Recent Content
ECL 16.1.3 release
posted on 2016-12-19 11:30
Announcement
Dear Community,
After almost a year of development we are proud to present a new
release of ECL tagged with version 16.1.3
. All changes are backward
compatible fixing bugs and other issues, implementing new interfaces
and cleaning up the code base.
ECL manual has been updated in a few places. Work on a new documentation is still pending. New documentation is still incomplete, but you may see it here: https://common-lisp.net/project/ecl/static/ecldoc/.
Before this release we have performed extensive tests on many platforms (Linux, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD, OSX, Windows MSVC, Windows MinGW, Windows Cygwin, Android and Haiku). For details please consult https://gitlab.com/embeddable-common-lisp/ecl/issues/307. Extra attention has been paid to Windows testing to improve that platform support.
This release is available for download in form of a source archive:
Best regards,
ECL Development Team
API changes
Added better interface for package-locks.
Introduced functions:
ext:package-locked-p package ext:lock-package package ext:unlock-package package ext:without-package-locks &body body ext:with-unlocked-packages (&rest packages) &body body
To use these functions user has to require the module
(require '#:package-locks)
defpackage
accepts new optionlock
to allow locking package on creation:(defpackage foo (:lock t))
mp:holding-lock-p
: introduce new function for multiprocessing. Function verifies if lock is hold by the thread which calls the function. Usage:(mp:holding-lock-p my-lock)
.make-random-state
: fix problem with simple-vectors. The correct initialization types formake-random-state
are:(OR RANDOM-STATE FIXNUM (MEMBER T NIL))
.Initializing a random state with an appropriate array (element type and arity dependent on platform) is also possible.
ext:random-state-array
: new extension for random-states. Usage:(ext:random-state-array random-state)
.ext:terminate-process
: new extension for external processes. Usage:(ext:terminate-process process)
with a second, optional boolean argument whenever termination should be forced or not.
Enhancements
Implemented
CDR-7
. https://common-lisp.net/project/cdr/document/7/index.htmlimplemented CDRs:
CDR-1
,CDR-5
,CDR-14
. BothCDR-1
andCDR-5
were already implemented, CDR-14 made us to list them in*features*
(https://common-lisp.net/project/cdr/document/14/index.html).if ECL is build with
--with-cxx
option,:CXX-CORE
is present in*features*
.deprecated configure option
--with-local-gmp
has been removed - use--enable-gmp
(defaults to auto).configure options has been revised.
ASDF has been upgraded to version 3.1.7.26 (with a few patches scheduled for 3.2.0).
bundled CLX has been purged. Lately I've fixed ECL support on portable CLX maintained by sharplispers on https://github.com/sharplispers/clx (available via QuickLisp).
initial port for the Haiku platform. The port is done by Kacper Kasper's work, one of Haiku developers. Threads are not supported yet.
refactored ECL internal tests framework. Tests in
src/tests
are now asdf-loadable (withload-source-op
) and divided into test suites.make check
target runs all regression and feature tests which aren't supposed to fail.removed 15000 lines of obsolete code. Files not included in the buildsystem but lingering in the codebase or options failing to build. All info is added in the new documentation in the section "Removed interfaces".
improved man page and help output. Man page now contains up-to-date list of flags, as well as explanation of flag's behavior.
deprecated long flags with one dash, added two-dash version. Flags that aren't one-character, but start with one dash (e.g.
-eval
) are now deprecated; long version--eval
was added instead.indented C/C++ code to follow emacs's gnu C style. This is a first step towards coding standards in the documentation. Additionally all in the src/c/ directory are listed in the appropraite documentation section (new-doc).
refactored
list_current_directory in unixfsys.d
. Function was obfuscated with ifdefs with non-even pairs of#\{
and#\}
.
Issues fixed
ECL signals floating point exceptions in top-level console.
mp:rwlock
is treated as built-in class (previously process crashed ifclass-of
was called on such object).ECL builds now succesfully with
--with-ieee-fp=no
option.ext:file-stream-fd
: doesn't cause an internal-error if called with something not being afile-stream
(signals aSIMPLE-TYPE-ERROR
condtition).stable-sort
: bugfix and improvement in speed. Adapted from SBCL by Diogo Franco.typep: accept
*
type specifier as abbreviation ofT
as described in2.4.3 Type Specifiers
of the specification.MOP: fix problemes when redefining non-standard and anonymous classes. Bugs identified and fixed by Pascal Costanza.
getcwd
: fix issue with too long pathname. This fixes the regression, which crashed ECL at start when pathname exceeded 128 characters limit.make-random-state
: fix a problem with simple-vectors. Until now#$
reader macro accepted simple vectors as an argument, what lead to bugs if vector didn't match specific requirements like the element type or the arity. Now we sanitize this.make-load-form
: provide implementation for random-state objects.thread fix on msvc: on windows importing thread was closing the thread handler so the thread wakeup wasn't working because the handler is not more valid.
import thread wasn't set upping a proper environment: on some case the thread was mistakenly thinking that the thread was already registered.
ECL_HANDLER_CASE
andECL_RESTART_CASE
didn't work as expected. Bug identified and fixed by Vadim Penzin.
ECL Quarterly Volume V
posted on 2016-11-08 15:00
Table of Contents
1 Preface
Dear Readers,
I'm very pleased to present the fifth volume of the ECL Quarterly
.
This issue is focused on software development. Tianrui Niu (Lexicall)
written a tutorial on how to embed ECL
in Qt5.7
. He explains how
to use ECL
with C++ software and how to achieve comfortable
development environment for that. Next we have a first part of the
tutorial on creating Common Lisp application from scratch. I hope you
enjoy it. At last some practical opinionated advice about including
all dependencies in the software definitions.
ECL slowly moves towards the next release with a version number
16.1.3
. Numerous bugs were fixed, some minor functions were
introduced. We're currently working on simplifying the
autoconf/Makefile
files. Configure options were also cleaned. This
may cause some regressions in the build system.
Some code base cleanup was performed with removal of the obsolete code
(which wasn't compiled at all), refactor of testing framework and
making man
page up-to-date. One-dash long flags are deprecated in
favour of two-dash alternatives. We've fixed ECL
support in upstream
portable CLX
and now there is no reason to bundle our own separate
version. Bundled module has been purged. McCLIM
works now with the
ECL
out of the box.
We've started to implement CDRs
(right now CDR1
, CDR5
, CDR7
and CDR14
are present in ECL
with CDR9
and CDR10
on its
way). Constant work on a new documentation is performed.
See the CHANGELOG
for more details. I hope to release next version
before the new year.
If you want to discuss some topic with the developers, please join the
channel #ecl
on Freenode
. If you are interested in supporting
ECL
development please report issues, contribute new code, write
documentation or just hang around with us on IRC. Writing about ECL
also increases its mind-share – please do so! Preferably in ECL
Quarterly
. If you want to support us financially (either ECL
and
ECL Quarterly
), please consider contributing on Bountysource.
Enjoy! And don't forget to leave the feedback at daniel@turtleware.eu.
–
Daniel Kochmański ;; aka jackdaniel | TurtleWare
Przemyśl, Poland
November 2016
2 Embedding ECL in Qt5.7
2.1 Introduction
ECL is a fantastic ANSI Commnon Lisp implementation that aims at embedding. It allows us to build Lisp runtime into C/C++ code as external library. That means you can both call C code from Lisp runtime and call Lisp code form the C/C++ part. In this article we focus on how to call Lisp procedures from the C/C++ side, you may also achieve the reversed process by inlining C/C++ code in ECL, but that's beyond our discussion here. Generally, this one-side work is fairly enough to enable us to exhaust any power of both Lisp and C/C++.
This article shows how you can embed ECL into a Qt project, and serve as the kernel of that program. I hope that can serve as a common example, or tutorial, for the one who want to know about the true power of ECL, and perhaps that awesome guy is you. At least we will show you that the ability to hybrid is what makes ECL different from other implementations. And if one day you need that power, you know where you gonna head for.
2.2 But why?
I know I should shoot the code and demo quickly, but let the theory come first, just for those who don't understand why we are doing this.
What we are doing is just an instance of mixed-language programming. That means you will be writing codes in different languages and glue them together to combine a program. Usually, the product program would appear to be a peanut, the kernel is written in language A and the nutshell written in language B. The most frequent combination is C++ and Lua, in game programming. This enables us to take advantage of both language A and B. But in this case we are hybridizing C++ and Common Lisp, both aiming at building large software system, an we are sure to gain even more benifits here.
Common Lisp is a masterpiece, but it lacks a good GUI toolkit. Well, if you work on Linux you definitely can take a shot on packages like CL-GTK or CommonQt, and someone will suggest you to use another package called EQL, the Qt4 binding for ECL. But any of these GUI tools look coarse on my Mac, with Retina screen. I don't want to spend my scholarships on Lispworks, so I must find another way to enable Lisp in GUI-related programming. Finally I ended up in here. The hybrid is no compromise, since I can develop fancy GUI interface without losing the power of Lisp.
We can see more benifits that are shown below:
- Live hotpatching. Common Lisp is a dynamic language, so it allows you to add new components at runtime. That means you can upgrade your program without re-compiling or even restart. In more advanced discussions, you may even recompile your C/C++ functions. So embedded ECL could even change the host language.
- With the most powerful macro system, Lisp is natively designed for complex system designing. Different from light-weight languages like Python and Lua, Lisp is suitable for huge programs. So you can always focus on Lisp, instead of seeking for help from language B. You can also use Lisp environment as a direct DSL interpreter so that you needn't write one yourself.
- Efficiency. There are other approaches to combine Lisp runtime with other languages, like using pipes, channels, sockets or temporary files. These are never elegant solutions, since you can only read the output by Lisp runtime manually and there's no direct access to the Lisp runtime memory. And you have to string-parse each Lisp output. So this is neither quick nor efficient. You may also use FFIs (Foreign Language Interfaces) and it's more common with the reverse direction, say call C from Lisp. Now the ECL approach is to save. The Lisp runtime in ECL shares the same part of memory with C/C++ side and there's direct way to fetch the return value of any Lisp function calls. How can they achieve this magic? Well ECL compiles Lisp to C code or bytecode so that they get the same tone.
- Stable and mature. ECL is currently the best for embedding. You may have heard of other implementations like Clasp, which works on LLVM and is compatible with C++. But it's not yet stable or ANSI-compatible hitherto. Meanwhile ECL has a long history and is already ready to use. When built with C++ compiler like g++ (flag –with-cxx), ECL also enables us to Call C++ functions. So stick to ECL.
I hope this should convince you that this could be a promising hybrid.
2.3 General Approach
The embedding process of ECL can be pretty simple if you understand how it works. Unfortunately the ECL official documentation of this part is not quite clear at the moment, here are some example code in the example/embed directory. Thanks to Daniel Kochmański, he helped me through the way towards my first success of hybridding. I'm still a newbie here.
The example code is enough for understanding the process of hybridizing Lisp and C codes by ECL. There is absolutely a general approach and you can use it as a pattern in your development.
ECL achieves this by compiling itself into C libraries and link it to C runtime. There is two ways to go: static library and shared library. In this article we will take the first approach. For embedding, there are a few steps:
- Write your Lisp files. (absolutely)
- Compile your Lisp files.
- Write a C/C++ file that includes the ECL library and boots the CL environment.
- Link the runtime and compile the whole project into executables.
Easy enough, isn't it? Let me explain in detail.
The first step is nothing different than general Lisp development. You can either create your own package or not. (Just leave the naked lisp file.)
The second step, well, it's time for ECL to rock. We've got two
approaches, which depend on whenever you use ASDF
or not. If you do
not want to use it, you may follow this code:
(compile-file "<YOUR-LISP-FILE>.lisp" :system-p t) (c:build-static-library "<LIBRARY-NAME>" :lisp-files '("<THE-OBJECT-FILE>.o") :init-name "<INIT-NAME>")
The first line of code compiles your .lisp file into a .o object file, say, <THE-OBJECT-FILE>.o. This file serves as the input for the next procedure. The c:build-static-library function is defined by ECL, it builds the object file into a static library, say, <LIBRARY-NAME>.a. We should pay attention to the init-name. You can define your init-name here as a string, and this is useful for step 3. We will head back when it happens.
If you choose to use ASDF
, you can head for the asdf:make-build
function. This can be seen in the Makefile in example:
hello.exe: hello.c hello-lisp.a $(CC) `ecl-config --cflags` -o $@ hello.c hello-lisp.a \ `ecl-config --ldflags` -lecl hello-lisp.a: hello-lisp.lisp ecl -norc \ -eval '(require :asdf)' \ -eval '(push "./" asdf:*central-registry*)' \ -eval '(asdf:make-build :hello-lisp :type :static-library :move-here "./")' \ -eval '(quit)' clean: -rm -f hello-lisp.a hello.exe
And you may use asdf:defsystem
in your lisp code. We will see this
closer in my demo.
In the third step, we must dance with some C/C++ code. In
your .c
file where you want the ECL environment to run,
you should #include <ecl/ecl.h> to make sure all the ECL symbols
are linked. Then write some simple code to boot the environment:
/* Initialize ECL */ cl_boot(argc, argv); /* Initialize the library we linked in. Each library * has to be initialized. It is best if all libraries * are joined using ASDF:MAKE-BUILD. */ extern void init_lib_HELLO_LISP(cl_object); ecl_init_module(NULL, init_lib_HELLO_LISP);
The cl_ boot
procedure boots the CL environment, it takes the right
args from your main entry. Now take a look at the extern
declaration. Remember last time I suggest you to notice the
:init-name
, now it's time to use it. If you took the first approach
of building library and defined your own *init-name*, now the function
name should be the same with it. And if you didn't define your
init-name, now the name convention should be:
init_lib_<FILE_NAME_OF_THE_LIBRARY>
. Say, if the static library
named "hello-world–all-systems.a", then you write
init_lib_HELLO_WORLD__ALL_SYSTEMS
for the function name.
Notice: In C++, you should encapsule the extern code in an extern "C" block:
extern "C"{ extern void init_lib_HELLO_LISP(cl_object); }
To make the link process complete. This has something to do with the
naming convention that differs from C to C++. In general ECL exports
symbols following C naming convention to allow seamless FFI to it from
C and other languages. C++ does some weird name mangling.So if you want
to call C functions from C++, you have to declare them in C++ that way indeed.
The function is used by procedure ecl_init_module
to load all of
your user-defined Lisp symbols. Then you are freely to call your Lisp
code in C/C++.
The forth step builds the whole project. So it acquires all of your C/C++ files, libraries and the ECL library. All of the work can be easily done if you are familiar with Makefile. See the example above.
2.4 Calling Lisp in C/C++
"How can I call the Lisp functions I wrote?" This should be the most
urgent question you may ask. The ECL manual describes most of the
functions in the Standards chapter. Apparently most of the Lisp
functions, or macros have been maped into C functions, with some name
convention. For example the [[https://common-lisp.net/project/ecl/static/manual/re02.html][cl_ eval]]
means the corresponding Lisp
code "eval". Most of the ANSI-defined procedure has the naming
convention of using cl_
as prefix. So you can easily find the
primitive symbol you need.
But perhaps the problem you most concern is:
- How can I call MY Lisp functions in C/C++?
- How can I translate the return value into C/C++ objects?
