Proton 8K82K / 11S86 Credit - © Mark Wade Media Gallery

The original four stage Proton / Block D configuration was used until 1976, at which time it was replaced by a modernised version equipped with N2O4/UDMH verniers for precise placement of payloads in geosynchronous orbit and its own self-contained guidance unit. This was accepted into military service in 1978 with the first Raduga launch. The stage was first developed for launch of gesynchronous military communications and early warning satellites (Raduga, Ekran, Gorizont, Potok, SPRN). Its later versions continue in use for launch of MEO and geosynchronous comsats, and was Russia's most successful commercial launcher.

6 stage vehicle consisting of 1 x 8S810 + 1 x 8S811 + 1 x 8S812 + 1 x Perekhodnik + 1 x 11S86 + 2 x SOZ

Manufacturer: Chelomei. Launches: 66. Failures: 6. Success Rate: 90.91%. First Launch Date: 1974-03-26. Last Launch Date: 1990-06-20. Launch data is: complete. LEO Payload: 5,000 kg (11,000 lb). Payload: 1,880 kg (4,140 lb). to a: geosynchronous orbital trajectory. Apogee: 40,000 km (24,000 mi). Associated Spacecraft: Ekran , Gorizont , Molniya-1, Potok, Prognoz SPRN, Raduga. Liftoff Thrust: 8,847.000 kN (1,988,884 lbf). Total Mass: 711,360 kg (1,568,280 lb). Core Diameter: 4.15 m (13.61 ft). Total Length: 59.00 m (193.00 ft). Launch Price $: 70.000 million. in: 1994 price dollars.

• Stage Number: 1. 1 x Stage: Proton K-1. Gross Mass: 450,510 kg (993,200 lb). Empty Mass: 31,100 kg (68,500 lb). Thrust (vac): 10,470.158 kN (2,353,785 lbf). Isp: 316 sec. Burn time: 124 sec. Isp(sl): 267 sec. Diameter: 4.15 m (13.61 ft). Span: 7.40 m (24.20 ft). Length: 21.20 m (69.50 ft). Propellants: N2O4/UDMH. No Engines: 6. Engine: RD-253-11D48. Other designations: 8S810K.

• Stage Number: 2. 1 x Stage: Proton K-2. Gross Mass: 167,828 kg (369,997 lb). Empty Mass: 11,715 kg (25,827 lb). Thrust (vac): 2,399.216 kN (539,365 lbf). Isp: 327 sec. Burn time: 206 sec. Isp(sl): 230 sec. Diameter: 4.15 m (13.61 ft). Span: 4.15 m (13.61 ft). Length: 14.00 m (45.00 ft). Propellants: N2O4/UDMH. No Engines: 4. Engine: RD-0210. Other designations: 8S811K.

• Stage Number: 3. 1 x Stage: Proton K-3. Gross Mass: 50,747 kg (111,877 lb). Empty Mass: 4,185 kg (9,226 lb). Thrust (vac): 630.170 kN (141,668 lbf). Isp: 325 sec. Burn time: 238 sec. Isp(sl): 230 sec. Diameter: 4.15 m (13.61 ft). Span: 4.15 m (13.61 ft). Length: 6.50 m (21.30 ft). Propellants: N2O4/UDMH. No Engines: 1. Engine: RD-0212.

• Stage Number: 4. 1 x Stage: Proton 11S86. Gross Mass: 17,550 kg (38,690 lb). Empty Mass: 2,300 kg (5,000 lb). Thrust (vac): 85.020 kN (19,113 lbf). Isp: 352 sec. Burn time: 610 sec. Diameter: 3.70 m (12.10 ft). Span: 3.70 m (12.10 ft). Length: 7.10 m (23.20 ft). Propellants: Lox/Kerosene. No Engines: 1. Engine: RD-58M. Other designations: Block DM; D-1-e. Status: Out of production. Also known as Block DM; article number 11S86. With guidance unit, designed for insertion of military spacecraft into geosynchonous/ medium earth orbit. Used from 1974 to 1990. Succeeded by 11S861.

1974 March 26 - 13:35 GMT - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81. Launch Pad: LC81/23. Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Model: Proton-K/DM. LV Configuration: Proton-K/DM 282-01.

• Cosmos 637 Nation: USSR. Payload: Gran dummy s/n 21D. Mass: 2,000 kg (4,400 lb). Spacecraft: Raduga. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,493 km (22,054 mi). Apogee: 35,795 km (22,241 mi). Inclination: 14.30 deg. Period: 1,428.80 min. COSPAR: 1974-017A. USAF Sat Cat: 7229. Completed Operations Date: 1974-03-26. Test of Block D stage in geosynchronous satellite delivery role. Placed dummy Raduga satellite in geosynchronous orbit. As of 4 September 2001 located at 44.61 deg E drifting at 1.835 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 119.66E drifting at 1.819E degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Molniya 1-S Nation: USSR. Program: Molniya. Payload: Molniya 1 s/n 38. Mass: 800 kg (1,760 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Molniya-1. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,738 km (22,206 mi). Apogee: 35,848 km (22,274 mi). Inclination: 14.80 deg. Period: 1,436.40 min. COSPAR: 1974-060A. USAF Sat Cat: 7392. Completed Operations Date: 1974-07-01. Evidently a unique experimental satellite. Arrangements for experimental television broadcasts and establishment of long-range radio-communications. As of 29 August 2001 located at 104.72 deg E drifting at 0.115 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 41.05E drifting at 0.029W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 274.

• Cosmos 775 Nation: USSR. Payload: SPRN No. 1. Mass: 2,000 kg (4,400 lb). Class: Early Warning. Spacecraft: Prognoz SPRN. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,749 km (22,213 mi). Apogee: 35,853 km (22,277 mi). Inclination: 14.90 deg. Period: 1,436.80 min. COSPAR: 1975-097A. USAF Sat Cat: 8357. Completed Operations Date: 1975-10-08. First launch of a prototype for a new geosynchronous ballistic missile early warning satellite. Exploded in orbit. The next launch did not come until nine years later, so this may have been a version of the Oko elliptical orbit early warning satellite. As of 29 August 2001 located at 113.71 deg E drifting at 0.044 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 54.82E drifting at 0.255W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 107, 274.

