982): 753-759. Dupont-Sommer, André. “L'instruction sur les deux esprits dans le Manuel de Discipline..” Revue de l'histoire des religions 142, no. 1 (July 1952): 5-35. “Eastern Roots of Resurrection.” Eliade, Mircea. “Gayōmart et la Mandragore..” Ex orbe religionum (1972): 65-74. Elman, Yaakov. “Middle Persian culture and Babylonian sages: accomodation and resistance in the shaping of rabbinic legal tradition.” Cambridge companion to the Talmud and rabbinic literature (2007): 164-197. Frei, Peter. “Die persische Reichsautorisation : ein Überblick..” Zeitschrift für altorientalische und biblische Rechtsgeschichte, vol 1 (1995) (1995): 1-35. Friedman, Maurice S. “Martin Buber's new view of evil..” Judaism 2, no. 3 (July 1953): 239- 246. Frye, Richard N. “Iran und Israel..” Festschrift für Wilhelm Eilers (1967): 74-84. ---. “Qumran and Iran : the state of studies..” Christianity, Judaism and other Greco-Roman cults (1975): 167-173. Gafni, Isaiah. “The Jewish community of Babylonia..” Immanuel, no. 8 (Spr 1978): 58-68. Garbini, Giovanni. “The creation of light in the first chapter of Genesis..” Proceedings of the 5th World Congress of Jewish Studies, v 1, Hebrew Univ, Jerusalem, 1969 (1973): 1-4. Gehman, Henry Snyder. “Notes on the Persian words in the book of Esther.” Journal of Biblical Literature 43, no. 3-4 (1924): 321-328. Goetschel, Roland. “Le problème du mal dans la pensée de Martin Buber..” Istina 25, no. 1 (January 1980): 28-44. Grabbe, Lester L. “Biblical historiography in the Persian period: or how the Jews took over the empire.” Orientalism, Assyriology and the Bible (2006): 400-414. Gregory, Sadie. “Judah under Persian rule..” Seeded furrow (1977): 101-131. Grelot, Pierre. “The resurrection of Jesus : its biblical and Jewish background..” Resurrection and modern biblical thought (1970): 1-29. Guillaume, Philippe. “Le Shabbat come base d'un nouveau calendrier.” Études théologiques et religieuses 79, no. 3 (2004): 403-410. Hasenfratz, Hans-Peter. “Iran und der Dualismus..” Numen 30, no. 1 (July 1983): 35-52. Haupt, Paul. “Asmodeus.” Journal of Biblical Literature 40, no. 3 (1921): 174-178. Hinnells, John R. “Iranian influence upon the New Testament..” Commémoration Cyrus (1974): 271-284. ---. “Zoroastrian saviour imagery and its influence on the New Testament..” Numen 16, no. 3 (December 1969): 161-185. Hinnells, John. R. “Zoroastrian Saviour Imagery and Its Influence on the New Testament.” Numen 16, no. 3 (December 1969): 161-185. Hintze, Almut. “The Greek and Hebrew versions of the Book of Esther and its Iranian background..” Irano-Judaica III (1994): 34-39. Hultgard, A. “Das Judentum in der hellenistisch-roemischen Zeit und die iranische Religion : ein religionsgeschichtliches Problem..” Principat 19/1; Judentum (1979): 512-590. Hultgard, Anders. “Das Paradies: vom Park des Perserkönigs zum Ort der Seligen.” Cité de Dieu (2000): 1-43. ---. “La chute de Satan : L'arrière-plan iranien d'un logion de Jésus (Luc 10,18).” Revue d'histoire et de philosophie religieuses 80, no. 1 (January 2000): 69-77. ---. “Prêtres juifs et mages Zoroastriens : influences religieuses a l'époque hellénistique..” Revue d'histoire et de philosophie religieuses 68, no. 4 (October 1988): 415-428. ---. “The Magi and the star : the Persian background in texts and iconography..” Being religious and living through the eyes (1998): 215-225. Hutter, Manfred. “"Asche" und "Trug" : eine anti-zoroastrische Polemik in Jes 44:20..” Biblische Notizen, no. 64 (1992): 10-13. ---. “Iranische Neujahrsfestmythologie und der Traum des Mordechai..” Biblische Notizen, no. 44 (1988): 39-45. Isbell, C. D. “Zoroastrianism and Biblical Religion.” Jewish Bible Quarterly (Dor LeDor) 34, no. 3 (2006): 143-154. Jackson, A. V. Williams. “Studies in Manichaeism.