For the first question I suggest you to use the cl_eval
function. The reason is it's simple and extensible. For the safety
reasons you may use cl_funcall
or cl_safe_eval
. But none of them
is as universal as cl_eval
. The cl_funcall
, as its name means, can
only call functions and cannot be used to call macros. And
cl_safe_eval
requires more parameters in order to handle potential
errors that may occur on the Lisp side. But here since I don't mean to
make my code productive so I won't care about the safety or convenience.
I wrote a friendlier version of cl_eval
and you can call lisp code like
this:
cl_eval("mapcar", list_foo, "(lambda (x) (princ x))");
And that's nearly Lisp code in appearance.
So let's head for the cl_eval
. Its signature is:
cl_object cl_eval(cl_object);
It receives a cl_object
and returns a cl_object
. Hmm. Now you
should get knowledge of how ECL manipulate Common Lisp Objects before
wondering what cl_object
is.
Quite simple. ECL encapsules any Lisp object into the same structure
cl_object
. It's a C union whose definition can be seen in object.h,
line 1011. So you don't need to worry about using different types to
capture the return value.
Translating C strings to cl_object
is trivial: use the
c_string_to_object
function:
cl_object c_string_to_object (const char * s)
You just write the Lisp form in C string and the function will create Lisp object for you. So you may write
cl_eval(c_string_to_object("(princ \"hello world\")"));
To get your first hybrid-call.
The second question can be a little tough due to lack of documentation. And there's another naming convention.
Generally, you may use the ecl_to_*
family to convert the
cl_object
to primitive C data, here is some regular examples:
char ecl_to_char(cl_object x); int ecl_to_int(cl_object x); double ecl_to_double(cl_object x);
I've said that these functions could only help convert cl_object
to
primitive C data. No array, and no string. The ECL API didn't provide
them officially. So we have to implement them manually, sorry to say
that. (If I missed something, correct me.)
I would show two trivial yet useful functions that may help you. The first one helps you to traverse Lisp List:
auto cl_list_traverse=[](auto& cl_lst, auto fn){ while(!Null(cl_lst)) { fn(cl_car(cl_lst)); cl_lst=cl_cdr(cl_lst); } };
This is implemented in C++ with the convenience of C++14 standard. Can be rewritten in C like this:
void cl_list_traverse(cl_object cl_lst, void(*fn)(cl_object)){ while(!Null(cl_lst)) { fn(cl_car(cl_lst)); cl_lst=cl_cdr(cl_lst); } };
Usage example:
void print_element(cl_object obj){ printf("%d\n", ecl_to_int(obj)); } list_traverse(foo_list, print_element);
And the second one converts the cl_object
into C++ *std::string*.
std::string to_std_string(cl_object obj){ std::string val; auto & str=obj->string; for(unsigned long i=0;i<str.fillp;i+=1) val+=*(typeof(str.elttype) *)(str.self+i); return val; }
When you are using these functions to convert a cl_object
to C/C++ objects, you have to know exactly what the return value
is. That means, if you are trying to call ecl_to_int
on a cl_object
, you should be clear that
the cl_object
IS an integer. And for some
complicate situation, a cl_object
could contain more than
one type at the same time. For example, if you call a function that
returns a list of strings, say '("hello" "lisp") then the
corresponding
cl_object
can both contain a string (on its car position) and a list
(on its cdr position). Call cl_car
and you get a cl_object
containing a string, and you can call to_std_string
on that object
to get a C++ string. I mean, you should figure out that before you
code. The secret is to just think you are still in Lisp.
2.5 Hybridizing Lisp & Qt
Now it's time to head for our ultimate goal: let Lisp rock with Qt! We have had enough knowledge of embedding ECL into C++ code in the former chapters and Qt is nothing but C++. So the work should be trivial. Sounds this is true but, there's still many things to be solved. I have stuggled much about them but now I can just write down the final progress and pretend this is simple.
The first one is, how to build a Lisp package system, instead of compiling a naked Lisp file or a single package.
2.5.1 Build Lisp Package System
If you are to build some awesome software, you must be using external
packages. After all, there are plenty of excellent Lisp packages, like
cl-ppcre and lparallel. Quicklisp solved the package management
problem in an elegant way. But when you decide to distribute your
software, you shouldn't ask Quicklisp for help, instead, you should
compile all of your dependencies into your Lisp runtime, so that you
can load them all by a single statement. SBCL could dump current Lisp
image into a single executable file by function
sb-ext:save-lisp-and-die
. We need a function that does the similar
thing, here in ECL.
ASDF is here to help. You can make an asdf system that defines every files and dependencies in your project. If you haven't touched that, see the tutorial.
After that, you just have one step to go: build the system into library. You may use asdf:make-build. Here comes an example:
(require 'asdf) (push "./" asdf:*central-registry*) (asdf:make-build :hello-lisp-system :type :static-library :monolithic t :move-here "./")
The push
expression adds current working directory into ASDF
search list. Then asdf is ready to find your user-defined system in
your directory.
If you have external Lisp packages as dependencies, you must set the
:monolithic
parameter to T
. That means, you order ASDF
to build
your whole system into a single file. Or else you'd have to load your
dependencies manually each time you start your Lisp runtime.
Unfortunately, I have to say the function is not ready for building static libraries that contains Lisp package dependencies. There is a serious bug that prevents the library from linking. So the example code shown above won't work!. Sorry to say that. But perhaps this code works fine in the future. :)
Don't be afraid. There is still two other approaches, to build a fasl file or the shared library.
I'll take the first approach since it brings some good advantages. That is, allowing us to distribute the Lisp system independently. You can debug either natively in ECL by loading the fasl file or remotely on the C/C++ side. Sometimes you need this because you don't know which side, say C or Lisp, that causes your program crash.
Since then, I have to build two different Lisp systems. The first one serves as the Lisp runtime and is build to static library. It contains just one line of Lisp code.
(princ "Lisp Environment Settled.")
This library will be linked to my C++ program. The second one will be the actual system I wrote. I'm building it into a independent fasb file.
(require 'asdf) (push "./" asdf:*central-registry*) (asdf:make-build :hello-lisp-system :type :fasl :monolithic t :move-here "./") (quit)
After loading this code I will see a hello-lisp-system–all-systems.fasb file in my directory. In order to use the system, I should load that fasl file at runtime. So the init code should be:
/* init-name */ #define __cl_init_name init_lib_LISP_ENVI extern "C"{ extern void __cl_init_name(cl_object); } void init_cl_env(int argc, char * argv[]){ /* Initialize CL environment */ cl_boot(argc, argv); ecl_init_module(NULL, __cl_init_name); /* load fasb */ cl_eval("load", CL_MAIN_FASB); /* set context to current package */ cl_eval("in-package", CL_MAIN_PACKAGE_NAME); /* hook for shutting down cl env */ atexit(cl_shutdown); } #undef __cl_init_name
There is also a function called cl_load
, you may use it to load the bundle:
Signature: cl_object cl_load(cl_arg narg, cl_object path); Usage: cl_load(1, c_string_to_object("./lisp_image.fasb"));
Notice: When you are using the Lisp runtime, you are in the :top context.
Notice: The cl_eval
function I used is the
optimized, or overloaded version which I will introduce in the next
section.(Code
is here.) If you stick to the original version, you should convert
C string to cl_object
manually, like:
cl_eval(c_string_to_object("'hello"));
2.5.2 Enhance ECL Bridge In C++14
ECL is written in pure C, as a result, it lacks the real object to
describe Lisp data. The cl_ object structure unions the Lisp datas
together but there is no method for it. Utility functions are
just naked funtions. You have to write ecl_to_int(obj)
to
convert the object to int, but it would be friendlier if you can write
that as
obj.to_int()
. At this moment we are going to enclosure the original
cl_ object in a C++ object to implement this.
auto cl_list_traverse=[](auto& cl_lst, auto fn){ while(!Null(cl_lst)) { fn(cl_car(cl_lst)); cl_lst=cl_cdr(cl_lst); } }; class cl_obj { private: cl_object __obj; public: cl_obj(cl_object &&obj){this->__obj=obj;} cl_obj(const cl_object &obj){this->__obj=obj;} /* list index */ inline cl_obj car(){return cl_obj(cl_car(this->__obj));} inline cl_obj cdr(){return cl_obj(cl_cdr(this->__obj));} inline cl_obj cadr(){return this->cdr().car();} inline cl_obj caar(){return this->car().car();} inline cl_obj cddr(){return this->cdr().cdr();} /* predicates */ inline bool nullp(){return Null(this->__obj);} inline bool atomp(){return ECL_ATOM(this->__obj);} inline bool listp(){return ECL_LISTP(this->__obj);} inline bool symbolp(){return ECL_SYMBOLP(this->__obj);} inline int to_int(){return ecl_to_int(this->__obj);} inline char to_char(){return ecl_to_char(this->__obj);} inline std::string to_std_string(){ std::string val; auto & str=this->__obj->string; for(unsigned long i=0;i<str.fillp;i+=1) val+=*(typeof(str.elttype) *)(str.self+i); return val; } template<typename function> inline void list_traverse(function fn){cl_list_traverse(this->__obj, fn);} inline cl_obj operator=(cl_object &&obj){return cl_obj(obj);} };
It's just a trivial one and can only implement a small subset of ANSI
Common Lisp, but anyway it's enough for our demo. After that, you can
write something like obj.cdr().car().to_ int()
. That is a more
fluent interface.
Despite that, the original cl_eval
function is not friendly
enough. We are going to implement a better one so that you can call
that function just as if you are in Lisp. See the overloading:
using std::string; cl_object lispfy(string str); return c_string_to_object(str.data()); } string __spc_expr(string first); template <typename ...str> string __spc_expr (string first, str ... next){ return first+" "+__spc_expr(next...); } template<typename ...str> string par_expr(str... all){ return "("+__spc_expr(all...)+")"; } template<typename ...str> string par_list(str... all){ return "'"+par_expr(all...); } template<typename ...str> string cl_eval(str... all){ return cl_eval(lispfy(par_expr(all...))); }
Now you can call that cl_eval
function like:
cl_eval("mapcar", "'(1 2 3 4 5)", "(lambda (x) (evenp x))");
Those code would compile by setting your compiler to -std=c++14.
2.5.3 Time to Hybridize!
After gaining the knowledge in the former chapter, it's trivial for us to use ECL in Qt programming. You just have to follow some small modifications and tips.
Source code of the demo being shown here can be found here.
First you should get a little knowledge about qmake. It's an automatic
toolchain that helps us build our program. This time we needn't write
Makefile manually since qmake is quite easy to use. You should check
your .pro
file and add those code to it:
QMAKE_CFLAGS += `ecl-config --cflags` QMAKE_CXXFLAGS += `ecl-config --cflags` QMAKE_LFLAGS += `ecl-config --ldflags` LIBS += -lecl LIBS += <THE PATH OF YOUR STATIC LIBRARY (LISP RUNTIME)>
ecl-config
will generate flags for your compiler.
And since I used C++14, I have to add:
CONFIG+=c++14
And we should also do a small trick. Because Qt defined the macro
slots
as keyword, it conflicts with the slots
defined in ecl.h. So
we have to undef that keyword to turn off the interference:
#ifdef slots #undef slots #endif #include <ecl/ecl.h>
Now you can check out my demo. It looks like this:
It's just simple but enough to serve as a demo. The Lisp code of Fibonacci demo is based on package lparallel, the concurrent package.
(defpackage :hello-lisp (:use :cl :lparallel)) (in-package :hello-lisp) ;;package name hello-lisp (setf lparallel:*kernel* (lparallel:make-kernel 4)) (lparallel:defpun pfib (n) (if (< n 2) n (plet ((a (pfib (- n 1))) (b (pfib (- n 2)))) (+ a b))))
You see, that's concurrent computation! This function should take use of all my four CPU cores. So that one is to show you how we can use external Lisp packages in our ECL.
The second demo is Quicksort. It just sorts the List you passed and print the result on the output line. This one demostrates the method to load and traverse Lisp list.
Click the hello-lisp button and you get an echo:
The text "Bonjour, lisp!" is returned by a Lisp function. This
demostrates how to extract strings from cl_object
.
Now you are ready for deeper adventure with embedding ECL. Good luck!
Note: For OSX users, after you build the source code by qmake, make, you should also run this shell code:
mv hello-lisp-system--all-systems.fasb ecl_qtdemo.app/Contents/MacOS/
To make sure the Lisp system is right in the place. For Linux users you are not bothered by this since Qt won't make application packages in default.
3 Creating a Common Lisp project – Part I
3.1 Introduction
A common question heard from the Common Lisp newcomers is:
How to create my own application with Common Lisp?
Numerous concepts like packages, Quicklisp, modules and ASDF bring the confusion, which is only deepened by a wide range of implementations and foreign to the new programmer developing paradigm of working on a live image in the memory.
This post is a humble attempt to provide a brief tutorial on creating a small application from scratch. Our goal is to build a tool to manage document collection. Due to the introductory nature of the tutorial we will name our application "Clamber".
We will start with a quick description of what should be installed on
the programmer's system (assumed operating system is Linux). Later we
will create a project boilerplate with the quickproject
, define a
protocol for the software, write the application prototype
(ineffective naive implementation), provide the command line interface
with Command Line Option Nuker
. This is where the first part ends.
Second part will be published on McCLIM
blog and will show how to
create a graphical user interface for our application with McCLIM
.
Afterwards (in a third part in next ECL Quarterly
) we will take a
look into some considerations on how to distribute the software in
various scenarios:
- Common Lisp developers perspective with
Quicklisp
, - ordinary users with system-wide package managers with
ql-to-deb
, - source code distribution to clients with
Qucklisp Bundles
, - binary distribution (closed source) with
ADSF prebuilt-system
, - as a shared library for non-CL applications with
ECL
.
Obviously a similar result may be achieved using different building blocks and all choices reflect my personal preference regarding the libraries I use.
3.2 How to distribute the software
Before we jump into the project creation and actual development I want to talk a little about the software distribution. We may divide our target audience in two groups – programmers and end users. Sometimes it is hard to tell the difference.
Programmers want to use our software as part of their own software
as a dependency. This is a common approach in FOSS
applications,
where we want to focus on the problem we want to solve, not the
building blocks which are freely available (what kind of freedom it is
depends on the license). To make it easy to acquire such dependencies
the Quicklisp
project was born. It is a package manager.
End users aren't much concerned about the underlying technology. They want to use the application in the most convenient way to them. For instance average non-programming Linux user would expect to find the software with theirs system distribution package manager. Commercial client will be interested in source code with all dependencies with whom the application was tested.
Proposed solution is to use Quicklisp
during the development and
bundle the dependencies (also with Quicklisp
) when the application
is ready. After that operation our source code doesn't depend on the
package manager and we have all the source code available, what
simplifies further distribution.
3.3 What are Common Lisp systems?
Notion of "system" is unknown to the Common Lisp specification. It is
a build-system specific concept. Most widely used build-system in 2016
is ASDF
. System definition is meant to contain information essential
for building the software – application name, author, license,
components and dependencies. Unfortunately ADSF
doesn't separate
system definitions from the source code and asd
format can't be
considered declarative. In effect, we can't load all system
definitions with certainty that unwanted side-effects will follow.
3.4 Development environment configuration
We will only outline steps which are necessary to configure the development environment. There are various tutorials on how to do that which are more descriptive.