• Raduga 1 Nation: USSR. Payload: Raduga s/n 11L. Mass: 1,940 kg (4,270 lb). Class: Communications. Type: Military. Spacecraft: Raduga . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,758 km (22,218 mi). Apogee: 35,807 km (22,249 mi). Inclination: 13.30 deg. Period: 1,435.90 min. COSPAR: 1975-123A. USAF Sat Cat: 8513. Completed Operations Date: 1978-01-01. Statsionar-1. Provision of uninterrupted round-the-clock telephone and telegraph radio-communications system in the USSR, transmission of USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network and international cooperation. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit over the Indian Ocean at 85 deg E in 1975-1978? As of 27 August 2001 located at 70.55 deg E drifting at 0.084 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 85.79E drifting at 0.009E degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Raduga 2 Nation: USSR. Payload: Raduga s/n 12L. Mass: 1,940 kg (4,270 lb). Class: Communications. Type: Military. Spacecraft: Raduga . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,704 km (22,185 mi). Apogee: 35,866 km (22,286 mi). Inclination: 13.10 deg. Period: 1,436.00 min. COSPAR: 1976-092A. USAF Sat Cat: 9416. Completed Operations Date: 1980-01-01. Statsionar 1. Provision of uninterrupted round the clock telephone and telegraph radiocommunication in the USSR and simultaneous transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit over the Indian Ocean at 86 deg E in 1976-1980? As of 28 August 2001 located at 67.16 deg E drifting at 0.070 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 72.27E drifting at 0.098W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Ekran 1 Nation: USSR. Payload: Ekran s/n 11L. Mass: 1,970 kg (4,340 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Ekran . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,516 km (22,068 mi). Apogee: 36,080 km (22,410 mi). Inclination: 13.00 deg. Period: 1,436.70 min. COSPAR: 1976-107A. USAF Sat Cat: 9503. Completed Operations Date: 1978-08-01. Statsionar T. Transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to the network of public receiving units located in population centres in Siberia and the Far North. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit over the Indian Ocean at 99 deg E in 1976-1978 As of 29 August 2001 located at 68.75 deg E drifting at 0.171 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 73.60E drifting at 0.187W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Raduga 3 Nation: USSR. Payload: Raduga s/n 13L. Mass: 1,940 kg (4,270 lb). Class: Communications. Type: Military. Spacecraft: Raduga . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,763 km (22,222 mi). Apogee: 35,853 km (22,277 mi). Inclination: 12.70 deg. Period: 1,437.20 min. COSPAR: 1977-071A. USAF Sat Cat: 10159. Completed Operations Date: 1980-07-01. Statsionar-2. Provision of uninterrupted round the clock telephone and telegraph radiocommunication in the USSR and simultaneous transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit over the Indian Ocean at 35 deg E in 1977-1980 As of 30 August 2001 located at 44.45 deg E drifting at 0.191 deg W per day. As of 2007 Feb 27 located at 49.63E drifting at 0.221E degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Ekran 2 Nation: USSR. Payload: Ekran s/n 12L. Mass: 1,970 kg (4,340 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Ekran . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,663 km (22,159 mi). Apogee: 35,938 km (22,330 mi). Inclination: 12.70 deg. Period: 1,436.80 min. COSPAR: 1977-092A. USAF Sat Cat: 10365. Completed Operations Date: 1978-06-23. Statsionar T. Transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to the network of public receiving units located in population centres in Siberia and the Far North. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit over the Indian Ocean at 99 deg E in 1977-1978 As of 5 September 2001 located at 65.77 deg E drifting at 0.168 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 79.61E drifting at 0.200W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Ekran s/n 13L Nation: USSR. Payload: Ekran s/n 13L. Mass: 1,970 kg (4,340 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Ekran. Agency: RVSN. COSPAR: F780527A. Failed launch of communications satellite. References: 5, 67, 274.

• Raduga 4 Nation: USSR. Payload: Raduga s/n 14L. Mass: 1,940 kg (4,270 lb). Class: Communications. Type: Military. Spacecraft: Raduga . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,757 km (22,218 mi). Apogee: 35,854 km (22,278 mi). Inclination: 12.30 deg. Period: 1,437.10 min. COSPAR: 1978-073A. USAF Sat Cat: 10987. Completed Operations Date: 1981-03-01. Provision of uninterrupted round the clock telephone and telegraph radiocommunication in the USSR and simultaneous transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit over the Atlantic Ocean at 35 deg E in 1978-1981 As of 1 September 2001 located at 42.47 deg E drifting at 0.129 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 108.35E drifting at 0.106E degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Ekran s/n 15L Nation: USSR. Payload: Ekran s/n 15L. Mass: 1,970 kg (4,340 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Ekran. Agency: RVSN. COSPAR: F780817A. References: 5, 67, 274.

• Ekran s/n 14L Nation: USSR. Payload: Ekran s/n 14L. Mass: 1,970 kg (4,340 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Ekran. Agency: RVSN. COSPAR: F781017A. References: 5, 67, 274.

• Gorizont 1 Nation: USSR. Payload: Gorizont s/n 11L. Mass: 2,100 kg (4,600 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Gorizont . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 22,193 km (13,790 mi). Apogee: 49,371 km (30,677 mi). Inclination: 22.40 deg. Period: 1,435.90 min. COSPAR: 1978-118A. USAF Sat Cat: 11158. Completed Operations Date: 1980-01-10. Did not achieve geostationary orbit due to malfunction of Block D. Operation of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and transmission of television programmes. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit over the Indian Ocean at 53 deg E in 1979-1980 As of 29 August 2001 located at 75.87 deg E drifting at 0.132 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 57.49E drifting at 0.119E degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 111, 274.