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 43 (1923): 15-25. ---. “Zoroastrianism and the Resemblances between It and Christianity.” The Biblical World 27, no. 5 (May 1906): 335-343. Jackson, A. V. Williams, and Louis H. Gray. “The Religion of the Achaemenian Kings: First Series: The Religion According to the Inscriptions.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 21 (1900): 160-184. Jamaspasa, Kaikhusroo M. “Relationship between Zoroastrianism and Judaism..” K R Cama Oriental Institute (1996): 340-344. Janzen, David H. “Scholars, witches, ideologues, and what the text said: Ezra 9-10 and its interpretation.” Approaching Yehud (2007): 49-69. Japhet, Sara. “Postexilic historiography: how and why?.” Israel constructs its history (2000): 144-173. Jones, Robert G. “Manual of Discipline (1QS), Persian religion, and the Old Testament..” Teacher's yoke; studies in memory of Henry Trantham (1964): 94-108. ---. “Manual of Discipline (1QS), Persian religion, and the Old Testament..” Teacher's yoke; studies in memory of Henry Trantham (1964): 94-108. Kaplan, Mordecai M. “The Evolution of the Idea of God in Jewish Religion.” The Jewish Quarterly Review 57. New Series (1967): 332-346. Koch, Klaus. “History as a battlefield of two antagonistic powers in the Apocalypse of Weeks and in the Rule of the Community.” Enoch and Qumran origins (2005): 185-199. ---. “Weltgeschichte und Gottesreich im Danielbuch und die iranischen Parallelen..” Prophetie und geschichtliche Wirklichkeit im alten Israel (1991): 189-205. Kotwal, Firoze M. “Bridge of fire..” Parabola 6, no. 1 (1981): 59-65. Kuhrt, Amélie. “The problem of Achaemenid 'religious policy'.” Welt der Götterbilder (2007): 117-142. Lanternari, Vittorio. “Messianism: Its Historical Origin and Morphology.” History of Religions 2, no. 1 (Summer 1962): 52-72. Laughlin, John C. H. “The "Strange Fire" of Nadab and Abihu.” Journal of Biblical Literature 95, no. 4 (December 1976): 559-565. Leese, Benjamin E. “Zoroastrian Influence on Syriac.Baptismal Rites..” Asia Journal of Theology 19, no. 2 (October 2005): 350-367. Lucas, Ernest. “The origin of Daniel's four empires scheme re-examined..” Tyndale Bulletin 40, no. 2 (November 1989): 185-202. Margalith, Othniel. “The political background of Zerubbabel's mission and the Samaritan schism..” Vetus testamentum 41, no. 3 (July 1991): 312-323. Martinez, Susan B. “A time odyssey: from Zarathustra to the Nazarene.” Journal of Spirituality and Paranormal Studies 31, no. 2 (April 2008): 105-111. Maynard, John A F. “Judaism and Mazdayasna: a study in dissimilarities.” Journal of Biblical Literature 44, no. 1-2 (1925): 163-170. McCullough, W S. “Israel's eschatology from Amos to Daniel..” Studies on the ancient Palestinian world (1972): 86-101. Meek, Theophile James. “The Interpenetration of Cultures as Illustrated by the Character of the Old Testament Literature.” The Journal of Religion 7, no. 3 (May 1927): 244-262. Mitchell, Christine. “"How lonely sits the city": identity and the creation of history.” Approaching Yehud (2007): 71-83. Moore, Carey A. “Esther revisited again : a further examination of certain Esther studies of the past ten years..” Hebrew Annual Review 7 (1983): 169-186. Moreen, Vera B. “The "Iranization" of Biblical Heroes in Judeo-Persian Epics: Shahin's Ardashīr-nāmah and 'Ezrā-nāmah.” Iranian Studies 29, no. 3/4 (Summer - Autumn 1996): 321-338. Müller, Karlheinz. “Die Ansätze der Apokalyptik..” Literatur und Religion des Frühjudentums (1973): 31-42. ---. “Die Ansätze der Apokalyptik..” Literatur und Religion des Frühjudentums (1973): 31-42. Nedjat, Hamid. “Les Démons dans la mythologie iranienne.” Iris: Les Cahiers du Gerf 25 (2003): 97-104. Nel, M. “Zoroastranisme en die ontstaan van apokaliptiese denke (Zoroastrianism and the origin of apocalyptic thinking).” HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies 59, no. 4 (2003): 1425-1442. Neusner, Jacob. “How Much Iranian in Jewish Babylonia?.