Install Emacs and
SBCL
1:These two packages should be available in your system package manager (if it has one).
Install
Quicklisp
:Visit https://www.quicklisp.org/beta/ and follow the instructions. It contains steps to add
Quicklisp
to Lisp initialization file and to install and configureSLIME
. Follow all these instructions.Start Emacs and run Slime:
To run Slime issue
M-x slime
in Emacs window.
These steps are arbitrary. We propose Linux
+ SBCL
+
Emacs
+ Quicklisp
+ SLIME
setup, but alternative configurations are
possible.
3.5 How to create a project
Quickproject is an excellent solution for this task because it is very simple tool with a well defined goal – to simplify creating basic project structure.
The simplest way of creating a new one is loading the quickproject
system with Quicklisp
and calling the appropriate function. Issue
the following in the REPL:
(ql:quickload 'quickproject) (quickproject:make-project #P"~/quicklisp/local-projects/clamber/" :depends-on '(#:alexandria) :author "Daniel Kochmański <daniel@turtleware.eu>" :license "Public Domain")
That's it. We have created a skeleton for our project. For now, we
depend only on alexandria
– public domain utility library. List of
dependencies will grow during the development to reflect our needs. Go
to the clamber
directory and examine its contents.
Now we will customize the skeleton. I prefer to have one package per
file, so I will squash package.lisp
and clamber.lisp
into
one. Moreover, README.txt
will be renamed to README.md
, because we
will use markdown format for it.
To avoid clobbering the tutorial with unnecessary code we put only interesting parts here. Complete steps are covered in the application GIT repository available here:
https://gitlab.common-lisp.net/dkochmanski/clamber
We propose to clone the repository and track the progress with the subsequent commits and this tutorial.
3.6 Writing the application
Here is our application Clamber
informal specification:
- Application will be used to maintain a book collection,
- Each book has associated meta-information (disregarding the underlying book file format),
- Books may be organized with tags and shelves,
- Book may be only on one shelf, but may have multiple tags,
- Both CLI and GUI interfaces are a required,
- Displaying the books is not part of the requirements (we may use external programs for that).
- Protocol
First we will focus on defining a protocol. Protocol is a functional interface to our application. We declare how external modules should interact with it. Thanks to this approach we are not tied to the implementation details (exposing internals like hash tables or class slot names would hinder us during the future refactoring, or could cause changes which are not backward compatible).
;;; Clamber book management protocol ;;; Requirements explicitly list that books has to be organized by ;;; shelves and tags. Book designator is used to identify books (it ;;; has to be unique). Protocol doesn't mandate designator type. It ;;; may be a unique name, pathname, URL or any arbitrary ;;; object. Other args (in form of keys) are meant to contain ;;; meta-information. (defgeneric insert-book (book-designator &rest args &key shelf tags &allow-other-keys) (:documentation "Creates a book entity associated to a given ~ `shelf' and `tags'.")) ;;; We need to bo able to remove book. We need only the designator for ;;; that. (defgeneric delete-book (book-designator) (:documentation "Removes a book entity from the system.")) ;;; We may search for books according to various ;;; criteria. `book-designator' is definite. It is possible to extend ;;; the find functionality to support other criteria. Book must match ;;; *all* supplied criteria. (defgeneric find-books (&rest args &key book-designator shelf tags &allow-other-keys) (:documentation "Returns a `sequence' of books matching the ~ requirements.")) ;;; We access books by their designators, but `find-books' returns a ;;; list of opaque objects. This function is needed for coercion from ;;; these objects to the designators. Sample usage: ;;; ;;; (map 'list #'book-designator (find-books :shelf "criminal")) (defgeneric book-designator (book) (:documentation "Extract book designator from opaque `book' object."))
This code is put in
clamber.lisp
file. It is important to remember, that:documentation
clause indefgeneric
is meant only for programmers who use our library (to provide a short reminder of what the function does) and shouldn't be considered being the final documentation. Especially docstrings are not documentation.Comments are meant for programmers who work on our library (extend the library or just read the code for amusement). Their meaning is strictly limited to the implementation details which are irrelevant for people who use the software. Keep in mind, that comments are not reference manual.
- Implementation prototype
Our initial implementation will be naive so we can move forward faster. Later we could rewrite it to use a database. During the prototyping programmer may focus on the needed functionality and modify the protocol if needed.
This is a tight loop of gaining the intuition and adjusting rough edges of the protocol. At this phase you mustn't get too attached to the code so you can throw it away without hesitation. More time you spend on coding more attached to the code you are.
;;; Implementation ;;; At start we are going to work on in-memory database. (defparameter *all-books* (make-hash-table) "All defined books.") ;;; Note, that when we define `:reader' for the slot `designator' we ;;; actually implement part of the protocol. (defclass book () ((designator :type symbol :initarg :des :reader book-designator) (shelf :type string :initarg :shl :reader book-shelf) (tags :type sequence :initarg :tgs :reader book-tags) (meta :initarg :meta :accessor book-information))) ;;; `title' and `author' are enlisted for completion. (defmethod insert-book ((designator symbol) &rest args &key shelf tags title author &allow-other-keys &aux (tags (alexandria:ensure-list tags))) (declare (ignore title author readedp) (type (shelf string))) (multiple-value-bind (book found?) (gethash designator *all-books*) (declare (ignore book)) (if found? (error "Book with designator ~s already present." designator) (setf (gethash designator *all-books*) (make-instance 'book :des designator :shl shelf :tgs (coerce tags 'list) :meta args))))) ;;; Trivial (defmethod delete-book ((designator symbol)) (remhash designator *all-books*)) ;;; We use `while-collecting' macro (`collect' equivalent from ;;; cmu-utils) to simplify the code. (defmethod find-books (&rest args &key (book-designator nil designator-supplied-p) (shelf nil shelf-supplied-p) (tags nil tags-supplied-p) &allow-other-keys &aux (tags (alexandria:ensure-list tags))) (declare (ignore args)) (uiop:while-collecting (match) (labels ((match-book (book) (and (or (null shelf-supplied-p) (equalp shelf (book-shelf book))) (or (null tags-supplied-p) (subsetp tags (book-tags book) :test #'equalp)) (match book)))) (if designator-supplied-p (alexandria:when-let ((book (gethash book-designator *all-books*))) (match-book book)) (alexandria:maphash-values (lambda (val) (match-book val)) *all-books*)))))
Our prototype support only shelf and tags filters and allows searching with a designator. Note that
book-designator
function is implemented in our class definition as a reader, so we don't have to define the method manually. We adduiop
to dependencies for thewhile-collecting
macro (descendant of acollect
macro incmu-utils
).We may check if our bare (without user interface) implementation works:
(ql:quickload :clamber) ;; -> (:CLAMBER) (clamber:insert-book 'captive-mind :shelf "nonfiction" :tags '("nonfiction" "politics" "psychology") :title "The Captive Mind" :author "Czesław Miłosz") ;; -> #<CLAMBER::BOOK {100469CB73}> (clamber:find-books :tags '("politics")) ;; -> (#<CLAMBER::BOOK {100469CB73}>)
- Unit tests
Now we will add some basic unit tests. For that we will use
fiveam
testing framework. For seamless integration withASDF
and to not include the tests inclamber
itself we will define it as a separate system and point to it with the:in-order-to
clause:(asdf:defsystem #:clamber :description "Book collection managament." :author "Daniel Kochmański <daniel@turtleware.eu>" :license "Public Domain" :depends-on (#:alexandria #:uiop) :serial t :components ((:file "clamber")) :in-order-to ((asdf:test-op (asdf:test-op #:clamber/tests)))) (asdf:defsystem #:clamber/tests :depends-on (#:clamber #:fiveam) :components ((:file "tests")) :perform (asdf:test-op (o s) (uiop:symbol-call :clamber/tests :run-tests)))
tests.lisp
file is in the repository withclamber
. To run the tests issue in theREPL
:(asdf:test-system 'clamber/tests)
- Prototype data persistence
To make our prototype complete we need to store our database. We will use for it a directory returned by
uiop:xdg-data-home
. To serialize a hash-tablecl-store
will be used.(defparameter *database-file* (uiop:xdg-data-home "clamber" "books.db")) (defun restore-db () "Restore a database from the file." (when (probe-file *database-file*) (setf *all-books* (cl-store:restore *database-file*)))) (defun store-db () "Store a database in the file." (ensure-directories-exist *database-file*) (cl-store:store *all-books* *database-file*)) (defmethod insert-book :around ((designator symbol) &rest args &key &allow-other-keys) (declare (ignore designator args)) (prog2 (restore-db) (call-next-method) (store-db))) (defmethod delete-book :around ((designator symbol)) (declare (ignore designator)) (prog2 (restore-db) (call-next-method) (store-db))) (defmethod find-books :around (&rest args &key &allow-other-keys) (declare (ignore args)) (restore-db) (call-next-method))
We read and write database during each operation (not very efficient, but it is just a prototype).
find-books
doesn't need to store the database, because it doesn't modify it.Since our database isn't only in-memory object anymore, some additional changes to tests seem appropriate. We don't want to modify user's database:
(defparameter *test-db-file* (uiop:xdg-data-home "clamber" "test-books.db")) (defun run-tests () (let ((clamber::*database-file* *test-db-file*)) (5am:run! 'clamber)))
Right now we have a "working" prototype, what we need is the user interface.
3.7 Creating standalone executable
There are various solutions which enable creation of standalone
binaries. The most appealing to me is Clon: the Command-Line Options
Nuker
, which has a very complete documentation (end-user manual, user
manual and reference manual) , well thought API and works on a wide
range of implementations. Additionally, it is easy to use and covers
various corner-cases in a very elegant manner.
Our initial CLI
(Command Line Interface) will be quite modest:
% clamber --help % clamber add-book foo \ --tags a,b,c \ --shelf "Favourites" \ --meta author "Bar" title "Quux" % clamber del-book bah % clamber list-books % clamber list-books --help % clamber list-books --shelf=bah --tags=drama,psycho % clamber show-book bah
3.7.1 Basic CLI interface
To make our interface happen we have to define application
synopsis. clon
provides defsynopsis
macro for that purpose:
(defsynopsis (:postfix "cmd [OPTIONS]") (text :contents "Available commands: add-book, del-book, list-books, show-book. Each command has it's own `--help' option.") (flag :short-name "h" :long-name "help" :description "Print this help and exit.") (flag :short-name "g" :long-name "gui" :description "Use graphical user interface."))
These are all top-level flags handling main options (help and
graphical mode switch). As we can see it is declarative, allowing
short and long option names. Except flag
other possible option types
are possible (user may even add his own kind of option).
clon
allows having multiple command line option processing contexts,
what simplifies our task – we can provide different synopsis for each
command with its own help
. First though we will define a skeleton of
our main function:
(defun main () "Entry point for our standalone application." ;; create default context (make-context) (cond ;; if user asks for help or invokes application without parameters ;; print help and quit ((or (getopt :short-name "h") (not (cmdline-p))) (help) (exit)) ;; running in graphical mode doesn't require processing any ;; further options ((getopt :short-name "g") (print "Running in graphical mode!") (exit))) (alexandria:switch ((first (remainder)) :test 'equalp) ("add-book" (print "add-book called!")) ("del-book" (print "del-book called!")) ("list-books" (print "list-books called!")) ("show-book" (print "show-book called!"))) (exit)) (defun dump-clamber (&optional (path "clamber")) (dump path main))
In our main
we look for the top-level options first. After that we
verify which command is called. For now our action is just a stub
which prints the command name. We will expand it in the next
step. Function dump-clamber
is provided to simplify executable
creation. To dump the executable it is enough to use this snippet:
sbcl --eval '(ql:quickload :clamber)' --eval '(clamber/cli:dump-clamber "clamber")' ./clamber --help
3.7.2 Implementing commands
Each command has to have its own synopsis. Books have unique
identifiers (designators) – we force this option to be a symbol. All
applications parameters following the options are treated as
metadata. add-book
has the following synopsis:
(defparameter +add-book-synopsis+ (defsynopsis (:make-default nil :postfix "cmd [OPTIONS] [META]") (text :contents "Add a new book to the database.") (flag :short-name "h" :long-name "help" :description "Print this help and exit.") (lispobj :short-name "d" :long-name "ident" :description "Book designator (unique)." :typespec 'symbol) (stropt :short-name "s" :long-name "shelf" :description "Book shelf.") ;; comma-separated (no spaces) (stropt :short-name "t" :long-name "tags" :description "Book tags.")) "The synopsis for the add-book command.")
We don't want duplicated options, so we filter them out in the
add-book-main
function, which is called in main
instead of
printing the message. Command entry point is implemented as follows:
(defun add-book-main (cmdline) "Entry point for `add-book' command." (make-context :cmdline cmdline :synopsis +add-book-synopsis+) (when (or (getopt :short-name "h") (not (cmdline-p))) (help) (exit)) (let ((ident (getopt :short-name "d")) (shelf (getopt :short-name "s")) (tags (getopt :short-name "t"))) (when (or (getopt :short-name "d") (getopt :short-name "s") (getopt :short-name "t")) (print "add-book: Junk on the command-line.") (exit 1)) (clamber:insert-book ident :shelf shelf :tags (split-sequence #\, tags) :meta (remainder))))
To make book listing more readable we define print-object
method for
books in clamber.lisp
. Moreover, we tune find-books
method to not
rely on the fact whenever argument was supplied or not, but rather on
its value (NIL vs. non-NIL).
(defmethod print-object ((object book) stream) (if (not *print-escape*) (format stream "~10s [~10s] ~s -- ~s" (book-designator object) (book-shelf object) (book-tags object) (book-information object)) (call-next-method)))
list-books
command is very similar, but instead of calling
insert-book it prints all books found with clamber:find-books
called
with provided arguments. Also we don't print help if called without
any options.
(defparameter +list-books-synopsis+ (defsynopsis (:make-default nil :postfix "[META]") (text :contents "List books in the database.") (flag :short-name "h" :long-name "help" :description "Print this help and exit.") (lispobj :short-name "d" :long-name "ident" :description "Book designator (unique)." :typespec 'symbol) (stropt :short-name "s" :long-name "shelf" :description "Book shelf.") ;; comma-separated (no spaces) (stropt :short-name "t" :long-name "tags" :description "Book tags.")) "The synopsis for the list-books command.") (defun list-books-main (cmdline) "Entry point for `list-books' command." (make-context :cmdline cmdline :synopsis +list-books-synopsis+) (when (getopt :short-name "h") (help) (exit)) (let ((ident (getopt :short-name "d")) (shelf (getopt :short-name "s")) (tags (getopt :short-name "t"))) (when (or (getopt :short-name "d") (getopt :short-name "s") (getopt :short-name "t")) (print "add-book: Junk on the command-line.") (exit 1)) (map () (lambda (book) (format t "~a~%" book)) (clamber:find-books :book-designator ident :shelf shelf :tags tags))))
Last command we are going to implement is the simplest one –
del-book
:
(defparameter +del-book-synopsis+ (defsynopsis (:make-default nil) (text :contents "Delete a book in the database.") (flag :short-name "h" :long-name "help" :description "Print this help and exit.") (lispobj :short-name "d" :long-name "ident" :description "Book designator (unique)." :typespec 'symbol)) "The synopsis for the del-book command.") (defun delete-book-main (cmdline) "Entry point for `list-books' command." (make-context :cmdline cmdline :synopsis +del-book-synopsis+) (when (or (getopt :short-name "h") (not (cmdline-p))) (help) (exit)) (clamber:delete-book (getopt :short-name "d")))
Of course this CLI prototype needs to be improved. For instance, it doesn't handle any errors – for if we try to add a book with already existing designator. Moreover, for testing purposes it would be nice to be able to provide database file top-level argument for testing purposes.