• Ekran 3 Nation: USSR. Payload: Ekran s/n 16L. Mass: 1,970 kg (4,340 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Ekran . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,623 km (22,135 mi). Apogee: 35,919 km (22,318 mi). Inclination: 14.60 deg. Period: 1,435.30 min. COSPAR: 1979-015A. USAF Sat Cat: 11273. Completed Operations Date: 1981-05-01. Transmission of color and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to a network of receivers for collective use. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit over the Indian Ocean at 99 deg E in 1979-1981 As of 3 September 2001 located at 51.81 deg E drifting at 0.088 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 98.64E drifting at 0.060E degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Raduga 5 Nation: USSR. Payload: Raduga s/n 15L. Mass: 1,940 kg (4,270 lb). Class: Communications. Type: Military. Spacecraft: Raduga . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,785 km (22,235 mi). Apogee: 35,802 km (22,246 mi). Inclination: 11.90 deg. Period: 1,436.50 min. COSPAR: 1979-035A. USAF Sat Cat: 11343. Completed Operations Date: 1982-05-27. Provision of uninterrupted round the clock telephone and telegraph radiocommunication in the USSR and simultaneous transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 85 deg E in 1979-1982 As of 29 August 2001 located at 84.16 deg E drifting at 0.043 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 65.45E drifting at 0.034E degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Gorizont 2 Nation: USSR. Payload: Gorizont s/n 12L. Mass: 2,100 kg (4,600 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Gorizont . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,777 km (22,230 mi). Apogee: 35,782 km (22,233 mi). Inclination: 11.50 deg. Period: 1,435.80 min. COSPAR: 1979-062A. USAF Sat Cat: 11440. Completed Operations Date: 1983-12-06. Stationed at 14 deg W. Statsionar 4. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 14 deg W in 1979-1981; 90 deg E in 1981-1983 As of 26 August 2001 located at 59.72 deg E drifting at 0.012 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 8 located at 84.05E drifting at 0.107W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 111, 274.

• Ekran 4 Nation: USSR. Payload: Ekran s/n 17L. Mass: 1,970 kg (4,340 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Ekran . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,725 km (22,198 mi). Apogee: 35,827 km (22,261 mi). Inclination: 14.50 deg. Period: 1,435.60 min. COSPAR: 1979-087A. USAF Sat Cat: 11561. Completed Operations Date: 1981-03-01. Transmission of color and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to a network of receivers for collective use. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 99 deg E in 1979-1981 As of 4 September 2001 located at 52.52 deg E drifting at 0.007 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 4 located at 96.71E drifting at 0.048W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Gorizont 3 Nation: USSR. Payload: Gorizont s/n 13L. Mass: 2,100 kg (4,600 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Gorizont . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,779 km (22,231 mi). Apogee: 35,831 km (22,264 mi). Inclination: 11.00 deg. Period: 1,437.10 min. COSPAR: 1979-105A. USAF Sat Cat: 11648. Completed Operations Date: 1989-12-28. Stationed at 53 deg E. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 53 deg E in 1980-1984; 40 deg E in 1984-1989 As of 30 August 2001 located at 47.84 deg E drifting at 0.163 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 109.81E drifting at 0.002E degrees per day. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 111, 274.

• Raduga 6 Nation: USSR. Payload: Raduga s/n 16L. Mass: 1,940 kg (4,270 lb). Class: Communications. Type: Military. Spacecraft: Raduga . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,780 km (22,230 mi). Apogee: 35,816 km (22,254 mi). Inclination: 11.40 deg. Period: 1,436.70 min. COSPAR: 1980-016A. USAF Sat Cat: 11708. Completed Operations Date: 1986-03-01. Provision of uninterrupted round the clock telephone and telegraph radiocommunication in the USSR and simultaneous transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 35 deg E in 1980-1982; 45 deg E in 1982-1986 As of 1 September 2001 located at 41.36 deg E drifting at 0.001 deg W per day. As of 2007 Feb 27 located at 101.46E drifting at 0.146E degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Gorizont 4 Nation: USSR. Payload: Gorizont s/n 15L. Mass: 2,100 kg (4,600 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Gorizont . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 36,239 km (22,517 mi). Apogee: 36,269 km (22,536 mi). Inclination: 14.30 deg. Period: 1,460.10 min. COSPAR: 1980-049A. USAF Sat Cat: 11841. Completed Operations Date: 1988-10-25. Stationed at 14 deg W. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 14 deg W in 1980-1984; 11 deg W in 1984-1985; 14 deg W in 1985; 11 deg W in 1985-1988 As of 3 September 2001 located at 106.01 deg W drifting at 5.930 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 145.19W drifting at 5.924W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 111, 274.