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 95, no. 2 (June 1975): 184-190. ---. “Is the God of Judaism Incarnate?.” Religious Studies 24, no. 2 (June 1988): 213-238. ---. “Jews and Judaism under Iranian Rule: Bibliographical Reflections.” History of Religions 8, no. 2 (November 1968): 159-177. ---. “Note on Barukh ben Neriah and Zoroaster..” Journal of Bible and Religion 32, no. 4 (October 1964): 359-360. O'Brien, Julia M. “From exile to empire: a response.” Approaching Yehud (2007): 209-214. ---. “Nahum -- Habakkuk -- Zephaniah: reading the "former prophets" in the Persian period.” Interpretation 61, no. 2 (April 2007): 168-183. “Paul Not Influenced by Zoroaster.” Petuchowski, Jakob J. “The Creation in Jewish Liturgy ..” Judaism 28, no. 3 (Summer79 1979): 309. Philonenko, Marc. “La nouvelle Jérusalem et le Vara de Yima.” Cité de Dieu (2000): 139-146. Phipps, William E. “The Menstrual Taboo in the Judeo-Christian Tradition.” Journal of Religion and Health 19, no. 4 (Winter 1980): 298-303. Poirier, John C. “Purity beyond the Temple in the Second Temple Era.” Journal of Biblical Literature 122, no. 2 (Summer 2003): 247-265. “Prophecy and Constitutionalism in the Political Imagery of Axial Age Civilizations.” Quispel, Gilles. “Hermes Trismegistus and the Origins of Gnosticism.” Vigiliae Christianae 46, no. 1 (March 1992): 1-19. Reeves, John C. “Manichaica Aramaica? Adam and the Magical Deliverance of Seth.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 119, no. 3 (September 1999): 432-439. Rennie, B. “Zoroastrianism : The Iranian Roots of Christianity?.” Council of Societies for the Study of Religion Bulletin 36, no. 1 (2007): 3-7. Rezetko, Robert. “'Late' common nouns in the Book of Chronicles.” Reflection and refraction (2006): 379-417. Rose, Jenny. “Zoroastrianism's Impact on Other Religious..” Calliope 15, no. 5 (January 2005): 34. Russell, James. “God Is Good: On Tobit and Iran.” Iran & the Caucasus 5 (2001): 1-6. Russell, James R. “Review: Yamauchi, "Persia and the Bible".” The Jewish Quarterly Review 83, no. 1/2. New Series (October 1992): 256-261. ---. “Zoroastrian elements in the Book of Esther..” Irano-Judaica II (1990): 33-40. Rüterswörden, Udo. “Die persische Reichsautorisation der Thora : fact or fiction?.” Zeitschrift für altorientalische und biblische Rechtsgeschichte, vol 1 (1995) (1995): 47-61. S. Vernon McCasland. “Gabriel's Trumpet.” Journal of Bible and Religion 9, no. 3 (August 1941): 159-161. Sauzeau, Pierre, and André Sauzeau. “Les chevaux colorés de l'"Apocalypse". I, L'Apocalypse de Jean, Zacharie et les traditions de l'Iran.” Revue de l'histoire des religions 212, no. 3 (July 1995): 259-298. Schmid, Konrad. “Persische Reichsautorisation und Tora.” Theologische Rundschau 71, no. 4 (December 2006): 494-506. ---. “The Persian imperial authorization as a historical problem and as a biblical construct: a plea for distinctions in the current debate.” Pentateuch as Torah (2007): 23-38. Schmitz, Barbara G. “Zwischen Achikar und Demaratos--die Bedeutung Achiors in der Juditerzählung.” Biblische Zeitschrift 48, no. 1 (2004): 19-38. Schoeps, Hans Joachim. “Iranisches in den Pseudoklementinen..” Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft und die Kunde der älteren Kirche 51, no. 1-2 (1960): 1- 10. Scibona, Concetta Giuffre. “How Monotheistic Is Mani's Dualism?: Once More on Monotheism and Dualism in Manichaean Gnosis.” Numen 48, no. 4 (2001): 444-467. Settlemire, C C. “The original position of Job 28..” Answers lie below (1984): 287-317. Shaked, Shaul. “First man, first king : notes on Semitic-Iranian syncretism and Iranian mythological transformations..” Gilgul (1987): 238-256. ---. “Form and purpose in Aramaic spells: some Jewish themes [the poetics of magic texts].” Officina magica (2005): 1-30. ---. “Iranian influence on Judaism : first century BCE to second century CE..” Cambridge history of Judaism, vol 1 (1984): 308-325. Simcox, Carroll E. “The Rôle of Cyrus in Deutero-Isaiah.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 57, no. 2 (June 1937): 158-171. Ska, Jean Louis. “Le Pentateuque et la politique impériale perse.” Foi et vie 103, no. 4 (2004): 17-30. Smyth-Florentin, Françoise. “Du monothéisme biblique : émergence et alentours..” Archives de sciences sociales des religions 30, no. 59 (January 1, 1985): 5-16. “Some Early Jewish and Christian Exegetical Problems and the Dynamics of Monotheism.” Sperling, S David. “Pants, Persians, and the Priestly Source..” Ki Baruch hu (1999): 373-385. Stausberg, Michael. “Hell in Zoroastrian History.” Numen: International Review for the History of Religions 56, no. 2-3 (2009): 217-253. ---. “ON THE STATE AND PROSPECTS OF THE STUDY OF ZOROASTRIANISM..” Numen: International Review for the History of Religions 55, no. 5 (2008): 561-600. Strawn, Brent A. “"A world under control": Isaiah 60 and the Apadana reliefs from Persepolis.” Approaching Yehud (2007): 85-116. “The Rebuilding of the Wall of Jerusalem: Neh 2:1-9 and the Use of Zoroastrian Principles.” Journal of Greco-Roman Christianity and Judaism. 5, 2008; 9-41>.” Toy, Crawford Howell. “Evil spirits in the Bible.” Journal of Biblical Literature 9, no. 1 (1890): 17-30. Vermeylen, Jacques. “L'unité du livre d'Isaïe..” Book of Isaiah- Le livre d'Isaie (1989): 11-53. Vorländer, Hermann. “Der Monotheismus Israels als Antwort auf die Krise des Exils..” Einzige Gott (1981): 84-113. Wainwright, Arthur W. “Zoroastrianism and the apocalyptic..” Cross Currents 44, no. 3 (Fall94 1994): 420. West, Martin. “Darius' Ascent to Paradise.” Indo-Iranian Journal 45, no. 1 (2002): 51-57. Widengren, Geo. “Der iranische Hintergrund der Gnosis : Die Ursprünge des Gnostizismus und die Religionsgeschichte..” Gnosis und Gnostizismus (1975): 410-425. ---. “Iran and Israel in Parthian times with special regard to the Ethiopic Book of Enoch..” Religious syncretism in antiquity (1975): 85-129. ---. “Stand und Aufgaben der iranischen Religionsgeschichte..” Numen 1 (1954): 16-83. ---. “Stand und Aufgaben der iranischen Religionsgeschichte..” Numen 2 (1955): 47-134. Williams, A V. “Zoroastrian and Judaic purity laws : reflections on the viability of a sociological interpretation..” Irano-Judaica III (1994): 72-89. Winston, David. “The Iranian Component in the Bible, Apocrypha, and Qumran: A Review of the Evidence.” History of Religions 5, no. 2 (Winter 1966): 183-216. Wood, Irving P. “Borrowing between Religions.” Journal of Biblical Literature 46, no. 1/2 (1927): 98-105. Woodard, Roger D. “Hesiod and Greek muth.” Cambridge companion to Greek mythology (2007): 83-165. Dissertations Atkins, J. “A study of the influence of Zoroastrianism on Judaism.” University of Wyoming, 1961. M.A. dissertation. Bedford, Peter Ross. “Temple and community in early Achaemenid Judah.” The University of Chicago, 1992. Berquist, Jon Laurence. “The social setting of early postexilic prophecy.” Vanderbilt University, 1989. Explains possible political motivations for prophetic messages. CARTER, GEORGE WILLIAM. “COMPARISON BETWEEN ZOROASTRIANISM AND JUDAISM.” New York University, 1900. See