4 Case against implicit dependencies
Sometimes implementations provide functionality which may be expected
to be present during run-time under certain conditions. For instance
when we use ASDF
to load a system, we probably have UIOP
available
in the image (because to load the system, we need ASDF
which depends
on UIOP
at its own run-time).
It is important to remember that we can't mix two very different
moments – the build time and the run-time. This difference may not be
very obvious for the Common Lisp programmer because it is common
practice to save the lisp image with the system, which was loaded with
help of the build system (hence the build system is present in the
image), or they load fasl
files with the build system in
question. The fact that we have only one widely adopted building
facility, and that it is often preloaded, makes it even less possible
to encounter any problems.
There are two main arguments against implicit dependencies. The first
one is the separation of the build tool from the application. It is
hardly justifiable to include autotools
and make
in your binary after building the
system. They may have exploitable bugs, increase the application size
or are simply unnecessary (unless you really depend on make at
run-time).
Assuming you rely on implicit dependencies, and given that you produce
a standalone application (or you cross-compile it), either your build
system will inject such dependency for you (what you may not
necessarily want), or your application will miss an important
component which it relies upon (for instance UIOP
2) and will
effectively crash.
The second argument has more to do with the declarative system definitions. If your application depends on something, you should list it, because it is a dependency. So if we switch the build system and it may read our declarative system definitions, or we have an older version of the build system which doesn't imply the dependency, then we can't load the system. It's not the build system problem, but our broken system definition.
Having that in mind, I sharply advocate listing all dependencies in
system definition, despite meretricious voices saying it's rudimentary
or harmful to put them there. We will take UIOP
as an example. We
have two possible options:
(defsystem #:system-one (depend-on ((:require #:uiop)))) (defsystem #:system-two (depend-on (#:uiop))
system-one
's dependency is resolved as follows:
- If the system
uiop
is already present in the image, do nothing3, - If the system
uiop
may be acquired as a module, require it, - If the system
uiop
may be loaded by a build system, load it, - Otherwise signal a
missing-component
condition.
This behavior is an elegant substitute for the implicit dependency,
which relies on the UIOP
version bundled with the Common Lisp
implementation.
The system-two
system dependency is handled in a slightly different
manner:
- If the system
uiop
may be loaded from the disk and version in the image isn't up-to-date, load the system from there, - If the image has a preloaded version of the system, do nothing,
- Otherwise signal a
missing-component
condition.
Both definitions are strictly declarative and any build system which
"knows" the ASD
file format will know your preferences disregarding
if it has UIOP
bundled or not. If it can't handle it correctly, then
it is a bug of the build system, not your application.
UIOP
here is only one example. I urge you to declare any
dependencies of your system. You may know that bordeaux-threads
on
which you depend implies that Alexandria
will be present in the
image, but this assumption may turn against you if it changes this
dependency in favour of something else.
I've asked one of a proponents of the implicit dependencies François-René Rideau for a comment to present the other point of view:
The dependency on ASDF is not implicit, it's explicit: you called your system file .asd.
Now, if you want to fight dependency on ASDF, be sure to also track those who put functions and variables in .asd files that they use later in the system itself. Especially version numbers.
Trying to enforce technically unenforceable constraints through shaming isn't going to fly. If you want to promote separation of software from build system, promote the use of Bazel or some other build system incompatible with ASDF.
Footnotes:
Since we won't use any unique ECL
features we suggest using
SBCL
here (it is faster and better supported by 3rd-party
libraries). Using ECL
shouldn't introduce any problems though.
UIOP
doesn't depend on ASDF
and it may be loaded with
older versions of this widely adopted build system, or directly from
the file. Quicklisp ships UIOP
this way to assure compatibility with
implementations which don't include new ASDF
.
This is broken in ASDF as of version 3.1.7
– ASDF will load
the system from the disk if it is possible. It will hopefully be fixed
in version 3.1.8
.
ECL Quarterly Volume IV
posted on 2016-06-15
Table of Contents
1 Preface
Hello,
I've managed to assemble the fourth volume of the ECL Quarterly
. As
always a bit off schedule but I hope you'll find it interesting.
This issue will revovle around ECL news, some current undertakings and plans. Additionally we'll talk about Common Lisp implementations in general and the portability layers. I believe it is important to keep things portable. Why? Keep reading!
Lately we're working with David O'Toole on making support for ECL on Android better. He wants to distribute his games on this platform and was kind enough to write an article for ECL Quarterly. Thanks to his work we've discovered various rough edges and bugs in ECL and gained some invaluable insight into the cross compilation problems of Common Lisp applications.
As the final remark – I've found some time to establish a proper RSS
subscription feed for ECL
and ECL Quarterly
. I hope that this
issue will finally land on the Planet Lisp – a well known Lisp-related
blog posts aggregator maintained by Zach Beane.
I want to thank for the valuable feedback and proofreading to many people, especially Antoni Grzymała, Javier Olaechea, Michał Psota, Ilya Khaprov and David O'Toole.
Have a nice lecture,
–
Daniel Kochmański ;; aka jackdaniel | TurtleWare
Poznań, Poland
June 2016
2 ECL's "what's going on"
I've added a milestone with a deadline for the ECL 16.1.3
release
with the bugs I want to fix. You may find it here. I'm very happy to
receive a lot of positive feedback, merge requests and awesome bug
reports. Thank you for that! :-)
Backporting CLOS changes from CLASP was successful but we won't incorporate them in the main branch. The recently resurrected cl-bench has shown that these changes impact performance and consing negatively (check benchmarks). If you are curious about the changes, you may checkout the branch feature-improve-clos in the repository.
I'm slowly working on the new documentation. This is very mundane task which I'm not sure I'll be able to finish. Rewriting DocBook to TexInfo and filling the missing parts is hard. I'm considering giving up and improving the DocBook instead.
In the near future I plan to make a crowdfunding campaign to improve support for cross-compilation, Android and Java interoperability in order to boost development. More details will be probably covered in the next Quarterly issue.
3 Porting Lisp Games to Android with Embeddable Common Lisp, Part 1
3.1 Introduction
Recently I ported my Common Lisp game engine "Xelf" to the Android operating system using Embeddable Common Lisp.
Some work remains to be done before I can do a proper beta test release, but ECL Quarterly provides a good opportunity to pause and share the results thus far. This is the first part of a two-part article. The focus of Part 2 will be on performance optimization, testing, and user interface concerns.
Special thanks to Daniel Kochmański, 3-B, oGMo, and the rest of the Lisp Games crew for their inspiration and assistance.
3.1.1 About the software
Xelf is a simple 2-D game engine written in Common Lisp. It is the basis of all the games I have released since 2008, and can currently be used with SBCL to deliver optimized standalone game executables for GNU/Linux, MS Windows, and Mac OSX.
- Xelf home page: http://xelf.me/
- Xelf documentation: http://xelf.me/reference.html
I've also published a Git repository with all the work-in-progress scripts, patches, and libraries needed to compile Xelf for Android with Embeddable Common Lisp, OpenGL, and SDL.
- Android build setup: https://gitlab.com/dto/ecl-android-games-src
Please note that this is a pre-alpha release and is mainly intended for Common Lisp developers looking to get a head start in building an Android game. Use with caution.
Xelf is not required; you can substitute your own Lisp libraries and applications and just use the repo as a springboard.
I would like to add support for CL-SDL2 as well, both as a prelude to porting Xelf to SDL 2.0, and as a way to help the majority who use SDL 2.0 for current projects.
3.2 Problems
3.2.1 Choosing an implementation
As I use only Free Software for my projects, I did not consider any proprietary Lisps.
Steel Bank Common Lisp now runs on Android, but SBCL as a whole cannot yet be loaded as a dynamic shared library. This is a show-stopper because Android requires the entry point of a native application to be in a shared library specially embedded in the app.
Xelf works very well with Clozure Common Lisp, but CCL's Android support is not fully functional at present. So I've been quite happy to discover Embeddable Common Lisp. Its technique of translating Common Lisp into plain C has made integration with the Android NDK toolchain relatively simple.
3.2.2 Cross-compilation
For performance reasons the Lisp stack (meaning LISPBUILDER-SDL, CL-OPENGL, CFFI, Xelf, the game, and all their dependencies) must be compiled to native ARM machine code and loaded as shared libraries.
There is a complication in this task as regards ECL. The latter produces native code by translating Common Lisp into plain C, and then invoking the C compiler. But the C compiler toolchain is not typically present on Android, and building one that is properly configured for this task has proved difficult so far.
Therefore we must cross-compile the entire Lisp stack. ECL's Android build procedure already cross-compiles the Lisp contained in ECL, but there were additional difficulties in compiling Lisp libraries which I'll cover below in the "Solutions" section.
3.2.3 Legacy code
Xelf has improved a lot over time and gained new features, but is now outdated in some respects. When I first wrote Xelf in the 2006-2007 period SDL 1.2 was current and OpenGL Immediate mode had not yet been officially deprecated. This hasn't been a terrible problem in practical terms, given that both are still widely supported on PC platforms. But porting to Android would mean I could not procrastinate any longer on updating Xelf's SDL and OpenGL support.
3.3 Solutions
3.3.1 CommanderGenius to the rescue
Help arrived for my SDL woes in the form of Sergii Pylypenko's "CommanderGenius", a fancy port of SDL 1.2/2.0 to Android. I can utilize the existing LISPBUILDER-SDL bindings for SDL, SDL-MIXER, SDL-TTF, SDL-IMAGE, and SDL-GFX. Not only that, there are extra features such as gamepad support, floating virtual joysticks, access to touchscreen gesture data and Android system events, support for the Android TV standard, and much more.
CommanderGenius is actually designed from the start to rebuild existing SDL 1.2 / 2.0 / OpenGL projects as Android applications, and includes dozens of examples to work with. So in mid-May this year I set about splicing together Daniel Kochmański's ECL-ANDROID Java wrapper and startup code (which together load ECL as a shared object from within the app) into the CommanderGenius SDL application code and build procedures.
The result is a fullscreen SDL/OpenGL application with Embeddable Common Lisp, optionally running Swank. There's even a configurable splash screen!
3.3.2 Do a little dance with ASDF
ECL can compile an entire system into one FASL file, but I ran into a snag with the ASDF-based build procedure. The typical way is to compile each Lisp file and then load the resulting compiled file. But on the cross-compiler,
(load (compile-file "myfile.lisp"))
fails because the output of COMPILE-FILE is a binary for the wrong architecture. Likewise, alien shared libraries cannot be loaded during Lisp compilation, which broke CL-OPENGL and LISPBUILDER-SDL.
My temporary solution was to redefine the function ASDF:PERFORM-LISP-LOAD-FASL in my build script. My modified version does something like this instead:
(compile-file "myfile.lisp") (load "myfile.lisp")
I then invoke ECL's system builder, which spits out a big binary FASB file containing the whole system. But thanks to the LOAD statements, each Lisp file has had access to the macros and other definitions that preceded it in compilation.
I'm sure this is really wrong, but it works, and the resulting FASBs load very quickly. (App startup time went from over 30 seconds when loading byte-compiled FASCs, to about 3.5 seconds.)
In the end, it was simple to deal with CL-OPENGL and LISPBUILDER-SDL wanting to open shared libraries during compilation. I used Grep to find and then comment out calls to CFFI:USE-FOREIGN-LIBRARY, leaving the DEFINE-FOREIGN-LIBRARY definitions intact. This allows cross-compilation to proceed normally.
Then on Android, after the FASBs are loaded I invoke USE-FOREIGN-LIBRARY on each of the required definitions.
So tricking ASDF works. But aside from being a hack, it's not enough for some of the things I'd like to do. The INLINED-GENERIC-FUNCTION technique looks like a highly promising way to increase performance, but my cross-compilation trick led in this case to invalid FASB's with embedded FASC bytecodes. Indeed, to work with ECL in this situation would require actually loading the ARM-architecture compiled INLINED-GENERIC-FUNCTION binary before compiling systems that use inlining—which as mentioned above cannot be done during cross-compilation.
I'm exploring other potential solutions, such as installing a GNU/Linux container on my Android development unit in order to give ECL access to a native C compiler toolchain (see below). I may even attempt to write a custom cross-compilation procedure using Clang and LLVM. But this is less urgent for now, because tweaking ASDF is sufficient to produce a working application.
3.3.3 Use OpenGL ESv1 with CL-OPENGL
Luckily the the path of least resistance could prevail here. OpenGL ES version 1 is widely supported on Android devices, and is easier to port to from Immediate mode than is GLESv2. CL-OPENGL supports it right out of the box. (I'd like to thank 3-B and oGMo for their help in bridging the gap with my own code.)
Some tasks remain to be done here but most of Xelf's drawing functions are now working, including TrueType fonts and vertex coloring.
I've also written some code to partially emulate vertex coloring as a way of increasing render performance, and this will be covered in the forthcoming Part 2 of this article.
3.3.4 ProTip: Use the byte-compiler
One issue has gone unmentioned. How do I interactively redefine functions and set variables in order to develop the running game via SLIME/Swank, if everything must be cross-compiled on an X86 system?
The answer is that ECL's built-in bytecode compiler is used in these cases, and the bytecoded definitions replace the originals. I can freely use COMPILE-FILE, LOAD, and even ASDF:LOAD-SYSTEM during "live" development; under normal circumstances the only real difference is execution speed of the resulting code. The final game app will ship without Swank, of course, and with a fully native Lisp stack.
Now you have a new problem, which is how to edit the Lisp files on your Android device so that Swank can compile and load them.
3.3.5 ProTip: Use Emacs TRAMP with ADB
To make this useful you need a rooted android device.
(add-to-list 'tramp-default-user-alist '("adb" nil "root")) (find-file "/adb::/")
This can integrate with Emacs' "bookmarks" and "desktop" features for even more convenience.
3.3.6 ProTip: Use Emacs to inspect your APK package
They're just zip files. Missing libraries or assets? Check the APK by opening it as a file in GNU Emacs.
3.3.7 ProTip: Use a GNU/Linux container for SSH and native Emacs with X11!
You can actually install a GNU/Linux "container" with Debian, Ubuntu, or some other distribution on your Android development system in order run the Secure Shell daemon and many other applications. I use it to run a graphical Emacs on the Android box, with Emacs' X11 connection forwarded through SSH so that its windows open on my desktop GNU/Linux PC's X server—right alongside my native Emacs. I use different color themes to avoid mixing them up.
This gives me full access to everything on both systems from a single mouse/keyboard/monitor, and I can cut and paste text freely between applications.
Setting up such a container is beyond the scope of this article, but I highly recommend it. It was pretty easy on a rooted device, and works very well.
3.4 Conclusion
In less than a month we went from "let's do it" to "wow, it works!" What more can you ask for?
This concludes Part 1 of my article on building Lisp games for Android with Embeddable Common Lisp. To read my running commentary and see news and test results as they are posted, you can visit the project README:
https://gitlab.com/dto/ecl-android-games-src/blob/master/README.org
More details and all scripts and configurations can be found in that repository.