• Ekran 5 Nation: USSR. Payload: Ekran s/n 19L. Mass: 1,970 kg (4,340 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Ekran . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,737 km (22,205 mi). Apogee: 35,834 km (22,266 mi). Inclination: 0.00 deg. Period: 1,436.10 min. COSPAR: 1980-060A. USAF Sat Cat: 11890. Completed Operations Date: 1980-07-01. Transmission of color and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to a network of receivers for collective use. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 99 deg E in 1980 Last known longitude (14 March 1994) 95.12 deg E drifting at 0.122 deg W per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Raduga 7 Nation: USSR. Payload: Raduga s/n 17L. Mass: 1,940 kg (4,270 lb). Class: Communications. Type: Military. Spacecraft: Raduga . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,755 km (22,217 mi). Apogee: 35,805 km (22,248 mi). Inclination: 14.00 deg. Period: 1,435.80 min. COSPAR: 1980-081A. USAF Sat Cat: 12003. Completed Operations Date: 1986-10-01. Radio, telegraph, TV. Provision of uninterrupted round the clock telephone and telegraph radiocommunication in the USSR and simultaneous transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 85 deg E in 1980-1981; 25 deg W in 1982-1986 As of 30 August 2001 located at 103.91 deg W drifting at 0.397 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 3 located at 30.06W drifting at 0.092W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Ekran 6 Nation: USSR. Payload: Ekran s/n 20L. Mass: 1,970 kg (4,340 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Ekran . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,783 km (22,234 mi). Apogee: 35,801 km (22,245 mi). Inclination: 14.00 deg. Period: 1,436.40 min. COSPAR: 1980-104A. USAF Sat Cat: 12120. Completed Operations Date: 1981-12-01. Transmission of color and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to a network of receivers for collective use. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 99 deg E in 1981 As of 3 September 2001 located at 96.55 deg E drifting at 0.071 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 2 located at 55.67E drifting at 0.097E degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Raduga 8 Nation: USSR. Payload: Raduga s/n 18L. Mass: 1,940 kg (4,270 lb). Class: Communications. Type: Military. Spacecraft: Raduga . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,411 km (22,003 mi). Apogee: 36,115 km (22,440 mi). Inclination: 10.80 deg. Period: 1,434.90 min. COSPAR: 1981-027A. USAF Sat Cat: 12351. Completed Operations Date: 1981-04-11. Provision of uninterrupted round the clock telephone and telegraph radiocommunication in the USSR and simultaneous transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network. As of 3 September 2001 located at 8.37 deg E drifting at 0.322 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 69.95E drifting at 0.520E degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Ekran 7 Nation: USSR. Payload: Ekran s/n 21L. Mass: 1,970 kg (4,340 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Ekran . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,787 km (22,236 mi). Apogee: 35,819 km (22,256 mi). Inclination: 10.50 deg. Period: 1,437.00 min. COSPAR: 1981-061A. USAF Sat Cat: 12564. Completed Operations Date: 1982-08-01. Transmission of Central Television programmes to a network of receivers for collective use. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 99 deg E in 1981-1982 As of 1 September 2001 located at 78.87 deg E drifting at 0.201 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 66.59E drifting at 0.197W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Raduga 9 Nation: USSR. Payload: Raduga s/n 19L. Mass: 1,940 kg (4,270 lb). Class: Communications. Type: Military. Spacecraft: Raduga . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,791 km (22,239 mi). Apogee: 35,828 km (22,262 mi). Inclination: 13.80 deg. Period: 1,437.20 min. COSPAR: 1981-069A. USAF Sat Cat: 12618. Completed Operations Date: 1986-05-01. Provision of uninterrupted round the clock telephone and telegraph radiocommunication in the USSR and simultaneous transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 35 deg E in 1981-1986 As of 30 August 2001 located at 112.14 deg E drifting at 0.090 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 76.83E drifting at 0.307W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Raduga 10 Nation: USSR. Payload: Raduga s/n 20L. Mass: 1,940 kg (4,270 lb). Class: Communications. Type: Military. Spacecraft: Raduga . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,764 km (22,222 mi). Apogee: 35,820 km (22,250 mi). Inclination: 13.70 deg. Period: 1,436.40 min. COSPAR: 1981-102A. USAF Sat Cat: 12897. Completed Operations Date: 1987-10-01. Provision of uninterrupted round the clock telephone and telegraph radiocommunication in the USSR and simultaneous transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 85 deg E in 1981-1987 As of 5 September 2001 located at 76.66 deg E drifting at 0.069 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 65.57E drifting at 0.042W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Ekran 8 Nation: USSR. Payload: Ekran s/n 22L. Mass: 1,970 kg (4,340 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Ekran . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,756 km (22,217 mi). Apogee: 36,010 km (22,370 mi). Inclination: 10.00 deg. Period: 1,441.00 min. COSPAR: 1982-009A. USAF Sat Cat: 13056. Completed Operations Date: 1984-01-01. Transmission of Central Television programmes to a network of receivers for collective use. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 99 deg E in 1982-1983 As of 28 August 2001 located at 30.39 deg W drifting at 1.165 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 85.74E drifting at 1.235W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Gorizont 5 Nation: USSR. Payload: Gorizont s/n 14L. Mass: 2,100 kg (4,600 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Gorizont . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 36,139 km (22,455 mi). Apogee: 36,427 km (22,634 mi). Inclination: 9.70 deg. Period: 1,461.50 min. COSPAR: 1982-020A. USAF Sat Cat: 13092. Completed Operations Date: 1989-11-24. Stationed at 53 deg E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and transmission of television programmes. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 53 deg E in 1982-1986; 96 deg E in 1986-1989 As of 28 August 2001 located at 156.27 deg E drifting at 6.267 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 91.82E drifting at 6.281W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 111, 274.

• Cosmos 1366 Nation: USSR. Payload: Potok no. 1 s/n 11L. Mass: 2,000 kg (4,400 lb). Class: Communications. Type: Military. Spacecraft: Potok. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,777 km (22,230 mi). Apogee: 35,805 km (22,248 mi). Inclination: 13.70 deg. Period: 1,436.30 min. COSPAR: 1982-044A. USAF Sat Cat: 13177. Completed Operations Date: 1987-10-30. Stationed at 80 deg E. Investigation of outer space; experiments in relaying telegraph and telephone information in the centimetre wavelength range. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 80 deg E in 1982-1987 As of 4 September 2001 located at 81.31 deg E drifting at 0.033 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 68.65E drifting at 0.023E degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 112, 274.

• Ekran s/n 23L Nation: USSR. Payload: Ekran s/n 23L. Mass: 1,970 kg (4,340 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Ekran. Agency: UNKS. COSPAR: F820722A. References: 5, 67, 274.