the book eventually published by this author. In its final form, the book contains numerous parallel references in Persian and Jewish sacred texts with simple commentary. Cataldo, J. “A theocratic Yehud? Issues of government in a Persian province.” Drew University, 2007. The dissertation’s conclusion “is that no power or political vacuum appears to have existed allowing the priesthood to claim power in Yehud. There is no evidence that  demonstrates that Yehud was a genuine theocracy at any point during the Persian period. The Persian empire did not allow territories to develop autonomous governing structures (Chapter 2). The social, economic, and political realms of Yehud functioned within the framework of Persian imperial administration (Chapter 3). And the term theocracy, when defined according to social-scientific requirements (Chapter 4), does not accurately describe the social-political context of Yehud during the Persian period (Chapter 5).” Cochell, T. “An interpretation of Isaiah 6:1--5 in response to the art and ideology of the Achaemenid empire.” Baylor University, 2008. “The thesis of this dissertation is that in response to the ideology expressed by the imperial art of the empires of the ancient Near East, specifically that of the Achaemenids, the details of the scene in Isa 6:1-5 advance an alternative ideology in which Yahweh alone is sovereign over all the earth.” COLE, CONNOR G. “THE CONCEPT OF PERSONALIZED EVIL IN ZOROASTRIANISM, JUDAISM, CHRISTIANITY, AND MOHAMMEDANISM.” The University of Chicago, 1939. Fried, Lisbeth Soss. “The rise to power of the Judaean priesthood: The impact of the Achaemenid Empire.” New York University, 2000. “Under the Achaemenids the Judaean priesthood achieved little real power; there was no theocracy. The wars that periodically engulfed the Levant in the 4th century pulled the ruling governors and satraps away from Judah. The Judaean priesthood was able to capitalize on these absences to usurp some secular authority. This is exhibited in the coins they minted. Nevertheless, the independence they strove for was realized only under the Maccabees.” Greifenhagen, Franz Volker. “Egypt in the symbolic geography of the Pentateuch: Constructing biblical Israel's identity.” Duke University, 1998. “The Pentateuch's ideology regarding Egypt's role in Israel's genesis was historically contextualized within the period of the production of the Pentateuch's final text form, which, it was argued, is most plausibly located within the Persian period. This ideology was attributed to a Persian loyalist elite in Yehud in the context of the Persian empire's troubles with Egypt.” Heard, R. Christopher. “Dynamics of diselection: Ambiguity and ethnic identity in Genesis 12-- 36.” Southern Methodist University, 2000. “The book of Genesis has been seen as a Yehudian attempt to define the boundaries of ‘Israelite’ ethnicity under Achaemenid auspices. Extending such analyses, this study suggests that ambiguities in the portrayals of the diselect characters in Genesis provide robustness and flexibility to an exclusivist ethnic identity construction vis-à-vis Yehud's immediate neighbors, but not its more distant Mesopotamian neighbors. The portrayals  allow a range of evaluations from very negative to very positive. While negative evaluations of these characters might be deployed to justify their diselection, positive evaluations of these characters do not convincingly de-justify their diselection. The narrator's use of irresolvable ambiguities gives readers maximum flexibility in character evaluation but minimum flexibility in reconstructing their dis/election. This serves Achaemenid imperial administrative goals by promoting ethnic