Thanks for reading,
–
David O'Toole (dto@xelf.me)
11 June, 2016
4 Common Lisp implementations
Some time ago I've created with the help of many kind people (most
notably from Rainer Joswig and Fare Rideau) a graph presenting Common
Lisp implementations and the relations between them. This version is
improved over drafts presented on twitter
and linkedin
. If you
find any errors, please contact me.
It is worth noting that LispWorks
and VAX
share the code with
Spice Lisp
which later evolved into Common Lisp
implementation CMUCL
. Striped lines lead to CMUCL
, because I
didn't want to add pre-CL implementations.
There is also suspicion that Lucid
shares code with Spice Lisp
and/or VAX
, but I couldn't confirm that, so I'm leaving it as is.
"JavaScript Lisp Implementations" classifies some lisps as CL, but
I've added only Acheron
and parenscript
to the list, because rest
is just CL-ish, not even being a subset.
Resources I've found on the internet: CMU FAQ, ALU list, CLiki overview, Wikipedia article, JavaScript Lisp Implementations.
5 Building various implementations
I've built various lisps to perform some benchmarks and to have some material for comparison. Ultimately I've decided to polish it a little and publish. I had some problems with Clasp and Mezzano so I've decided to not include them and leave building these as an exercise for the reader ;-). Also, if you feel adventurous, you may try to build Poplog, which has Common Lisp as one of the supported languages.
If you want to read about various implementations, please consult Daniel's Weinreb Common Lisp Implementations: A Survey (material from 2010, definitely worth reading).
First we create a directory for the lisp implementations (we'll build as an ordinary user) and download the sources. Each implementation has a list of building prerequisites, but it may be not comprehensive.
export LISPS_DIR=${HOME}/lisps mkdir -p ${LISPS_DIR}/{src,bin} pushd ${LISPS_DIR}/src # Obtain sources svn co http://abcl.org/svn/trunk/abcl/ abcl # git clone git@github.com:drmeister/clasp.git svn co http://svn.clozure.com/publicsvn/openmcl/trunk/linuxx86/ccl ccl hg clone http://hg.code.sf.net/p/clisp/clisp clisp git clone git@common-lisp.net:cmucl/cmucl.git cmucl git clone https://gitlab.com/embeddable-common-lisp/ecl.git ecl git clone git://git.sv.gnu.org/gcl.git gcl git clone git@github.com:davazp/jscl.git jscl # git clone https://github.com/froggey/Mezzano.git git clone https://gitlab.common-lisp.net/mkcl/mkcl.git mkcl git clone git://git.code.sf.net/p/sbcl/sbcl sbcl git clone git@github.com:wadehennessey/wcl.git wcl git clone https://github.com/gnooth/xcl.git
5.0.1 ABCL (Armed Bear Common Lisp)
- Requires
- jdk, ant
pushd abcl ant cp abcl ${LISPS_DIR}/bin/abcl-dev popd
5.0.2 CCL (Clozure Common Lisp)
- Requires
- gcc, m4, gnumake
pushd ccl echo '(ccl:rebuild-ccl :full t)' | ./lx86cl64 -n -Q -b # installation script is inspired by the AUR's PKGBUILD mkdir -p ${LISPS_DIR}/ccl-dev cp -a compiler contrib level-* lib* lisp-kernel objc-bridge \ tools x86-headers64 xdump lx86cl64* examples doc \ ${LISPS_DIR}/ccl-dev find ${LISPS_DIR}/ccl-dev -type d -name .svn -exec rm -rf '{}' + find ${LISPS_DIR}/ccl-dev -name '*.o' -exec rm -f '{}' + find ${LISPS_DIR}/ccl-dev -name '*.*fsl' -exec rm -f '{}' + cat <<EOF > ${LISPS_DIR}/bin/ccl-dev #!/bin/sh exec ${LISPS_DIR}/ccl-dev/lx86cl64 "\$@" EOF chmod +x ${LISPS_DIR}/bin/ccl-dev popd
5.0.3 CLISP
- Requires
- gcc, make
- Notes
- don't build with ASDF (it's old and broken)
pushd clisp ./configure --prefix=${LISPS_DIR}/clisp-dev/ \ --with-threads=POSIX_THREADS \ build/ cd build make && make install ln -s ${LISPS_DIR}/clisp-dev/bin/clisp ${LISPS_DIR}/bin/clisp-dev popd
5.0.4 CMUCL (CMU Common Lisp)
- Requires
- cmucl binary, gcc, make, openmotif
- Notes
- it needs another CMUCL to bootstrap (release 21a)
pushd cmucl mkdir -p prebuilt pushd prebuilt wget https://common-lisp.net/project/cmucl/downloads/release/21a/cmucl-21a-x86-linux.tar.bz2 \ https://common-lisp.net/project/cmucl/downloads/release/21a/cmucl-21a-x86-linux.extra.tar.bz2 mkdir ${LISPS_DIR}/cmucl-21a tar -xf cmucl-21a-x86-linux.tar.bz2 -C ${LISPS_DIR}/cmucl-21a/ tar -xf cmucl-21a-x86-linux.extra.tar.bz2 -C ${LISPS_DIR}/cmucl-21a/ cat <<EOF > ${LISPS_DIR}/bin/cmucl-21a #!/bin/sh exec ${LISPS_DIR}/cmucl-21a/bin/lisp "\$@" EOF chmod +x ${LISPS_DIR}/bin/cmucl-21a # Note, that this is already a fully functional lisp now popd bin/build.sh -C "" -o "cmucl-21a" bin/make-dist.sh -I ${LISPS_DIR}/cmucl-dev/ linux-4/ cat <<EOF > ${LISPS_DIR}/bin/cmucl-dev #!/bin/sh exec ${LISPS_DIR}/cmucl-dev/bin/lisp "\$@" EOF chmod +x ${LISPS_DIR}/bin/cmucl-dev popd
5.0.5 ECL (Embeddable Common Lisp)
- Requires
- gcc, make
./configure --prefix=${LISPS_DIR}/ecl-dev/ make && make install ln -s $LISPS_DIR/ecl-dev/bin/ecl ${LISPS_DIR}/bin/ecl-dev
5.0.6 JSCL (Java Script Common Lisp)
- Requires
- Conforming CL implementation, web browser,
nodejs
- Notes
- Doesn't provide LOAD yet (no filesystem), but author
confirmed that this will be implemented (virtual filesystem on
the browser and the physical one on the
nodejs
).
mkdir ${LISPS_DIR}/jscl-dev pushd jscl ./make.sh # Run in the console (node-repl) cp jscl.js repl-node.js ${LISPS_DIR}/bin/jscl-dev cat <<EOF > ${LISPS_DIR}/bin/jscl-dev #!/bin/sh exec node ${LISPS_DIR}/jscl-dev/repl-node.js EOF chmod +x ${LISPS_DIR}/bin/jscl-dev # Run in the web browser (optional) cp jscl.js repl-web.js jquery.js jqconsole.min.js jscl.html style.css \ ${LISPS_DIR}/jscl-dev/ # replace surf with your favourite browser supporting JS cat <<EOF > ${LISPS_DIR}/bin/jscl-dev-browser #!/bin/sh exec surf ${LISPS_DIR}/jscl-dev/jscl.html EOF chmod +x ${LISPS_DIR}/bin/jscl-dev-browser popd
5.0.7 GCL (GNU Common Lisp)
- Requires
- gcc, make
# Doesn't work both with head and the release, luckily it works with # the next pre-release branch git checkout Version_2_6_13pre ./configure --prefix=${LISPS_DIR}/gcl-2.6.13-pre make && make install ln -s ${LISPS_DIR}/gcl-2.6.13-pre/bin/gcl ${LISPS_DIR}/bin/gcl-2.6.13-pre
5.0.8 MKCL (Man-Kai Common Lisp)
- Requires
- gcc, make
pushd mkcl ./configure --prefix=${LISPS_DIR}/mkcl-dev make && make install ln -s ${LISPS_DIR}/mkcl-dev/bin/mkcl ${LISPS_DIR}/bin/mkcl-dev popd
5.0.9 SBCL (Steel Bank Common Lisp)
- Requires
- ANSI-compliant CL implementation
- Notes
- Lisp has to close on EOF in top-level (CMUCL doesn't do that),
- ECL has some bug regarding Lisp-to-C compiler apparently triggered by the SBCL compilation – don't use it here,
- we could use precompiled SBCL like with the CMUCL, but let's exploit the fact, that we can compile from the C-bootstrapped implementation (we'll use already built clisp-dev),
- it is advised to run the script in fast terminal (like xterm) or in the terminal multiplexer and to detach it – SBCL compilation process is very verbose,
- if you build SBCL on Windows, consider using MinGW to preserve POSIX compatibility.
pushd sbcl export GNUMAKE=make ./make.sh "clisp" INSTALL_ROOT=${LISPS_DIR}/sbcl-dev ./install.sh cat <<EOF > ${LISPS_DIR}/bin/sbcl-dev #!/bin/sh SBCL_HOME=${LISPS_DIR}/sbcl-dev/lib/sbcl exec ${LISPS_DIR}/sbcl-dev/bin/sbcl "\$@" EOF chmod +x ${LISPS_DIR}/bin/sbcl-dev popd
5.0.10 WCL
- Requires
- tcsh, gcc, git
- Notes
- very incomplete implementation
pushd wcl REV=`git rev-parse HEAD` sed -i -e "s/WCL_VERSION = \"3.0.*$/WCL_VERSION = \"3.0-dev (git-${REV})\"/" CONFIGURATION LD_LIBRARY_PATH=`pwd`/lib make rebuild mkdir ${LISPS_DIR}/wcl-dev cp -a bin/ lib/ doc/ ${LISPS_DIR}/wcl-dev/ cat <<EOF > ${LISPS_DIR}/bin/wcl-dev #!/bin/sh LD_LIBRARY_PATH=${LISPS_DIR}/wcl-dev/lib exec ${LISPS_DIR}/wcl-dev/bin/wcl "\$@" EOF chmod +x ${LISPS_DIR}/bin/wcl-dev popd
5.0.11 XCL
- Requires
- gcc
- Notes
- last commit in 2011
pushd xcl mkdir ${LISPS_DIR}/xcl-dev XCL_HOME=${LISPS_DIR}/xcl-dev make cp -a clos compiler lisp COPYING README xcl ${LISPS_DIR}/xcl-dev # This will build in XCL_HOME, even if run in source directory ./xcl <<EOF (rebuild-lisp) EOF ln -s ${LISPS_DIR}/xcl-dev/xcl ${LISPS_DIR}/bin/xcl-dev popd
6 Portability libraries
It is important to know the difference between the language standard, implementation-specific extensions and the portability libraries. The language standard is something you can depend on in any conforming implementation.
Sometimes it's just not enough. You may want to do ** serializethreading*, or to *data, which is very hard to express (or even impossible) in the language provided by the standard. That's where the implementation-specific extensions kick in. Why are they called "implementation-specific"? Because the API may be different between implementations – reaching consensus is a hard thing1.
The most straightforward approach I can imagine is to reach for the
documentation of the Common Lisp implementation you are currently
using and to use the API provided by this implementation. I dare you
not to do that! It's definitely the easiest thing to do at first, but
mind the consequences. You lock yourself, and your users in the
implementation you prefer. What if you want to run it on the JVM
or
to make it a shared library? Nope, you're locked-in.
"What can I do then?" – you may ask. Before I answer this question, I'll tell you how many people do it (or did it in the past) – they used read-time conditionals directly in the code. Something like the following:
(defun my-baz () #+sbcl (sb-foo:do-baz-thing 'quux) #+ccl (ccl:baz-thing 'quux) #+(and ecl :baz-thing) (ext:baz 'quux) #+abcl (ext:baz 'quux) #+(and clisp :built-with-baz) (ext:baz-thingie 'quux) #-(or sbcl ccl ecl abcl clisp) (error "Your implementation isn't supported. Fix me!"))
If the creator felt more fancy and had some extra time, they put it in
the package my-app-compat
. It's all great, now your application
works on all supported implementations. If somebody wants theirs
implementation to work, send the creator a patch, who incorporates it
into the code and voila, everything works as desired.
We have one problem however. Libraries tend to depend on one another. There is also a lot of software which uses features beyond the ANSI specification (it's all good, programmers need these!). Do you see code duplication everywhere? How many times does a snippet above have to be copy-pasted, or rewritten from scratch? It's not black magic after all. APIs between ad-hoc implementations don't exactly match, covered CL implementations differ…
So you quickload
your favorite library which depends on 10 other
libraries which implement BAZ
functionality in theirs own unique
way, with a slightly different API on the unsupported implementation –
that's why we have my-baz
abstraction after all, right? Now, to make
it work, a user has to:
- Find which of the ten libraries don't work (not trivial!),
- find and clone the repositories (we want to use git for patches),
- fix each one of them (grep helps!) and commit the changes,
- push the changes to your own forked repository and create a pull request (or send a diff to the mailing list) – *ten times*,
- voila, you're done, profit, get rich, grab a beer.
It's a lot of work which the user probably won't bothered to do. They
will just drop the task, choose another implementation or hack their
own code creating the Yet Another Baz Library
for the
implementations he cares for reinventing the wheel once more. It's a
hacker's mortal sin.
I'm going to tell you now what is the Right Thing™ here. Of course you are free to disagree. When you feel that there is a functionality you need which isn't covered by the standard you should
Look if there is a library which provides it.
You may ask on IRC, the project's mailing list, check out the CLiki, do some research on the web. Names sometimes start with
trivial-*
, but it's not a rule. In other words: do your homework.If you can't find such a library, create one.
And by creating such a library I mean comparing the API proposed by at least two CL implementations (three would be optimal IMHO), carefully designing your own API which covers the functionality (if it's trivial, this should be easy) and implementing it in your library.
Preferably (if possible) add a fallback implementation for implementations not covered (with the appropriate warning, that it may be inefficient or not complete in one way or another).
It may be worth reading the Maintaining Portable Lisp Programs paper written by Christophe Rhodes.
Write beautiful documentation.
A CL implementation docs may be very rough. It takes time to write them and programmers tend to prioritize code over the documentation. It's really bad, but it's very common for the documentation to be incomplete or outdated.
Document your library, describe what it does, how to use it. Don't be afraid of the greatness! People will praise you, success will come, world will be a better place. And most importantly, your library will be useful to others.
- Publish the library.
- Make that library your project's dependency.
I know it's not easy, but in the long term it's beneficial. I guarantee you that. That's how the ecosystem grows. Less duplication, more cooperation – pure benefit.
Some people don't follow this path. They didn't think it through, or maybe they did and decided that keeping the dependency list minimal is essential to their project, or were simply lazy and hacked their own solution. There are also some old projects which exported a number of features being a very big portability library and an application at the same time (ACL-compat, McCLIM and others). What to do then?
If it's a conscious decision of the developer (who doesn't want to depend on /anything/), you can do nothing but provide a patch adding your own implementation to the supported list. It's their project, their choice, we have to respect that.
But before doing that you may simply ask if they have something against plugging these hacks with the proper portability library. If they don't – do it, everybody will benefit.