• Ekran 9 Nation: USSR. Payload: Ekran s/n 24L. Mass: 1,970 kg (4,340 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Ekran . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,704 km (22,185 mi). Apogee: 35,877 km (22,292 mi). Inclination: 13.10 deg. Period: 1,436.30 min. COSPAR: 1982-093A. USAF Sat Cat: 13554. Completed Operations Date: 1983-12-01. Transmission of Central Television programmes to a network of receivers for collective use. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 99 deg E in 1982-1983 As of 3 September 2001 located at 99.83 deg E drifting at 0.132 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 45.75E drifting at 0.063E degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Gorizont 6 Nation: USSR. Payload: Gorizont s/n 16L. Mass: 2,100 kg (4,600 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Gorizont . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,779 km (22,231 mi). Apogee: 35,814 km (22,253 mi). Inclination: 12.80 deg. Period: 1,436.60 min. COSPAR: 1982-103A. USAF Sat Cat: 13624. Completed Operations Date: 1989-03-28. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and transmission of television programmes. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 90 deg E in 1982-1984; 140 deg E in 1984-1988; 170 deg W in 1988-1989 As of 31 August 2001 located at 45.17 deg W drifting at 0.179 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 146.19W drifting at 0.287W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 111, 274.

• Raduga 11 Nation: USSR. Payload: Raduga s/n 21L. Mass: 1,940 kg (4,270 lb). Class: Communications. Type: Military. Spacecraft: Raduga . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 36,341 km (22,581 mi). Apogee: 36,702 km (22,805 mi). Inclination: 12.80 deg. Period: 1,473.80 min. COSPAR: 1982-113A. USAF Sat Cat: 13669. Completed Operations Date: 1989-01-17. Provision of uninterrupted round the clock telephone and telegraph radiocommunication in the USSR and simultaneous transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 35 deg E in 1982-1989 As of 3 September 2001 located at 70.20 deg W drifting at 9.239 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 51.72E drifting at 9.241W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Raduga s/n 22L Nation: USSR. Payload: Raduga s/n 22L. Mass: 1,940 kg (4,270 lb). Class: Communications. Type: Military. Spacecraft: Raduga. Agency: UNKS. COSPAR: F821224A. Decay Date: 1982-12-24. References: 5, 67, 274.

• Ekran 10 Nation: USSR. Payload: Ekran s/n 18L. Mass: 1,970 kg (4,340 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Ekran . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 37,194 km (23,111 mi). Apogee: 37,453 km (23,272 mi). Inclination: 14.30 deg. Period: 1,515.30 min. COSPAR: 1983-016A. USAF Sat Cat: 13878. Completed Operations Date: 1984-10-01. Transmission of Central Television programmes to a network of receivers for collective use. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 99 deg E in 1983-1984 As of 5 September 2001 located at 6.05 deg E drifting at 18.878 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 154.32W drifting at 18.879W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Raduga 12 Nation: USSR. Payload: Raduga s/n 23L. Mass: 1,940 kg (4,270 lb). Class: Communications. Type: Military. Spacecraft: Raduga . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,772 km (22,227 mi). Apogee: 35,789 km (22,238 mi). Inclination: 8.40 deg. Period: 1,435.80 min. COSPAR: 1983-028A. USAF Sat Cat: 13974. Completed Operations Date: 1985-06-01. Provision of uninterrupted round the clock telephone and telegraph radiocommunication in the USSR and simultaneous transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 85 deg E in 1983-1984 As of 4 September 2001 located at 65.56 deg E drifting at 0.028 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 82.54E drifting at 0.059W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Gorizont 7 Nation: USSR. Payload: Gorizont s/n 17L. Mass: 2,100 kg (4,600 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Gorizont . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 36,296 km (22,553 mi). Apogee: 36,374 km (22,601 mi). Inclination: 12.30 deg. Period: 1,464.20 min. COSPAR: 1983-066A. USAF Sat Cat: 14160. Completed Operations Date: 1989-06-30. Stationed at 14 deg W. Radio telephone and telegraph communications and television broadcasting. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 14 deg W in 1983-1986; 16 deg W in 1986-1987; 11 deg W in 1987-1989 As of 3 September 2001 located at 105.97 deg E drifting at 6.939 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 169.25W drifting at 6.932W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 111, 274.

• Raduga 13 Nation: USSR. Payload: Raduga s/n 24L. Mass: 1,940 kg (4,270 lb). Class: Communications. Type: Military. Spacecraft: Raduga . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 36,323 km (22,570 mi). Apogee: 36,447 km (22,647 mi). Inclination: 8.00 deg. Period: 1,466.80 min. COSPAR: 1983-088A. USAF Sat Cat: 14307. Completed Operations Date: 1987-10-13. Operation of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and transmission of television programmes. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 45 deg E in 1983-1987 As of 28 August 2001 located at 174.92 deg W drifting at 7.555 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 42.12E drifting at 7.563W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Ekran 11 Nation: USSR. Payload: Ekran s/n 25L. Mass: 1,970 kg (4,340 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Ekran . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,788 km (22,237 mi). Apogee: 35,815 km (22,254 mi). Inclination: 8.60 deg. Period: 1,436.90 min. COSPAR: 1983-100A. USAF Sat Cat: 14377. Completed Operations Date: 1984-11-01. Launch date suspect Transmission of Central Television programmes to a network of receivers for collective use. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 99 deg E in 1983-1984 As of 28 August 2001 located at 73.31 deg E drifting at 0.215 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 73.35E drifting at 0.222W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Gorizont 8 Nation: USSR. Payload: Gorizont s/n 18L. Mass: 2,100 kg (4,600 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Gorizont . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 36,254 km (22,527 mi). Apogee: 36,462 km (22,656 mi). Inclination: 7.40 deg. Period: 1,465.40 min. COSPAR: 1983-118A. USAF Sat Cat: 14532. Completed Operations Date: 1988-11-28. Stationed at 90 deg E. Radio telephone and telegraph communications and television broadcasting. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 90 deg E in 1983-1987; 140 deg E in 1987-1988 As of 2 September 2001 located at 3.86 deg W drifting at 7.211 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 143.68W drifting at 7.218W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 111, 274.