distinctiveness in Yehud without necessarily inculcating antagonism between Yehud and neighboring provinces.” Johnson, Willa Mathis. “The holy seed has been defiled: The interethnic marriage dilemma in Ezra 9-10.” Vanderbilt University, 1999. “I conclude that Ezra 9-10 expresses not merely or even primarily moral or ethical outrage, the most obvious subject of the text, but economic concerns that are imbedded in political circumstances, namely, the plight of a landless people who lack economic viability. Intermarriage between Yehudite men and foreign women provided some Yehudite men with regained access to land in Yehud in exchange for their service to Persian royalty. These marriages were economically compelling and politically motivated despite their threat to the communal social identity. This, I contend, is at the root of the edict against intermarriage.” Knowles, Melody Dawn. “The centrality of the Jerusalem temple in the religious practice of Yehud in the Persian period.” Princeton Theological Seminary, 2001. Deals with the appropriate period, but its theme is only tangentially related to our subject. Longstreet, Christopher Shaun. “Native cultic leadership in the Empire: Foundations for Achaemenid hegemony in Persian Judah.” University of Notre Dame, 2003. “The biblical presentation of the Jerusalem temple leadership resembles comparable developments with cults throughout the western Empire. In these institutions, sponsored elites used local cults to establish social control over their community while also participating in generating consent to imperial Achaemenid authority. Persian conquest of Judah occurred, as it did elsewhere, with the arrival of imperial garrisons. Persian control, however, was cultivated through the creation of imperial hegemony in institutions such as native cults that were already thick symbols of authority.” Marbury, Herbert Robinson. “The separatist rhetoric of the Ezra-Nehemiah corpus: Its political, cultic, and economic significations.” Vanderbilt University, 2003. MCKENNA, MARGARET MARY. “'THE TWO WAYS' IN JEWISH AND CHRISTIAN WRITINGS OF THE GRECO-ROMAN PERIOD: A STUDY OF THE FORM OF REPENTANCE PARENESIS.” University of Pennsylvania, 1981. Meng, Z. “A study of the groups in Persian Yehud.” The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Hong Kong), 2008. Nupanga, Weanzana wa Weanzana. “Kingdom of God in the Book of Chronicles.” University of Pretoria (South Africa), 2003. Reis, David Michael. “The journey of the soul: Its expressions in early Christianity.” The Claremont Graduate University, 1999. Secunda, S. “"Dashtana -- 'ki derekh nashim li'": A study of the Babylonian rabbinic laws of menstruation in relation to corresponding Zoroastrian texts.” Yeshiva University, 2008. Siedlecki, Armin. “Negotiating identity: The portrayal of foreigners in Ezra-Nehemiah.” Emory University, 2006. “This study employs both critical social theory and socio-rhetorical critique to argue that the separatist rhetoric in the Ezra-Nehemiah corpus stems from the Yehudite priesthood in the mid-fifth century or later and has at least three significations; cultic, economic, and political. The political signification intends to appease the empire. Oriented externally, the political signification of the separatist rhetoric concerns the geo-political context of Yehud's place in the imperial system. The cultic signification establishes the authority of the Temple and its cultus with regard to the populace. It reflects the cult's desire to distance itself from its imperially-funded origins and to ground itself with divine legitimacy so as not to be seen simply as a tool of imperial administration. The economic signification promotes