There are a few additional benefits of the presented portability library approach for the implementations itself. Having these internal details in one place makes it more probable that your implementation is already supported. If the library has a bug it's easier to fix it in one place. Also, if the CL implementation changes its API, it's easy to propagate changes to the corresponding portability libraries. New CL implementation creators have a simplified task of making their work usable with existing libraries.
It is worth noting, that creating such library paves the way to the
new quasi-standard functionalities. For instance Bordeaux Threads has
added recently CONDITION-WAIT
function, which isn't implemented on
all implementations. It is a very good stimulus to add it. This is how
library creators may have real impact on the implementation creators
decisions about what to implement next.
6.1 Portability layer highlights
Here are some great projects helping CL implementations be part of a more usable ecosystem. Many of these are considered being part of the de-facto standard:
- bordeaux-threads
- Provides thread primitives, locks and conditionals
- cl-store
- Serializing and deserializing CL objects from streams
- cffi
- Foreign function interface (accessing foreign libraries)
- closer-mop
- Meta-object protocol – provides it's own
closer-common-lisp-user
package (redefines for instancedefmethod
) - usocket
- TCP/IP and UDP/IP socket interface.
- osicat
- Osicat is a lightweight operating system interface for Common Lisp on POSIX-like systems, including Windows
- cl-fad
- Portable pathname library
- trivial-garbage
trivial-garbage
provides a portable API to finalizers, weak hash-tables and weak pointers- trivial-features
trivial-features
ensures consistent*FEATURES*
across multiple Common Lisp implementations- trivial-gray-streams
trivial-gray-streams
system provides an extremely thin compatibility layer for gray streams- external-program
external-program
enables running programs outside the Lisp process
There are many other very good libraries which span multiple implementations. Some of them have some drawbacks though.
For instance IOlib is a great library, but piggy-backs heavily on UN*X – if you develop for many platforms you may want to consider other alternatives..
UIOP is also a very nice set of utilities, but isn't documented well, does too many things at once and tries to deprecate other actively maintained projects – that is counterproductive and socially wrong. I'd discourage using it.
There are a few arguments supporting UIOP
's state – it is a direct
dependency of ASDF
, so it can't (or doesn't want to) depend on other
libraries, but many utilities are needed by this commonly used system
definition library. My reasoning here is as follows: UIOP
goes
beyond ASDF
's requirements and tries to make actively maintained
projects obsolete. Additionally it works only on supported
implementations even for features which may be implemented portably.
6.2 UIOP discussion
I'm aware that my opinion regarding UIOP may be a bit controversial. I've asked the library author and a few other people for feedback which I'm very grateful for. I'm publishing it here to keep opinions balanced.
6.2.1 Fare Rideau
Dear Daniel,
while there is a variety of valid opinions based on different interests and preferences, I believe your judgment of UIOP is based on incorrect premises.
First, I object to calling UIOP "not well documented". While UIOP isn't the best documented project around, all its exported functions and variables have pretty decent DOCSTRINGs, and there is at least one automatic document extractor, HEΛP, that can deal with the fact that UIOP is made of many packages, and extract the docstrings into a set of web pages, with a public heλp site listed in the UIOP README.md. The fact that some popular docstring extractors such as quickdocs can't deal with the many packages that UIOP creates with its own uiop:define-package doesn't mean that UIOP is less documented than other projects on which these extractors work well, it's a bug in these extractors.
Second, regarding the deprecation of other projects: yes, UIOP does
try to deprecate other projects, but (a) it's a good thing, and (b) I
don't know that any of the projects being deprecated is "actively
maintained". It's a good thing to try to deprecate other lesser
libraries, as I've argued in my article Consolidating Common Lisp
libraries: whoever writes any library should work hard so it will
deprecate all its rivals, or so that a better library will deprecate
his and all rivals (such as optima deprecating my
fare-matcher). That's what being serious about a library is all
about. As for the quality of the libraries I'm deprecating, one
widely-used project the functionality of which is completely covered
by UIOP is cl-fad. cl-fad was a great improvement in its day, but some
of its API is plain broken (e.g. the :directories
argument to its
walk-directory function has values with bogus names, while its many
pathname manipulation functions get things subtly wrong in corner
cases), and its implementation not quite as portable as UIOP (that
works on all known actively used implementations). There is no reason
whatsoever to ever choose cl-fad over UIOP for a new project. Another
project is trivial-backtrace. I reproduced most of its functionality,
except in a more stable, more portable way (to every single CL
implementation). The only interface I didn't reproduce from it is
map-backtrace, which is actually not portable in trivial-backtrace
(only for SBCL and CCL), whereas serious portable backtrace users will
want to use SLIME's or SLY's API, anyway. As for external-program, a
good thing it has for it is some support for asynchronous execution of
subprocesses; but it fails to abstract much over the discrepancies
between implementations and operating systems, and is much less
portable than uiop:run-program (as for trivial-shell, it just doesn't
compete).
UIOP is also ubiquitous in a way that other libraries aren't: all
implementations will let you (require "asdf")
out of the box at
which point you have UIOP available (exception: mostly dead
implementations like Corman Lisp, GCL, Genera, SCL, XCL, may require
you to install ASDF 3 on top of their code; still they are all
supported by UIOP, whereas most portability libraries don't even
bother with any of them). This ubiquity is important when writing
scripts. Indeed, all the functionality in UIOP is so basic that ASDF
needed it at some point — there is nothing in UIOP that wasn't itself
required by some of ASDF's functionality, contrary to your claim that
"UIOP goes beyond ASDF's requirements" (exception: I added one
function or two to match the functionality in cl-fad, such as
delete-directory-tree which BTW has an important safeguard argument
:validate; but even those functions are used if not by ASDF itself, at
least by the scripts used to release ASDF itself). I never decided
"hey, let's make a better portability library, for the heck of
it". Instead, I started making ASDF portable and robust, and at some
point the portability code became a large chunk of ASDF and I made it
into its own library, and because ASDF is targetting 16 different
implementations and has to actually work on them, this library soon
became much more portable, much more complete and much more robust
than any other portability library, and I worked hard to achieve
feature parity with all the libraries I was thereby deprecating.
Finally, a lot of the functionality that UIOP offers is just not offered by any other library, much less with any pretense of universal portability.
6.2.2 David Gu
For the documentation thing, I really think Quickdocs could do a better job. The bug #24 stated that problem, however, it's remain to be solved. I will check this out if I have free time recently.
I use UIOP a lot in my previous company, the reason is simple and maybe a little naive: my manager didn't want to involve too many add-ons in the software. UIOP is shipped together with ASDF, it's really "convenient", and its robustness is the final reason why I will stick to it. If people understand how UIOP came out in the history from ASDF2 to ASDF3, I think people will understand why it's acting like deprecating several other projects – that's not the original idea of it.
But anyway, I really learned a lot from this post and also the comments. In my opinion, avoid reinventing the wheels is the right idea and directions for this community. So from that perspective, I support @fare's idea "It's a good thing to try to deprecate other lesser libraries". Including this article and along with Maintaining Portable Lisp Programs and @fare's Consolidating Common Lisp Libraries, we should let more people involved in this topic.
Footnotes:
If you are Common Lisp implementer and plan to add a feature beyond ANSI specification, please consider writing a proposal and submitting it to Common Lisp Document Repository. It will make everybody's life easier.
New website look
posted on 2016-04-22
I've imported the old archives and genearated ECL website with help of
the coleslaw
and the
sclp
. Now we have
a proper RSS feed and
posting news is less annoying then before.
For posterity, here is the ugly hack I've used to import archives from JSON:
(defparameter *archives-template*
";;;;;
title: ~A
tags:
date: ~A
author: ~A
format: md
;;;;;
~A")
(setf *json-posts*
(with-open-file (f #P"/home/jack/linki/repo/ecl-website/static/files/misc/news-ecl-backup-2015-08-25.json"
:direction :input
:external-format '(:line-termination :cr :character-encoding :utf-8))
(cl-json:decode-json f)))
(mapcar (let ((cnt 0))
#'(lambda (post)
(with-open-file (f (format nil "/tmp/archives/archive-~A.post" (incf cnt))
:direction :output
:if-exists :supersede
:external-format (make-external-format :line-termination :unix))
(format f *archives-template*
(cdr (assoc :title post))
;; (cdr (assoc :labels post))
(substitute #\- #\/
(subseq (cdr (assoc :url post)) 40 47))
(let ((author (cdr (assoc :author post))))
(if (string-equal author "dkochmanski")
"jackdaniel" author))
(remove #\Return (cdr (assoc :text post)))))))
(cdar *json-posts*))
You may find a guide how to use the Sample Common Lisp Project
template for your own project
here. The
clnet
theme is inspired by the css
in most of the common-lisp.net
projects.
Best regards, Daniel
Bountysource Salt account
posted on 2016-03-04
We have set up an account on the bountysource to simplify the financial contributions to the project.
Additionally you may send money contributions with a PayPal account:
ECL 16.1.2 release
posted on 2016-02-29
We are happy to inform that the official ECL 16.1.2 release is available for download:
ECL Quarterly Volume III
posted on 2016-02-06
Table of Contents
1 Preface
Dear all,
I'm proud to publish the third ECL Quarterly volume. I'm aware that it's a bit late, but very happy that delay didn't extend any further. Some exciting stuff is going on. First of all Embeddable Common-Lisp has been successfully ported to the Android platform. Additionally we have untested ports to NaCL and PNaCL (any volunteer?) and an alpha quality Android application - ecl-android (fully fledged swank-accessible Common Lisp running in Dalvik via JNI with all the goodies ECL provides).
I'm very happy to open this volume with a great guide written and
contributed by Earl Ducaine – Stupid ECL tricks
. This is set of a
very useful hints for the development with ECL. We invite everyone
to contribute to the repository located at Earl's GitHub
repository. Moreover Angelo Rossi has finished his project
embodying ECL on the embedded board SBC MIPS Creator CI20
and
written very nice summary to share with us.
Third chapter will resolve around the Android port and how to build
the ecl-android
application.
I want to apology for this delay everyone, who waited for this volume. I'm quite busy lately and despite having some unfinished material I couldn't find time to polish it, so I've decided to skip it for the next volume. I'm very grateful to both Earl and Angelo for providing good material for a readers. I hope the next volume will be published very soon, or at least on schedule :-). Thank you for waiting.
We're testing now a new release of ECL (version number 16.1.2) and if everything goes fine it will be released on February 29th. If you are curious about the changes, you may skim the "Pending changes" section here.
*Please* send all the feedback to the mailing list or directly to me. It is really ensuring to know, that someone reads this. Also if you want to be published here please let me know. Thank you!
–
Daniel Kochmański ;; aka jackdaniel | TurtleWare
Poznań, Poland
February 2016
2 Stupid ECL tricks
Mostly these are half baked hacks. But hopefully they stimulate the imagination of real programmers by providing a glims of what ELC is cabable of.
2.1 Running ECL in gdb.
I've always had a total mental block when it comes to C pointers. It makes no sense to my brain that * indicates a variable is a pointer when used in a declaration, but retrieves a value when used as an operator. And an array of pointers to a character string makes total sense to me in words but char** str[] causes my mind to go blank. As a consequence any C code I write, or even look at too intently immediately blows up when compiled and run. A big inconvenience when embedding Lisp. Replacing the usual,
(setq inferior-lisp-program "ecl")
with,
(setq inferior-lisp-program "gdb --eval-command=run --eval-command=quit --args ecl")
Will run ecl
under gdb
, which will provide you the normal
gdb
environment with c runtime errors, while throwing you into
the lisp debugger for Lisp errors. Note that gdb
by default
breaks on SIGPWR
and SIGXCPU
which ecl uses for internal
processing. So, you'll also want to add the following to your
.gdbinit file.
handle SIGPWR nostop noprint handle SIGXCPU nostop noprint
2.2 Embedding Swank in a c application.
Swank is a Lisp program that provides remote access to a Lisp instance. It started as client/server application layer in CMUCL and the Hemlock editor it ran. It's since been ported to most Lisps. Slime is the Emacs front-end client to Swank. Together the two tools provide a powerful Lisp development environment in Emacs. The easiest way to install Swank and Slime is simply to get it from quicklisp. See:
https://www.quicklisp.org/beta/
Swank and slime work in following way:
+----------+ launch ecl in +--------------------+ | emacs |---- process buffer, tell ------> | ecl process buffer | +----------+ ecl to start swank +-----+--------------+ | | | start swank server: create slime (swank-loader:init) buffer (swank:start-server) | | | | \/ \/ +--------------+ integrated +--------------------------------+ | repl: +<---- lisp repl --->| swank server listening | | slime buffer | interaction | on some arbitrary | +--------------+ | TCP/IP port e.g. | | "Swank started at port: 46493" | +--------------------------------+ /\ +--------------------------+ | | edit: +<--------------------------+ | buffer with Lisp source | +--------------------------+
To embed swank in a C application we need the application to
launch Swank and then for Emacs to establish the connection to the
swank server using slime-connect
. Below is the C code that
launches Swank.
Note, the following example is for a GNU/Linux type system. ecl needs to explicitly load load a shared library in order to access binary symbols such as C functions or C variables in the process, this is a hackish way of handling it since the library was already loaded when the applicaiton started, and could cause problems on platforms that put different constraints on loading shared libraries.
/* -*- mode: c; -*- file: main.c */ #include "app_main.h" /* a.out wrapper for call into a shared library. */ int main() { return app_main(); }
/* -*- mode: c; -*- file: app_main.h */ #ifndef __APP_MAIN_H__ #define __APP_MAIN_H__ #include <ecl/ecl.h> int app_main(); #endif /* APP_MAIN_H */
The following creates the shared library app_main
used by both
the C program and ECL for symbols. The embedded ECL code
initializes the ECL environment and calls the Common Lisp load
function to load a local Lisp file with the code to run swank.
/* -*- mode: c; -*- file: app_main.c */ #include <stdlib.h> #include <math.h> #include "app_main.h" void run_swank(); /* TODO: Are embedded quotes really needed? */ char start_swank[] = "\"/mnt/pixel-512/dev/stupid-ecl-tricks-1/start-swank-server.lisp\""; char* argv; char** pargv; int app_main() { argv = "app"; pargv = &argv; cl_boot(1, pargv); atexit(cl_shutdown); /* Set up handler for Lisp errors to prevent buggy Lisp (an */ /* imposibility, I know!) from killing the app. */ const cl_env_ptr l_env = ecl_process_env(); CL_CATCH_ALL_BEGIN(l_env) { CL_UNWIND_PROTECT_BEGIN(l_env) { run_swank(); } CL_UNWIND_PROTECT_EXIT {} CL_UNWIND_PROTECT_END; } CL_CATCH_ALL_END; return 0; } void run_swank() { cl_object cl_start_swank_path = c_string_to_object(start_swank); cl_object cl_load = ecl_make_symbol("LOAD","CL"); cl_funcall(2, cl_load, cl_start_swank_path); return; }
The following Lisp file, loaded by appmain, contains a couple of snippets of code I copied from the Emacs Slime client that launches the Swank server. When Swank launches it will print out the socket you can use to connect to it, e.g.