• Raduga 14 Nation: USSR. Payload: Raduga s/n 25L. Mass: 2,000 kg (4,400 lb). Class: Communications. Type: Military. Spacecraft: Raduga . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,771 km (22,227 mi). Apogee: 35,817 km (22,255 mi). Inclination: 11.80 deg. Period: 1,436.50 min. COSPAR: 1984-016A. USAF Sat Cat: 14725. Completed Operations Date: 1987-09-01. Stationed at 84 deg. E. Radio telephone and telegraph communications and transmission of television programmes. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 85 deg E in 1984-1987 As of 29 August 2001 located at 83.95 deg E drifting at 0.059 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 64.01E drifting at 0.027E degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 1540 Nation: USSR. Payload: Potok no. 2 s/n 12L. Mass: 2,000 kg (4,400 lb). Class: Communications. Type: Military. Spacecraft: Potok. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,761 km (22,220 mi). Apogee: 35,807 km (22,249 mi). Inclination: 8.10 deg. Period: 1,436.00 min. COSPAR: 1984-022A. USAF Sat Cat: 14783. Completed Operations Date: 1988-02-05. Stationed at 79 deg E. Investigation of outer space; experiments in relaying telegraph and telephone information in the centimetre wavelength range. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 80 deg E in 1984-1988 As of 28 August 2001 located at 75.35 deg E drifting at 0.041 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 69.92E drifting at 0.020W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 112, 274.

• Ekran 12 Nation: USSR. Payload: Ekran s/n 26L. Mass: 1,970 kg (4,340 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Ekran . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 36,973 km (22,973 mi). Apogee: 37,048 km (23,020 mi). Inclination: 9.10 deg. Period: 1,499.10 min. COSPAR: 1984-028A. USAF Sat Cat: 14821. Completed Operations Date: 1986-07-01. Stationed at 99 deg E. Transmission of Central Television programmes to a network of receivers for collective use. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 99 deg E in 1984-1986 As of 4 September 2001 located at 148.57 deg W drifting at 15.168 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 82.29W drifting at 15.169W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 1546 Nation: USSR. Payload: SPRN No. 2. Mass: 2,000 kg (4,400 lb). Class: Early Warning. Spacecraft: Prognoz SPRN. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,709 km (22,188 mi). Apogee: 35,856 km (22,279 mi). Inclination: 11.70 deg. Period: 1,435.90 min. COSPAR: 1984-031A. USAF Sat Cat: 14867. Completed Operations Date: 1986-10-01. Geosynchronous ballistic missile early warning satellite. Stationed at 24 deg W in 1984-1985; 80 deg E in 1986 As of 5 September 2001 located at 72.67 deg E drifting at 0.068 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 2 located at 81.39E drifting at 0.003E degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 107, 274.

• Gorizont 9 Nation: USSR. Payload: Gorizont s/n 19L. Mass: 2,100 kg (4,600 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Gorizont . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,740 km (22,200 mi). Apogee: 35,805 km (22,248 mi). Inclination: 11.50 deg. Period: 1,435.40 min. COSPAR: 1984-041A. USAF Sat Cat: 14940. Completed Operations Date: 1987-04-06. Stationed at 53 deg E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 53 deg E in 1984-1987 As of 3 September 2001 located at 55.62 deg E drifting at 0.094 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 2 located at 96.90E drifting at 0.028E degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 111, 274.

• Raduga 15 Nation: USSR. Payload: Raduga s/n 27L. Mass: 1,940 kg (4,270 lb). Class: Communications. Type: Military. Spacecraft: Raduga . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,750 km (22,210 mi). Apogee: 35,782 km (22,233 mi). Inclination: 7.20 deg. Period: 1,435.10 min. COSPAR: 1984-063A. USAF Sat Cat: 15057. Completed Operations Date: 1988-09-01. Stationed at 128 deg. E. Radio telephone and telegraph communications and transmission of television programmes. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 128 deg E in 1984-1988 As of 4 September 2001 located at 29.81 deg E drifting at 0.199 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 8 located at 18.52E drifting at 0.067E degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Gorizont 10 Nation: USSR. Payload: Gorizont s/n 20L. Mass: 2,100 kg (4,600 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Gorizont . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,793 km (22,240 mi). Apogee: 35,810 km (22,250 mi). Inclination: 6.80 deg. Period: 1,436.90 min. COSPAR: 1984-078A. USAF Sat Cat: 15144. Completed Operations Date: 1990-08-22. Stationed at 80 deg E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 80 deg E in 1984-1989; 170 deg W in 1989-1990 As of 5 September 2001 located at 157.76 deg W drifting at 0.193 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 8 located at 46.55W drifting at 0.187W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 111, 274.

• Ekran 13 Nation: USSR. Payload: Ekran s/n 27L. Mass: 1,970 kg (4,340 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Ekran . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 36,957 km (22,963 mi). Apogee: 37,087 km (23,044 mi). Inclination: 8.20 deg. Period: 1,499.70 min. COSPAR: 1984-090A. USAF Sat Cat: 15219. Completed Operations Date: 1987-04-01. Stationed at 99 deg E. Transmission of Central Television programmes to a network of receivers for collective use. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 99 deg E in 1984-1987 As of 2 September 2001 located at 163.33 deg W drifting at 15.302 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 35.81W drifting at 15.302W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Gorizont 11 Nation: USSR. Payload: Gorizont s/n 21L. Mass: 2,100 kg (4,600 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Gorizont . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,764 km (22,222 mi). Apogee: 35,803 km (22,246 mi). Inclination: 11.00 deg. Period: 1,435.90 min. COSPAR: 1985-007A. USAF Sat Cat: 15484. Completed Operations Date: 1991-09-02. Stationed at 140 deg E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 140 deg E in 1985-1987; 53 deg E in 1987-1989; 11 deg W in 1989-1991 As of 5 September 2001 located at 22.94 deg W drifting at 0.085 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 14.60W drifting at 0.040W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 111, 274.