the financial maintenance of the cult by bolstering its ability to meet the imperial tax levy, and attempting to prevent the alienation of golah land tenure.” Trotter, James Marion. “Reading Hosea in Achaemenid Yehud.” Emory University, 1998. After an introductory chapter, “Chapters 2-4 present an analysis of specific aspects of the socio-historical setting of early Persian period Yehud that would have shaped the readings of the book of Hosea within that environment. Each of these chapters concludes with an examination of specific texts from the book of Hosea that directly relate to particular aspects of the social, political, or religious environment of the period. Chapter 5 presents a proposal for reading the whole of the book of Hosea that takes into account the socio-historical setting delineated in the preceding chapters.” Van Den Heever, Gerhardus Adriaan. “The motif of the conflagration. Zoroastrianism, formative Judaism and early Christianity: Patterns of interaction.” University of South Africa (South Africa), 1993. M. Th. thesis. Vidas, M. “Tradition and the formation of the Talmud.” Princeton University, 2009. In this dissertation, it is “suggested that the Talmud's marginalization of recitation is a response, shared by certain elements in Judaism and Christianity, to the interaction between their communities and Zoroastrianism.” WALKER, JAMES MURRAY. “THE BIBLICAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE RISE OF ZOROASTRIAN RELIGION.” New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary, 1960. Williams, J. “Free agent or automaton? Gnostic, Zoroastrian, Christian, and Jewish free will doctrines in the works of Jorge Luis Borges.” Tulane University, 2007. Online Resources Many of these links are only of introductory or social utility. Some, like Perseus, provide access to resources that are only distantly relevant to the study of this question. However, it may by that by visiting a social site one might come in contact with someone who knows a great deal about Zoroastrianism and its ties to Judaism. “Ahuramazda and Zoroastrianism.” “An Introduction to Zoroastrianism.” “Australian Zoroastrian Association of New South Wales.” “AVESTA -- Zoroastrian Archives.” “British Institute of Persian Studies.” “California Zoroastrian Center.” “Demons, Demonology, and Evil in Judaism and Christianity.” “Farvardyn © - An illustrated reference portal about Ancient Persia.” “FEZANA | Federation of Zoroastrian Associations of North America.” “fravahr.org.” “Influence of Zoroastrianism on Judaism and Christianity - (CAIS)©.” “iPersians - Where Iranians Click!.” “Iranian Studies at Harvard University.” “Name-ye Iran-e Bastan: The International Journal of Ancient Iranian Studies.” “Old Persian Texts.” “Perseus Digital Library.” “Persia.” “Review of R. Albertz and B. Becking, eds, Yahwism after the Exile: Perspectives on Israelite Religion in the Persian Era.” “Spenta University - Zoroastrian Links.” “Tables of Contents of Journals of Interest to Classicists.” “The Iranian: Iranica TOC.” “The Zarathushtrian Assembly.” “Traditional Zoroastrianism: Tenets of the Religion.” “Various Zoroastrian Fire-temples.” “Vohuman - A Zoroastrian Educational Institute.” “World of Traditional Zoroastrianism.” “Zarathustra to Borbad.” “Zoroastrian filmmaker Tenaz Dubash on Zoroastrianism, religion, intermarriage, conversion. - Beliefnet.com.” “Zoroastrian Sacred Texts.” “Zoroastrianism.” “Zoroastrianism.” “Zoroastrianism.” “Zoroastrianism - Faiths & Prayer - Beliefnet.com.” “Zoroastrianism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.” “Zoroastrianism < Religion in the Yahoo! Directory.” “Zoroastrianism and Avesta: Overview and FAQ.” “ZOROASTRIANSIM.”