;; Swank started at port: 58252.
you can then connect to it in Emacs using Slime:
M-x slime-connect
;;; -*- mode: lisp ; syntax: ansi-common-lisp -*- ;; standard quicklisp init file, since with be launching ecl without ~/.eclrc (let ((quicklisp-init (merge-pathnames "quicklisp/setup.lisp" (user-homedir-pathname)))) (when (probe-file quicklisp-init) (load quicklisp-init))) (when (probe-file "/tmp/slime.2565") (delete-file "/tmp/slime.2565")) (load "~/quicklisp/dists/quicklisp/software/slime-2.14/swank-loader.lisp" :verbose t) (funcall (read-from-string "swank-loader:init")) (funcall (read-from-string "swank:start-server") "/tmp/slime.2565"))
A quick and dirty script file to build a shared library.
# -*- mode: bash; -*- rm -f *.o *.so app export libs="-lm" # Note, the -Wl,-R flags will make our shared library available to the # executable app from the location that it was compiled, rather than # having to be installed globably or adding the build path to # LD_LIBRARY_PATH. export ldflags="-L. -Wl,-R -Wl,." export cflags="-DGC_LINUX_THREADS -D_REENTRANT -fPIC -g -pipe -Wall" gcc $cflags -c app_main.c gcc -shared -Wl,-soname,libapp_main.so $ldflags -lecl -o libapp_main.so *o $libs gcc main.c $cflags $ldflags -lapp_main -lecl -o app
To build and run
$ ./build_app.sh $ ./app
2.3 Troubleshooting compilation problems with ffi:c-inline
ECL provide a facility for embedding C code directly in Lisp code like the following:
(defun c-sin (x) (ffi:clines "#include \"ecl/ecl.h\"") ;; Whoops! mathh.h should be math.h (ffi:clines "#include <mathh.h>") (ffi:clines "#include \"app_main.h\"") (ffi:c-inline (x) (:double) :double "{ @(return 0)= sin(#0); }" :one-liner nil))
To use this function you need to compile the defun
. When you
issue the explicit compile,
(compile 'c-sin)
ECL will invoke your underlying C compiler. However, C syntax and header include errors, like we included in the above example, will cause compilation to fail. Unfortunately, ECL doesn't pass along the compilers output. You'll get something like the following:
;;; OPTIMIZE levels: Safety=2, Space=0, Speed=3, Debug=3 ;;; ;;; End of Pass 1. ;;; Internal error: ;;; ** Error code 1 when executing ;;; (RUN-PROGRAM "gcc" ("-I." "-I/usr/local/include/" "-D_GNU_SOURCE" "-D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64" "-g" "-O2" "-fPIC" "-D_THREAD_SAFE" "-Dlinux" "-O2" "-c" "/tmp/ecl001QoKf80.c" "-o" "/tmp/ecl001QoKf80.o"))
if you try to recreate the error by invoking the implied shell command:
$ gcc -I. -I/usr/local/include/ -D_GNU_SOURCE -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 \ -g -O2 -fPIC -D_THREAD_SAFE -Dlinux -O2 -c /tmp/ecl001QoKf8.c \ -o /tmp/ecl001QoKf80.o
You'll get the error:
gcc: error: /tmp/ecl001QoKf80.c: No such file or directory gcc: fatal error: no input files compilation terminated.
Because ECL has already cleaned it from /tmp.
But, ECL has a special variable, compiler::*delete-files*
that
controls cleaning up c output files. By setting it to nil
,
(setf compiler::*delete-files* nil)
you can troubleshoot
compilation errors. Re-running above gcc
command on from the
Unix shell gives us the following:
In file included from /tmp/ecl001QoKf80.c:6:0: /tmp/ecl001QoKf80.eclh:8:19: fatal error: mathh.h: No such file or directory #include <mathh.h> ^ compilation terminated.
2.4 Cache Files
Swank and ECL's embedded C in Lisp facility seem to have some issues with caching where compiled C snippets and a Swank images don't get refreshed when they should (at least on GNU/Linux). If you start noticing strange issues with changes to ffi:c-inline not taking effect or Swank having the wrong image, try deleting the following cache files:
rm -rf ~/.cache/common-lisp/ecl-15.2.21-ee989b97-linux-x64 rm -rf ~/.slime
/Earl Ducaine/
3 ADIO project with ECL and a bunch of electronic devices
3.1 Synopsis
This document describe my experience with the SBC MIPS Creator CI20 from Imagination and ecl (Embeddable Common Lisp) interpreter/compiler. The goal is to program a distributed diagnostic/supervision system for DVB transmitter equipment's.
3.2 The experience
The Creator CI20 comes with a linux Debian Jessie distro preinstalled on its 8 GB internal flash drive. After upgrading it and install some packages I was ready to deploy ECL. The version choosen for the prototype was the 16.1.0, compilation was really straightforward (I modified a bash script written for SBCL to download, compile and install the git version of ECL) and after 20/30 minutes of code crunching I've got a shiny working ECL. I must say that problems didn't come from ECL itself, but from other packages. As I installed quicklisp soon came troubles, for example: slime does not add the correct architecture to the *features* variable and some other minor problems with iolib too. The Lisp community is the most active and helpful among those living on irc and with their help I've got fixed and ready in short time. The project I'm currently working on is divided in two main areas: the hardware design and test phase and the software one. The first, at this stage, contemplates the design and production of a limited number of ADIO boards (designed by me). More basic an ADIO board is an insulated analog and digital i/o board, it is interfaced with the Creator CI20 via the i2c bus and externally powered. The software part is the more vast part of the project. The idea is to provide a system that is able to interface to external users and feed them with sensors data regarding the state of the DVB apparatuses plus every ADIO + Creator CI20 hold the configuration for the apparatus they're going to monitor/supervise. In addition to that the system should be responsible to warn about anomalies and take some pre-emptive actions just to not make the whole thing blow up. So the Customer was facing a dilemma: Arduino + RS485 and a lot of amulets or rely on a modern and saner idea? My advice for the landing party was: "why do not use a cheap sbc (80 Eur) with an embedded OS powered by a Lisp interpreter?" here are the benefits:
- ethernet based communication hardware layer is proven to be cost effective and reliable, plus every oses and cheap sbcs support it;
- an embedded os, in most cases, is better than start a baremetal application: e.g. tcp/ip connections and standard network services like http, ftp, ssh, samba and snmp require a lot time to program, debug and test even if you use on the shelf solutions. on the contrary with an embedded os you've got these things already coded and ready to use, shortening the deployment time of about one order of magnitude (in man hours);
- using lisp is useful for almost three aspects: portability, remote debugging and last but not least the possibility to create compiled code for mips;
- possibility to expand hardware and software via external modules.
So lisp at last, the first prototype is now running a test code
which provide basic functionalities like: a general i2c library to
access the linux i2c device via /dev/i2c-*
, a simple i2c gpio
expander library for the mcp23017 and another library to cope with
hitachi compatible 16x2 lcd and a simple looping program which
displays some random characters on it. next improvements are ready
to be tested too, like a machine learning algorithm to detect
anomalies and so on.
3.3 Last words
At this stage, ECL was truly the right choice: first of all the time to develop this small set of libraries was incredibly short compared to c/c++ due to that now I've got a test prototype running on my desk happily showing on a 16x2 display some test patterns in just about one month circa from Lisp environment setup. I must thank the friend PJB for his invaluable help and patience and jackdaniel for his work on ECL and the patience too.
/Angelo Rossi/
4 ECL Android port
I'm happy to announce, that the android port has been merged to the develop branch of the main ECL repository. This work is mainly based on Sylvain Ageneau's work. I've also adjusted and incorporated NaCL and pNaCL patches but these are not tested (yet).
To use ECL fully on the android, user want's to have an
application which may be started from within the phone, not in the
terminal. That's why I've created a separate project ECL Android
which is based on Sylvain's integration example code (further
adjusted by Evrim Ulu). For now it is in alpha state and it's
discouraged to use it in applications meant for the end user.
The following sections will explain current compilation process of
the ECL and how to build ECL Android
application and deploy it
to the computer.
4.1 Building ECL
ECL may be built as a library. This great feature allows us to
dynamically link ECL with arbitrary applications capable of using
shared objects. We take advantage of this and the fact, that the
android platform allows us to embed shared objects with the
.apk
and use it with the Java Native Interface (JNI).
To use libecl
we first need to cross compile it for the target
platform. There is some work pending to simplify the cross
compilation process, but for a time being you have to build a
host ECL compiler and after that the target library.
Before that, however, you have to build a proper android toolchain. If you don't have a prebuilt one you may use android NDK scripts. Both Android SDK and NDK are a prerequisites and installing them is an exercise for the reader.
export PLATFORM_PREFIX=/opt/toolchains/android-ndk9/ export NDK_PATH=/opt/android-ndk/ export NDK_PLATFORM=android-12 mkdir ${PLATFORM_PREFIX} /opt/android-ndk/build/tools/make-standalone-toolchain.sh \ --platform=${NDK_PLATFORM} \ --install-dir=${PLATFORM_PREFIX} \ --arch=arm export PATH=${PLATFORM_PREFIX}/bin:${PATH}
Now you have to build the host compiler1 and the final
library for the android. Note, that using the preexisting ECL
binary could work if you it is a 32 bit installation with
disabled longdouble
.
./configure ABI=32 CFLAGS="-m32 -g -O2" LDFLAGS="-m32 -g -O2" \ --disable-longdouble \ --prefix=`pwd`/ecl-android-host \ --enable-libatomic=included make && make install export ECL_TO_RUN=`pwd`/ecl-android-host/bin/ecl rm -r build ./configure --host=arm-linux-androideabi \ --prefix=`pwd`/ecl-android-target \ --with-cross-config=`pwd`/src/util/android.cross_config \ --disable-soname # You have to adjust build/cross_config to your settings (especially # set ECL_TO_RUN to your host ecl) make && make install
You should have libecl.so
and the other necessary files in the
ecl-android/
directory. Some pre-compiled modules are located in
the ecl-android/lib/ecl-16.1.0
directory. You will want them on
the target system.
4.2 ECL Android (application/service)
This application isn't stable yet and documentation is still
rather scarce. API isn't stable and it is discouraged to base any
work on it for now. It is provided on terms of AGPL-3.0+
license, however alternative licensing is possible.
First thing to do is to clone the repository and adjust the project configuration to your local setup.
git clone https://gitlab.common-lisp.net/ecl/ecl-android.git cd ecl-android # update the project (sets sdk path and the other android "magic") android update project -t android-10 -p . # create symlinks (sets ECL directories). For instance: ln -s ../ecl-android-target ecl-android ln -s ecl-android/lib/ecl-*.*.* ecl-libdir
Now it's worth to explain how the application works on the target
platform. We put the library libecl.so
in the apk
file, but
rest of the module and other ECL-related files are packed as a
resource in the assets/lisp/
directory at which
*default-pathname-defaults*
points to.
Initialization is performed by assets/lisp/etc/init.lisp
file,
which loads the user.lisp
. The latter contains some sample code
loading swank (if it's put in the home/slime-2.14/
directory –
swank is not bundled with the repository) and defines auxiliary
functions: #'get-quicklisp
, #'start-swank
and #'stop-swank
.
Function #'get-quicklisp
will download and install the
Quicklisp. It will also replace it's bundled compression tools
with a prebuilt one (it is essential for performance – GCC
produces faster code then the byte compiler).
Before you build the ecl-android
you may want to copy some
files for further use and edit the initialization script:
mkdir assets/lisp/home cp -rf ~/things/slime-2.14 assets/lisp/home cp ~/things/my-awesome-lisp-app/awesome.lisp assets/lisp/ emacs assets/etc/user.lisp
When you are ready you may build and deploy the application on the phone:
ndk-build ant debug install
ECL Android launcher should appear on your phone.
Footnotes:
If your host platform is darwin, then the host compiler should be built with the Apple's GCC (not the GCC from Macports). Using the MacPort command:
sudo port select --set gcc none
Hint provided by Pascal J. Bourguignon.
ECL Android 0.0.1
posted on 2015-11-07
ECL Android 0.0.1 has been released. Keep in mind that this is an alpha quality software for the preview purposes. Prebuilt apk is based on the ECL repository, not the 16.0.0 release. More in-depth information will be provided in the upcoming ECL Quarterly. Please send a feedback to the mailing list or directly to me.
Enjoy :-).
ECL 16.0.0 release
posted on 2015-09-28
We are happy to inform that the official ECL 16.0.0 release is available for download:
ECL Quarterly Volume II
posted on 2015-09-16
Table of Contents
1 Preface
Hello!
Three months has passed (plus a few days - 25 actually) and a new volume of ECL Quarterly arises — as promised.
Highlights of this volume:
- Embeddable Common-Lisp 16.0.0 (new release)
- A few words about new ECL release
- ECL future
- Things we consider implementing in the future
- On Lisp (not a book!)
- Three short essays about unique ECL C/C++ inlining feature (in the form of a tutorial), the ANSI CL specification in the context of LET, FLET and LABELS block, and non ANSI compliant extensions of the reader syntax
I've recently started my own company – TurtleWare. There is a shameless plug at the end of the volume with information that I'm open for consultancy work. Everyone is free to skip the last section.
I also want to remind everyone that the main project site (containing all further resource pointers) is located at:
https://www.common-lisp.net/project/ecl
If you have any suggestions regarding the Quarterly – you like it? or maybe you hate it? – please tell me either by writing to the mailing list or by writing an e-mail directly to me. If you want your own article or tutorial to be published in this e-zin – please drop me an e-mail (daniel[at]turtleware.eu). Thank you!
–
Daniel Kochmański ;; aka jackdaniel
Poznań, Poland
August 2015
2 Sourceforge migration
Until now we had a few remaining resources kept on Sourceforge:
- Mailing lists
- Release source archive
- Announcements / blog channel
All these have now been moved to the common-lisp.net servers (https://www.common-lisp.net/project/ecl). All members of the mailing list did get an invitation e-mail to the new one. The obsolete list will be shut down at September 1st. Mailing list archives are already imported, so we won't lost any accumulated threads.
I owe a big thanks to Erik Huelsmann for help with the migration and for his constant work on the common-lisp.net platform. Without him, such migration would be somewhere between a nightmare and the impossible. Thanks!
3 Embeddable Common-Lisp 16.0.0 (new release)
3.1 Announcement
We are happy to announce that the new ECL release has been published. Version 16.0.0 has various improvements over the previous one mostly focused on the interoperability with the existing CL libraries ecosystem, pushing forward ANSI compliance and increasing portability across various platforms.
Significant (ongoing) efforts have been made to improve general code quality – removing dead blocks and interfaces, untabifying sources and refactoring parts of the code base. Also we've refreshed the testing framework. Documentation has been verified and updated.
We owe big "thank you" to many people who helped us with understanding the ANSI spec and pointing us in the right direction when in doubt, and to those who bothered to report issues and provide test cases. These discussions took place mostly on IRC and via the "Issues" tab on the GitLab platform. Unfortunately I don't remember all the nicks and names, so it would be unfair to list only a few I remember.
People who have contributed to this release are (alphabetically): Daniel Kochmański, Philipp Mark, Roger Sen and Evrim Ulu.
Without further ado – the changes:
3.1.1 Known issues
- In Windows, ECL comes with the bytecode compiler by default, because C compilers are normally not available. Unfortunately several libraries out there are not prepared for this. If you plan to use quicklisp and have a C compiler accessible to ECL, you may use (ext:install-c-compiler) to switch back to the Lisp-to-C compiler.