• Cosmos 1629 Nation: USSR. Payload: SPRN No. 3. Mass: 2,000 kg (4,400 lb). Class: Early Warning. Spacecraft: Prognoz SPRN. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,738 km (22,206 mi). Apogee: 35,773 km (22,228 mi). Inclination: 6.50 deg. Period: 1,434.50 min. COSPAR: 1985-016A. USAF Sat Cat: 15574. Completed Operations Date: 1986-10-01. Geosynchronous ballistic missile early warning satellite. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 35 deg E in 1985; 24 deg W in 1985-1986 As of 5 September 2001 located at 151.95 deg W drifting at 0.251 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 3 located at 24.42W drifting at 0.038E degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 107, 274.

• Ekran 14 Nation: USSR. Payload: Ekran s/n 28L. Mass: 1,970 kg (4,340 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Ekran . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 37,333 km (23,197 mi). Apogee: 37,457 km (23,274 mi). Inclination: 12.70 deg. Period: 1,519.00 min. COSPAR: 1985-024A. USAF Sat Cat: 15626. Completed Operations Date: 1987-11-01. Stationed at 99 deg E. Transmission of Central Television programmes to a network of receivers for collective use. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 99 deg E in 1985-1987 As of 5 September 2001 located at 178.66 deg E drifting at 19.729 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 122.42E drifting at 19.716W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Raduga 16 Nation: USSR. Payload: Raduga s/n 26L. Mass: 1,940 kg (4,270 lb). Class: Communications. Type: Military. Spacecraft: Raduga . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,788 km (22,237 mi). Apogee: 35,818 km (22,256 mi). Inclination: 10.80 deg. Period: 1,436.90 min. COSPAR: 1985-070A. USAF Sat Cat: 15946. Completed Operations Date: 1988-10-01. Stationed at 45 deg. E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 45 deg E in 1985-1987; 170 deg W in 1987-1988 As of 1 September 2001 located at 34.20 deg W drifting at 0.087 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 161.95W drifting at 0.182W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Raduga 17 Nation: USSR. Payload: Raduga s/n 28L. Mass: 1,940 kg (4,270 lb). Class: Communications. Type: Military. Spacecraft: Raduga . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,774 km (22,228 mi). Apogee: 35,873 km (22,290 mi). Inclination: 5.80 deg. Period: 1,438.00 min. COSPAR: 1985-107A. USAF Sat Cat: 16250. Completed Operations Date: 1992-12-18. Stationed at 49 deg. E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 35 deg E in 1985-1988; 69 deg E in 1988-1990; 85 deg E in 1990-1991; 49 deg E in 1991-1992 As of 5 September 2001 located at 174.18 deg W drifting at 0.357 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 98.19E drifting at 0.512W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Raduga 18 Nation: USSR. Payload: Raduga s/n 29L. Mass: 1,940 kg (4,270 lb). Class: Communications. Type: Military. Spacecraft: Raduga . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,909 km (22,312 mi). Apogee: 36,493 km (22,675 mi). Inclination: 5.80 deg. Period: 1,457.30 min. COSPAR: 1986-007A. USAF Sat Cat: 16497. Completed Operations Date: 1991-12-04. Stationed at 335 deg. E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 25 deg W in 1986-1989; 170 deg W in 1989-1991 As of 28 August 2001 located at 163.25 deg W drifting at 5.255 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 22.49E drifting at 5.257W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 1738 Nation: USSR. Payload: Potok no. 3 s/n 13L. Mass: 2,000 kg (4,400 lb). Class: Communications. Type: Military. Spacecraft: Potok. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,712 km (22,190 mi). Apogee: 35,847 km (22,274 mi). Inclination: 5.60 deg. Period: 1,435.70 min. COSPAR: 1986-027A. USAF Sat Cat: 16667. Completed Operations Date: 1989-04-07. Stationed at 13.5 deg W. Continuation of the investigation of outer space; experimental retransmission of telephone and telegraph data in the centimetre band. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 14 deg W in 1986-1989 As of 3 September 2001 located at 0.26 deg W drifting at 0.077 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 55.28W drifting at 0.287W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 112, 274.

• Ekran 15 Nation: USSR. Payload: Ekran s/n 30L. Mass: 1,970 kg (4,340 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Ekran . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 36,824 km (22,881 mi). Apogee: 36,905 km (22,931 mi). Inclination: 11.60 deg. Period: 1,491.50 min. COSPAR: 1986-038A. USAF Sat Cat: 16729. Completed Operations Date: 1988-01-18. Stationed at 99 deg E. Transmission of Central Television programmes to a network of receivers for collective use. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 99 deg E in 1986-1988 As of 5 September 2001 located at 80.69 deg W drifting at 13.420 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 63.41W drifting at 13.419W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Gorizont 12 Nation: USSR. Payload: Gorizont s/n 24L. Mass: 2,100 kg (4,600 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Gorizont . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,763 km (22,222 mi). Apogee: 35,794 km (22,241 mi). Inclination: 10.10 deg. Period: 1,435.70 min. COSPAR: 1986-044A. USAF Sat Cat: 16769. Completed Operations Date: 1991-01-23. Stationed at 345 deg E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 14 deg W in 1986-1989; 40 deg E in 1989-1990 As of 28 August 2001 located at 84.75 deg E drifting at 0.265 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 45.79E drifting at 0.142E degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 111, 274.

• Raduga 19 Nation: USSR. Payload: Raduga s/n 30L. Mass: 1,965 kg (4,332 lb). Class: Communications. Type: Military. Spacecraft: Raduga . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 36,252 km (22,525 mi). Apogee: 36,353 km (22,588 mi). Inclination: 5.10 deg. Period: 1,462.60 min. COSPAR: 1986-082A. USAF Sat Cat: 17046. Completed Operations Date: 1993-09-30. Stationed at 36 deg E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 45 deg E in 1986-1991; 34 deg E in 1991-1993. Raduga 19 performed an end-of-life maneuver in September, 1993. As of 28 August 2001 located at 160.57 deg E drifting at 6.520 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 57.63W drifting at 6.529W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Gorizont 13 Nation: USSR. Payload: Gorizont s/n 22L. Mass: 2,100 kg (4,600 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Gorizont . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 36,759 km (22,840 mi). Apogee: 36,863 km (22,905 mi). Inclination: 10.30 deg. Period: 1,488.80 min. COSPAR: 1986-090A. USAF Sat Cat: 17083. Completed Operations Date: 1991-04-18. Stationed at 90 deg E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 90 deg E in 1986-1991 As of 5 September 2001 located at 132.70 deg W drifting at 12.791 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 94.81E drifting at 12.778W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 111, 274.

• Raduga 20 Nation: USSR. Payload: Raduga s/n 31L. Mass: 1,965 kg (4,332 lb). Class: Communications. Type: Military. Spacecraft: Raduga . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 36,922 km (22,942 mi). Apogee: 37,159 km (23,089 mi). Inclination: 5.10 deg. Period: 1,500.60 min. COSPAR: 1987-028A. USAF Sat Cat: 17611. Completed Operations Date: 1991-12-01. Stationed at 85 deg E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 85 deg E in 1987-1991 As of 30 August 2001 located at 6.40 deg W drifting at 15.515 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 6.61W drifting at 15.520W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Gorizont 14 Nation: USSR. Payload: Gorizont s/n 23L. Mass: 2,100 kg (4,600 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Gorizont . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 36,416 km (22,627 mi). Apogee: 36,658 km (22,778 mi). Inclination: 6.60 deg. Period: 1,474.60 min. COSPAR: 1987-040A. USAF Sat Cat: 17969. Completed Operations Date: 1992-06-25. Stationed at 140 deg E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 140 deg E in 1987-1989; 103 deg E in 1989-1992 As of 28 August 2001 located at 132.07 deg W drifting at 9.420 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 61.02W drifting at 9.418W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 111, 274.

• Ekran 16 Nation: USSR. Payload: Ekran s/n 29L. Mass: 1,970 kg (4,340 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Ekran. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 36,871 km (22,910 mi). Apogee: 36,895 km (22,925 mi). Inclination: 5.10 deg. Period: 1,492.50 min. COSPAR: 1987-073A. USAF Sat Cat: 18328. Completed Operations Date: 1989-10-06. Stationed at 99 deg E. Transmission of Central Television programmes to a network of receivers for collective use. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 99 deg E in 1987-1989 As of 31 August 2001 located at 146.34 deg W drifting at 13.641 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 69.25E drifting at 13.645W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Gorizont 15 Nation: USSR. Payload: Gorizont s/n 26L. Mass: 2,100 kg (4,600 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Gorizont . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 36,343 km (22,582 mi). Apogee: 36,630 km (22,760 mi). Inclination: 3.70 deg. Period: 1,472.00 min. COSPAR: 1988-028A. USAF Sat Cat: 19017. Completed Operations Date: 1992-09-14. Stationed at 346 deg E. Radio telephone and telegraph communications and television broadcasting. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 14 deg W in 1988-1991; 11 deg W in 1991-1992 As of 31 August 2001 located at 29.28 deg W drifting at 8.804 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 152.02W drifting at 8.807W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 111, 274.

• Ekran 18 Nation: USSR. Payload: Ekran s/n 31L. Mass: 1,970 kg (4,340 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Ekran . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 37,236 km (23,137 mi). Apogee: 37,337 km (23,200 mi). Inclination: 4.50 deg. Period: 1,513.40 min. COSPAR: 1988-036A. USAF Sat Cat: 19090. Completed Operations Date: 1990-12-27. Stationed at 99 deg E. Transmission of Central Television programmes to a network of receivers for collective use. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 99 deg E in 1988-1990 As of 2 September 2001 located at 7.21 deg E drifting at 18.450 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 80.93W drifting at 18.443W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Gorizont 20 Nation: USSR. Payload: Gorizont s/n 30L. Mass: 2,125 kg (4,684 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Gorizont . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,771 km (22,227 mi). Apogee: 35,801 km (22,245 mi). Inclination: 1.50 deg. Period: 1,436.10 min. COSPAR: 1990-054A. USAF Sat Cat: 20659. Completed Operations Date: 1999-02-01. Stationed at 90 deg E. Provision of telephone and telegraph communications and transmission of television programmes, continuation of work in the context of the 'Intercosmos' programme for the development of new frequency ranges and the creation of long-range systems of space c ommunications jointly with the Byelorussian SSR, GDR, Hungary and Czechoslovakia. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 90 deg E in 1990; 14 deg W in 1990-1995; 26 deg E in 1995-1998; 96 deg E in 1998-1999 As of 4 September 2001 located at 77.53 deg E drifting at 0.186 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 8 located at 83.10E drifting at 0.160E degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 111, 274.

• McDowell, Jonathan, Jonathan's Space Home Page, Harvard University, 1997-present. Jonathan McDowell's complete on-line listing of all objects orbited and over 20,000 rocket launches Accessed at: http://www.planet4589.org/jsr.html.

• Isakowitz, Steven J,, International Reference to Space Launch Systems Second Edition, AIAA, Washington DC, 1991 (succeeded by 2000 edition). ISBN: 1563473534. Superseded by the later editions. More at amazon.com...

• Kaesmann, Ferdinand, et. al., Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, "Proton - Development of A Russian Launch Vehicle", 1998, Volume 51, page 3.

• Clark, P S, Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, "Soviet Spacecraft Masses for Deep Space Missions", 1985, Volume 38, page 25.

• Mission Planner's Manual - Proton Commercial Launch Vehicle, Space Commerce Corporation, Houston, TX 1989.

• Vladimirov, A, Novosti kosmonavtiki, "Tablitsa zapuskov RN 'Proton' i 'Proton K'", 1998, Issue 10, page 25.

• Melnik, T G, Voenno-Kosmicheskiy Siliy, Nauka, Moscow, 1997.. Two-volume official history of the (now defunct) Russin space forces.