- In order to test a package, programmer has to install ECL on a desired destination (specified with "–prefix" parameter given to the configure script).
3.1.2 API changes
- There is no UFFI nickname for the FFI package - we piggyback on cffi-uffi-compat for UFFI dependent systems (our UFFI wasn't version 2.0 compatible and there were problems with ADSF dependencies on UFFI - it wasn't a system)
- CLOS has the new nickname "MOP"
- The new ext:run-program :error argument can automatically create a separate stream if provided with the :stream keyword. The external-process structure also has a new field to hold that stream.
- ext:run-program accepts new arguments - :if-input-does-not-exist, :if-error-exists and :external-format
- ext:system no longer binds ** standard-outputstandard-input* and *and now ignores input and output (use ext:run-program for more control)
- methods can be specialized on both single-float and double-float (built-in classes were added for them)
- LET/FLET/LABELS will signal an error if the parameter of the same name appears multiple times
- lambda lists with repeated required parameters name are considered invalid
- deprecated configure options "–with-system-boehm=x" and "–enable-slow-config" removed
3.1.3 Enhancements
- Verification if manual is up-to-date, providing corrections for outdated parts
- Documentation is now included in the main repository under the top-level directory `doc'
- Update libffi to version 3.2.1
- Update asdf to version 3.1.5.4
- Update Boehm-Demers-Weiser garbage collector to version 7.4.2
- Pathname string-parts internal representation is now character, not base-char
- Dead code removal, tabulators were replaced by spaces
- Better quality of generated code (explicit casting when necessary)
3.1.4 Issues fixed
- Various fixes of bogus declarations
- Remove deprecated GC calls
- ROTATEF, SHIFTF, PSETF reworked to conform to the ANSI standard. Places were handled improperly in regard of multiple values.
- Improved Unicode support in character handling
- Format handles floats and exponentials correctly (major format rework)
- Stack limits refinements and cleanup, inconsistency and bug fixes
- Duplicate large block deallocation with GMP 6.0.0a fixed
- ECL builds on OpenBSD with threads enabled
- Closures put in mapcar work as expected in both compiled and interpreted code
- Improved readtable-case handling (:invert and character literals now conform)
- Library initialization functions have unique names - no risk of clashing symbol names in object files
- Format float bug fixed, when width and fdigits were not set, but k was
- `logical-pathname-translations' now signals an error if logical pathname wasn't defined yet, to conform with ANSI (it used to return NIL)
- Wildcards in logical pathname translations are replaced correctly
- Regression testing framework and unit tests cleanup
- deftype ANSI conformity fix (deftype accepts macro labda-lists)
- ECL built with MSVC doesn't crash when Control-C is pressed
- Other minor tweaks
3.2 New version numbering scheme
The data-based version numbering scheme is ceased from this release. From now on all the releases will follow the rules described in https://autotools.io/libtool/version.html.
Basically release numbers will follow the scheme X.Y.Z, where X increases when the API changes, Y if interfaces are added (but not removed) or changed in mostly backward compatible and Z is the "patch level" part, which changes for fixes not affecting API.
All new releases are considered ABI incompatible, so the sources have to be recompiled with each new release (this is the default when using ASDF).
4 ECL future
There is plenty of work to be done and many ideas to realize. We can't do it all at the same time and all the further points are rather loose ideas than plans for the next release. Just a food for thought.
Dynamic Foreign Function Interface
ECL has a decent DFFI for a small set of platforms (x86, x8664 and PPC32) hand coded with assembly. ECL on other platforms doesn't support DFFI with the bytecode compiler and requires the C backend (function calls are inlined in the generated C code). On the other hand, we already depend on libffi with regard to closures. We can use it for DFFI as well – it has a really impressive list of supported platforms and using it for that will be a big win.
Cross-compilation framework
We are able to cross-compile applications with host the ECL and GCC toolchain, but this is somewhat painful and we have no convenient interface for doing that at run-time from the REPL user perspective. Compilation flags and parameters are stored as global variables and API for cross compilation is documented.
Juan Jose Garcia Ripoll started to make the target machine description separate from the host implementation. On the other hand Sylvain Ageneau created the cross-cmp compiler package. I haven't investigated either work in great detail, but I see an opportunity to combine both these works for greater support for the cross comilation. Sylvain's repository (https://github.com/ageneau/ecl-android) seems to be a place full of real treasures worth merging back to the main repository.
Cross-compiling applications for Android to native code is definitely something I could put to good use ;-)
Documentation improvements
Many exported functions and interfaces are undocumented or existing documentation is scarce. More usage examples and verification of "examples/" src directory would be a good thing too. The official manual layout could be refined to allow html "one-page" builds (source is in DocBook).
C compiler on-board
Providing an optional C compiler package to be bundled as fallback with ECL would be a nice thing to have. Both GCC and TCC can be built as libraries. Didn't investigate it much yet.
More platforms
The repository mentioned above ("ecl-android") isn't only about Android support. It has iOS and NaCL ports too. Creating a Minix port would be rather easy – only the bdwgc port is missing, and porting it would be as easy as adding two defines since it's advertised as "API compatible" with NetBSD which is already supported.
Introspection facilities
ECL has a few problems when it comes to introspection. While it works nicely with SLIME when it comes to the user-defined functions, many functions defined at ECL build time don't have any hints. It's even worse when it comes to macros – no hints at all. This issues have to be addressed and fixed by fixing ECL interfaces and improving SLIME integration. It will also create a good background for writing simplified (not emacs-dependant) IDE (read below).
Graphical integrated development environment
This should work via Swank backend and must be easy to grasp for a programming beginners. I truly believe that Emacs (while being editor of my choice) doesn't have to be the only solution for CL programmers who use free implementations. It's a big entrance barrier which people often fail to conquer.
I imagine it being written in EQL and supporting Swank, so any implementation can be attached. Some ideas from Bret Victor's "Learnable Programming" might be incorporated, especially contextual information in the case when documentation is in a specific format (for instance providing description for each parameter).
Decent support from line-edit would also be nice for quick hacking from the console – auto-completion and hints are a killer feature here. Imagine BPython (it's ncurses).
Improving existing interfaces
Gray streams and MOP has a few remaining issues (implementation isn't fully conforming). For instance: Gray Streams #'close isn't a method but function, MOP's complex methods are terribly slow or even non-functional. This issues has to be addressed.
Compiler thread-safety
ECL compiler isn't thread safe (at least that's what I've been told). Verifying and fixing it is one of the things to be done.
Central Document Repository
We plan to incorporate suitable extensions into ECL. Starting from CDR-14 (we already have CDR-5). It's a nice place for quasi-standard proposals and we think it's a good way to achieve consensus among various CL implementations about a common API for future extensions to allow portability.
We know many facilities are practically standardized by portability libraries (ASDF, Bordeaux Threads, CFFI etc.), but future extensions might have an actual specification – we all know warts of "reference implementation" standards *cough-python-cough*.
I would love to see "Extensible Sequences" in the Central Document Repository.
5 On Lisp (not a book!)
5.1 Inlining C/C++ code in Common-Lisp with ECL
Like many compilers ECL offers a facility to inline it's assembly in the source code for a convenience and performance reasons. ECL's assembler is C/C++°.
To achieve inlining, ECL offers three constructs.
(ffi:clines &body strings) (ffi:c-inline args arg-types ret-type &body others) (ffi:c-progn args &body forms-and-strings)
The most basic is ffi:clines, which allows you to just drop in some C/C++ code (for instance include a header you need for further use).
ffi:c-inline is much more useful, allowing you to pass values from Lisp to the block and receive output in return. This construct allows returning multiple values declared in the third clause. You may also declare whenever it has side effects and if it is one-liner°° (more details in ECL manual). Short example:
(defun ctrunc (number divisor) (ffi:c-inline (number divisor) (:int :int) (values :int :int) "{ int num = #0, div = #1; @(return 0) = num/div; @(return 1) = num%div; }"))
It's worth mentioning that the number and divisor types are checked when the function #'ctrunc is called and if incorrect – proper lisp condition is signaled.
ffi:c-progn is the last construct. It allows you to intermix both C and lisp code – it doesn't return any value so it is called purely for it's side-effects (assigning variable with computed result for instance). Don't forget to declare variable types! If you don't, results might be surprising.
To illustrate potential gain of using inlined C language we'll take the trivial Fibbonachi algorithm and benchmark ECL against itself. It's not a proper benchmark, nor a good implementation, but both implementations are comparable and this should prove a point, that ECL might be quite fast when we want it to be°°°.
(defun fib-1 (n) "Borrowed from http://www.cliki.net/fibonacci" (loop for f1 = 0 then f2 and f2 = 1 then (+ f1 f2) repeat n finally (return f1))) (defun fib-2 (n) (let ((f1 0) (f2 1) (n n)) (declare (:int f1 f2 n)) (ffi:c-progn (n f1 f2) " int aux = 0; for( ; #0>0; #0--, aux=#1) { #1 = #2; #2 = aux + #2; }") f1)) (defun bench () (compile 'fib-1) (compile 'fib-2) (prog1 nil (print "Common Lisp:") (time (dotimes (x 10000000) (fib-1 20))) (print "Common Lisp with inlined C:") (time (dotimes (x 10000000) (fib-2 20)))))
On my computer This yields:
"Common Lisp:" real time : 9.583 secs run time : 9.596 secs gc count : 1 times consed : 271531840 bytes
"Common Lisp with inlined C:" real time : 0.657 secs run time : 0.656 secs gc count : 1 times consed : 271567088 bytes
So, as we can see, the speed improvement is pretty decent. Proper declarations would speed up #'fib-1 a little, but the C version will still be faster (note the fact that we are comparing ECL with ECL, other implementations might theoretically outperform ECL's C version using provided #'fib-1 definition).
For more information please consult manual: https://common-lisp.net/project/ecl/static/manual/ch28.html
–
° None of these constructs will work with the bytecode compiler (it will signal an error).
°° C doesn't treat each statement as a valid R-value. By "one-liner" we mean something, what might be used as such.
°°° We can't say it's fast Common Lisp, since it's no longer Common Lisp – if we use this technique we're using ECL and it's not portable by any means.
5.2 Case on LET / FLET / LABELS (aka Nasal Demons Reborn)
Consider an example
(let ((x 'foo) (x 'bar)) x)
what symbol does this form evaluate to: **BARFOO* or *?
Well, it's not defined – in CCL and CLISP it is **FOOBAR*, ECL and ABCL make it *, while SBCL signals an error. It isn't clear what should happen because it's not specified in the spec. I think that the SBCL approach is the most sane. I can hardly imagine a programmer doing that, not as a typo, but as a conscious decision°.
The same argument applies to **FLET* FLET*FLET* (except the side-effect thingy – all but one definition of the same name can be optimized out) – which function definition is the valid one? It isn't specified – note that the operator name isn't *but *.
The last case – the most dangerous and the least comprehensible. *LABELS* allows mutual recursion and it's far less obvious what would happen even from an implementation point of view. If we write a code:
(labels ((function1 () (im-dangerous 2)) (im-dangerous (x) (format t "FIRST X=~A~%" x) (if (zerop x) 'first (im-dangerous (1- x)))) (function2 () (im-dangerous 2)) (im-dangerous (x) (format t "SECOND X=~A~%" x) (if (zerop x) 'second (im-dangerous (1- x)))) (function3 () (im-dangerous 2))) (list (function1) (function2) (function3) (im-dangerous 1)))
CLISP take the first definition of ** IM-DANGEROUSIM-DANGEROUS*, while others the second one. SBCL on the other hand behaves inconsistently – inside function definitions references to *are bound to the first definition, while references from inner block are bound to the second one.
It is important to say that the behavior in these situations is undefined by the spec and each implementation is free to do what it considers most reasonable, easiest to implement, or best to optimize – and none of these is wrong (CCL allows all constructs, but issues a style warning for each – it is the only implementation which does that – bravo).
Curious minds may find the following article amusing (warning, C code involved): http://blogs.msdn.com/b/oldnewthing/archive/2014/06/27/10537746.aspx.
My conclusion is as follows: you can't rely on ** LABELS* FLETLET*, *and *constructs if multiple definitions of the same name exist – they are ambiguous and should be considered being an error. The new release of ECL treats them that way°°.
–
° Multiple variables can't be optimized out, because the initialization form might have side effects
(let ((x (side-effects1)) (x (side-effects2))) x) ;; More deterministic form: (let ((x (progn (side-effects1) (side-effects2)))) x)
°° ANSI defines LAMBDA-LIST in terms of LET*, so repeating the parameters of the same name is theoretically correct. There is no valid use-case for two required parameters of the same name (there is no initialization form) though, so ECL signals an error on such situation.
5.3 Case for portability and against unusual reader syntax
Why we shouldn't use all these implementation-specific niceties
Lately, Zach Bane posted a nifty trick for accessing symbols from packages you're not in, literally:
foo::(list 'these 'symbols 'are 'from "foo" 'package)
It's nice, intuitive, practical… and not compliant. It would be a minor problem, if it weren't a syntax hack, which is hard to implement portably as a library (at least I don't see any elegant solution). In my opinion it requires digging into implementation innards and tweaking the reader to support it. Manipulating strings before they are actually read is an option too. Also – unlike the metaobject protocol, gray streams or extensible sequences – it doesn't bring anything new to the table.
"But hey! It's just syntactic sugar for REPL interaction! Don't be such a grumpy guy!"
OK, fine, if you promise me that this "syntactic sugar" won't land in any library *ever* – it's advertised after all. Nobody knows who will pick up this hint. And if critical mass will prevail, then this dubious syntactic sugar will become de-facto standard, so other implementations will be forced to implement it, or fail to load libraries using it.
Such a situation happened once. CLtL had an example of the ** UNTIL* FORLOOP* usage, where a *clause landed after an *clause, which isn't ANSI compliant. The fact that it was supported by a few implementations lead to the situation imagined above.
If you really want some syntactic sugar for using other packages locally – I propose a little uglier, yet portable, solution:
(defun sharp-l (stream char subchar) (declare (ignore char subchar)) (let ((*package* (find-package (read stream)))) (read stream nil nil t))) (set-dispatch-macro-character #\# #\l #'sharp-l) #l foo (list 'these 'symbols 'are 'from "foo" 'package)
It's only five lines of code and works everywhere (unless someone binds #l to his own reader macro). If someone wants to be a little fancier, then he may mimic the SLIME prompt in his syntax:
(defun sharp-x (stream char subchar) (declare (ignore char subchar)) (let ((*readtable* (copy-readtable)) (right #\)) (rpar #\>)) (set-macro-character rpar (get-macro-character right)) (let ((*package* (find-package (read stream)))) (peek-char #\> stream) (read-char stream) (read stream nil nil t)))) (set-dispatch-macro-character #\# #\[ #'sharp-x) #[foo> (list 'these 'symbols 'are 'from "foo" 'package)
And, honestly I really like proposed syntax, but for my taste it's totally unportable and harmful for reasons I've mentioned above.
6 Advertisement
Here comes the shameless plug – I've recently (officially) launched the company named TurtleWare. I am open for consultancy. If anyone:
- wants to pay for a dreamed ECL feature,
- prioritizes his own issues with implementation,
- likes to pay for support or system maintenance,
- has some Lisp and/or embedded systems work to do
then reach me with further details at: hello[at]turtleware.eu.
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